Vladimir Khomutko

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Main types of pumps for petroleum products

Pumps for light oil products and dark oil fractions, as well as for crude oil, must provide high level reliability and safety when working with them, and effectively pump the necessary liquids, including those with high viscosity and mechanical impurities.

Oil pumps different from others similar units its ability to work under special operating conditions.

On their nodes and others structural elements are affected by hydrocarbon compounds, and the range of temperatures and pressures is very wide. Such installations are manufactured in a variety of climatic versions, so they can operate effectively in a wide range of weather conditions, from harsh northern latitudes to hot deserts.

Pumps for pumping petroleum products must have sufficient power, since oil during production rises from wells from a considerable depth, and during its transportation through pipelines it is necessary to create sufficient pressure in the pipe for uninterrupted movement of the product.

Oil pumping units are capable of working with crude oil, oil products of light and dark fractions, oil and gas emulsions, as well as liquefied gases and other liquid substances with similar properties.

At oil field sites, such pumping units can be used to pump flushing fluid during the well drilling process or during flushing operations during the process. overhaul. They are also used for pumping liquid media into the formation, which ensures greater production intensity. In addition, these units pump various liquid non-aggressive media, including water-flooded oil.

These units can be equipped with the following types of drives:

1. mechanical;
2. electric;
3. hydraulic;
4. pneumatic;
5. thermal.

An electric drive is the most convenient, but requires a source of electricity. The range of pumping characteristics in electric pumps is very wide.

If it is not possible to provide power supply, such pumps can be equipped with either gas turbine engines or internal combustion engines.

Pneumatic actuators are mainly used in pumps centrifugal type, if there is a possibility of using energy high pressure either natural or associated gas. This combination significantly increases profitability pumping equipment.

Main design features and types of pumps for petroleum products

The main design features of all pumping units for working with oil and its products are:

• the presence of a special hydraulic part in the pump;
• special materials that ensure the installation of an oil unit in open areas;
• special mechanical seal;
• explosion protection of electric motors.

Such pumping units are mounted with a drive on a single foundation. The mechanical seal, which is placed between the housing and the pump shaft, is equipped with a flushing system and a liquid supply system. The flow part of the device is made of either carbon or nickel-containing steel.

The main types of such installations:

• screw;
• centrifugal.

Screw-type oil pumps are designed to operate under more severe operating conditions than centrifugal pumps. Since screw installations provide pumping of working fluid without contact with the screws, they can function effectively even when pumping contaminated substances, which include crude oil, pulp, oil sludge, brine, and so on. In addition, units of this type are well suited for working with high-density substances.

Oil screw installations can be either single-screw or double-screw.

Vane pumps for light petroleum products

Both versions have good self-priming ability and create high pressure (more than 10 atmospheres), which provides a strong level of pressure (more than one hundred meters).

Twin-screw designs do an excellent job of pumping viscous liquids (for example, fuel oil, bitumen, tar, sludge, etc.) even when the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere fluctuates. This design can withstand working fluid temperatures of up to 450 degrees Celsius, while the ambient temperature can be down to minus 60. Two-screw multiphase installations can work with liquids whose gas content reaches up to 90%.

Screw units can also be used for unloading automobile and railway tanks, containers filled with acids and for other tasks that centrifugal pumps cannot cope with.

Centrifugal pumps for oil and petroleum products are of the following types:

1. console;
2. two-support;
3. vertical semi-submersible (suspended).

The centrifugal pump of the first type is equipped with either an elastic or rigid coupling, although there are also clutchless modifications. Such installations are mounted either in a horizontal or vertical plane, or along a central axis. Or - on the paws. The pumped substances must have a temperature no higher than 400°.

The single-stage cantilever pump is equipped with unidirectional impellers. It can be used for pumping oil or other liquids with temperatures not exceeding 200 degrees.

Double-support structures can be:

Their modifications come with one or two bodies, as well as with one-way and two-way suction. The temperature of the working fluid in such installations should also not exceed 200 degrees.

Vertical semi submersible pump for pumping petroleum products, it is manufactured with either one or two housings. In addition, they can have either a separate drain or a drain through a column. In addition, there are modifications with a guide vane or with a spiral outlet.

Based on the temperature level of the working fluid, such installations are divided into:

• units for working with liquids with a temperature of 80°:

1. semi-submersible;
2. main sectional cast iron multistage horizontal type pumps;
3. units with single-entry impellers;
4. single-stage horizontal steel devices.

• for liquids with a temperature of 200°:

1. cast iron cantilever pumps;
2. cast iron multi-stage horizontal type installations.

Pump for petroleum products KMM-E 150-125-250

• temperature 400°:
• cantilever units made of steel;
• pumps with one-way impellers;
• units with two-way impellers.

Which seals to install on such devices also depends on the temperature of the working environment. Single seals are used for this indicator at a level of no more than 200°C, and double end seals – up to 400°.

Also, such pumping units are divided into groups depending on their area of ​​application:

• units involved in oil production and transportation processes;
• pumps used in the preparation and processing of petroleum feedstock.

The first group includes pumps that are used:

• for supplying oil to group automated metering installations;
• for submission to the central collection point;
• for pumping commercial oil into tanks;
• for pumping to the head station of a main oil pipeline;
• for pumping oil at oil refineries;
• at booster stations.

The second group includes pumps that supply oil to centrifuges, separators, heat exchangers, distillation columns and in the oven.

The sealed centrifugal pump consists of:

• housings;
• closed impeller;
• bearing;
• sealing cup;
• internal and external magnets;
• protective and secondary casing;
• supporting frame;
• oil seal;
• temperature sensor.

Oil pump (type BB3):

1. frame;
2. bushing for pressure reduction;
3. impeller equipped with a diffuser (first stage);
4. impeller jacket;
5. diaphragm for balancing;
6. fastening studs;
7. diffuser slot seal;
8. support bolt (with seal);
9. working shaft;
10. pipe branch.

Pump for pumping light oil products KM 100-80-170E

Scope of application of oil pumping units

Such devices are used:

• at oil production and oil refining enterprises;
• in fuel supply systems of combined heat and power plants (CHP);
• in large boiler houses;
• at large gas filling stations;
• at enterprises involved in the storage, transshipment and distribution of oil and petroleum products;
• when pumping various petroleum products;
• for pumping crude oil through main pipelines;
• for working with commercial oil, gas condensate or liquefied gases;
• for pumping hot water at energy industry facilities;
• when injecting water into a formation in oil fields;
• when pumping chemicals, acids and salt liquids, as well as explosive substances, and so on.

impeller dynamic seal pump for pumping contaminated oil products and acids with solids and sand

Centrifugal- centrifugal pumps, intended for, petroleum products, liquefied hydrocarbons and liquids similar in physical and chemical properties with oil and petroleum products. Centrifugal can be in different designs, with various systems oil pumping control.

Centrifugal differ from other centrifugal pumps, first of all, special conditions operation. During oil refining, components and assemblies are affected not only by complex hydrocarbons, but also by factors such as a wide range of temperatures and different pressure. Another feature of the refining of oil and petroleum products is the viscosity of the pumped medium, which must ensure pumping of oil with a viscosity of up to 2000 cSt.

Also used in various climatic conditions from low temperatures North Sea to high in United Arab Emirates and in the deserts of the USA, therefore they are manufactured in various climatic versions.

When pumping oil, oil refining and lifting hydrocarbons from depth ( oil wells) it is necessary to ensure a sufficient level of power. The type of energy used by equipment can have a significant impact on performance characteristics wells. At different conditions use for appropriate selection of drives various types: mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermal. The most convenient for is electric drive, which, in the presence of power supply, provides the greatest range of characteristics of pumping equipment for pumping oil. But in the absence of electricity or restrictions on the power of the supplied current, for example, gas turbine engines, internal combustion engines can be used, and for pneumatic drives it is possible to use energy natural gas high pressure and even associated gas energy, which increases the profitability of the installation.

Based on the above, we can highlight some design features. First of all, the design features of the hydraulic part of the pump unit, special materials taking into account the installation of the pump unit outdoors, special design mechanical seal, explosion-proof electric motors, which are relevant for all types of oil pumping equipment. with drive installed on a single foundation slab, a mechanical seal with a flushing and barrier fluid supply system is installed between the shaft and the housing. Flow parts are made of carbon, chromium or nickel-containing steel. It is usually divided into three types: cantilever pumps- with an elastic coupling, a rigid coupling, without a coupling, installed horizontally and vertically, mounted on feet or along the central axis with a temperature of the pumped liquid up to 400 C; double-support pumps: single or two-stage, multi-stage single-casing and double-casing, single- and double-suction for pumping oil and petroleum products with temperatures over 200 C; vertical semi-submersible (suspended) pump: single-casing and double-casing, with discharge through a column or separate discharge, with a guide vane or spiral outlet.

Thus, - pumps that ensure safety, reliability, maintainability and energy efficiency of oil and petroleum products refining and pumping.

OIL REFINING

Oil refining and production represents a range of unique solutions to control the flow. We offer wide range products and services to meet the needs and special requirements of today's refineries.

High temperature double suction

High temperature two stage A radially split housing mounted between the bearings ensures reliable operation of the pump. Fully meets the requirements of API-610.

Vertical semi-submersible pumps for difficult operating conditions

9th edition API-610, fully matching sump pump VS4 The 3171 is a veteran of vertical submersible and process pumps. Thousands of installations in production processes, Sump Drainage, Corrosive Liquids, Pollution Control, Molten Salt testify to the superior performance of the 3171. Easy to install. Widely used for installation on drainage tanks for pumping petroleum products and drainage water mixed with various petroleum products. Also used as emergency pumps.

A line of multi-stage two-body horizontal technological models Goulds 7200 (CB) with a radial split, a diffuser with guide vanes, and a cartridge-type rotor. Goulds 7200 is manufactured to API-610 standard.

Goulds Pumps 3796. Self-priming pump - ANSI
Self-priming pumps, ANSI Thanks to the one-piece pump body, there is no need for a separate priming chamber, air vent, valves or bypass line.

The completely open impeller can be ground if necessary. X-series drive unit. People extracted oil seven thousand years ago, but the first mines appeared only in the middle of the 19th century. During this time, many devices were invented to help extract black gold from the bowels of the earth. Now there are different kinds pumps in

oil industry

, each of which has its own advantages. Pumps must be selected taking into account their functions and the conditions in which they will operate.

• Screw pumps Screw pumps for the oil industry are divided into two types: electro
• screw pumps

(EVN); single-flow screw pumps (VNO). Screw pumps are used when handling liquids

A characteristic feature of screw devices is the presence of a worm screw that rotates in a rubber cage. When the cavities are filled with liquid, it rises along the axis of the screw.

Based on the number of screws, they are divided into single-screw and double-screw models. Twin-screw devices are used when working with viscous liquids, such as fuel oil, tar, etc., as well as liquids with a gas content of up to 90%. They function perfectly even with significant temperature changes. Maximum temperature substances with which they can work is 450 °C, while the temperature environment may be -60 °C.

The use of screw devices in industry has the following advantages:

• small dimensions of the ground part of the installation;
• more low price compared to other pumps;
• low emulsion formation coefficient;
• high resistance to abrasive wear;
• pumping a significant amount of sand.

Rod pumps

Rod pumps for oil production is a complex of devices consisting of underground and above-ground installations.

Under the ground there is directly a rod support apparatus, a pipeline, a rod and protective anchors or shanks.

The above-ground part of the complex is a pumping machine. It is a frame fixed in a concrete foundation, on which a pyramid, gearbox and electric motor are fixed. The pumping machine has the following technical parameters:

• engine power;
• belt type;
• brake system characteristics;
• pulley diameter.

Rod devices are used in most of all active oil fields. They gained such popularity thanks to:

• the possibility of their use even in harsh conditions(for example, when high education gases);
• simple repairs;
• possibilities of use different types drives;
• high operating efficiency.

Oil products can be extracted using a rod mechanism even in permafrost conditions.

Rotary screw pumps are commonly used for heavy fuel recovery. Compared to other pumps, their cost is relatively low.

Diaphragm pumps

The main element of this device is the diaphragm, which protects its parts from extracted substances.

This type of pump is used in fields where there are foreign mechanical compounds in the oil. Characteristic for diaphragm devices easy installation and ease of operation.

Vane pumps

The design of vane pumps contains the following parts: a housing with a cover, a drive shaft with bearings and a working set, which includes distribution discs, a stator, a rotor and vanes.

This mechanism is characterized by high strength and reliability, is highly efficient and does not wear out for a long time.

Hydraulic piston pumps

This device is used when pumping formation fluid from wells. It cannot be used for petroleum products that contain mechanical impurities.

The parts from which this mechanism is made:

• well pump;
• a channel through which fuel and water move;
• power mechanism;
• a system responsible for preparing the working fluid, which is pumped out of the well along with the produced oil.

Jet pumps

Jet pumps are the most promising type of equipment in the oil refining industry.

This device consists of a channel for supplying injected fluid, a displacement chamber, an active nozzle, a diffuser and a channel for delivering the working fluid.

Jet devices do not have rotating elements, and the fluid moves due to the frictional force that arises between it and the working fluid.

Today, inkjet devices are widely used in various industries due to:

• simple design;
• high strength;
• absence of moving parts;
• possibilities of use in difficult conditions(at high temperature or presence large quantities free gases in the extracted substance);
• stable work;
• rational use of allocated;
• rapid cooling of submersible electric motors;
• stable current load;
• more high efficiency mining device;
• free adjustment of pressure at the bottom.

The use of jet devices allows oil to be pumped out in the shortest possible time.

An airlift is a jet electric pump, which is a pipe, the lower end of which is lowered into liquid. When air under pressure enters the pipe from below, foam begins to form, which, due to the pressure difference between it and the oil, rises to the surface.

The main advantage of an airlift is the use of air, the supply of which is unlimited. The disadvantages include too low efficiency.

Oil pumps

After oil has been extracted, it is pumped through pipelines using the following types of equipment:

• mainline;
• multiphase.

Main devices are used to move fuel products along the main, technical and auxiliary pipelines. They are capable of providing high pressure transmission of transported liquids. These devices are durable and easy to use.

A multiphase pump is used to move petroleum products only through the main pipeline. Its main parts are two parts: the rotor and the housing. These pumps are used to:

• reduce the load on the mouth of the opening;
• reduce the number of technical equipment;
• rationally use the gases released during oil production;
• effectively exploit remote fields.

The cessation or absence of flowing led to the use of other methods of lifting oil to the surface, for example, through sucker rod pumps. Most wells are currently equipped with these pumps. Well production ranges from tens of kg per day to several tons. Pumps are lowered to a depth of several tens of meters to 3000 m, sometimes up to 3200-3400 m). Shsnu includes:

a) ground equipment - pumping machine (SK), wellhead equipment, control unit;

b) underground equipment - tubing (tubing), pumping rods (SR), sucker rod pump (SSP) and various protective devices, improving the operation of the installation in difficult conditions.

Rice. 1. Diagram of a sucker rod pumping unit

Rod deep pumping unit(Fig. 1) consists of well pump 2 plug-in or non-insert types, pump rods 4, tubing 3, suspended on a faceplate or in a pipe hanger 8 of the wellhead fittings, gland seal 6, gland rod 7, pumping machine 9, foundation 10 and tee 5. At the inlet of the well pump is installed protective device in the form of a gas or sand filter 1.

1.1 Pumping machines

The pumping machine (Fig. 2) is an individual drive for a well pump. The main components of the pumping machine are a frame, a stand in the form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid, a balance beam with a rotating head, a crossbeam with connecting rods hinged to the balance beam, a gearbox with cranks and counterweights. The SK is equipped with a set of replaceable pulleys for changing the number of swings, i.e. the control is discrete. To quickly change and tension belts, the electric motor is mounted on a rotating slide. The rocking machine is mounted on a frame mounted on a reinforced concrete base (foundation). The balancer is fixed in the required (uppermost) position of the head using a brake drum (pulley). The head of the balancer is folding or rotating for the unhindered passage of hoisting and downhole equipment during underground well repair. Since the head of the balancer moves in an arc, there is a flexible rope suspension 17 to connect it with the wellhead rod and rods (Fig. 2). It allows you to adjust the fit of the plunger in the pump cylinder to prevent the plunger from hitting the suction valve or the plunger leaving the cylinder, as well as install a dynamograph to study the operation of the equipment.

Rice. 2. Pumping machine type SKD:

1 – wellhead rod suspension; 2 - balancer with support; 3 - stand; 4 - connecting rod; 5 - crank; 6 - gearbox; 7 - driven pulley; 8 - belt; 9 - electric motor; 10 – drive pulley; 11 - fencing; 12 – rotary plate; 13 – frame; 14 – counterweight; 15 – traverse; 16 – brake; 17 - rope suspension

The amplitude of movement of the balancer head (stroke length of the wellhead rod-7 in Fig. 1) is adjusted by changing the location of the crank joint with the connecting rod relative to the axis of rotation (moving the crank pin to another hole). During one double stroke of the balancer, the load on the steering wheel is uneven. To balance the operation of the pumping machine, weights (counterweights) are placed on the balancer, crank or on the balancer and crank. Then the balancing is called, respectively, balancer, crank (rotor) or combined.

The control unit provides control of the electric motor of the electric motor in emergency situations (broken rods, breakdown of the gearbox, pump, rupture of the pipeline, etc.), as well as self-start of the electric motor after a break in the power supply.

Pumping machines for temporary mining can be mobile, pneumatic (or crawler-mounted). An example is the mobile rocking machine "ROUDRANER" from the "LAFKIN" company.

1.2 Pump performance

The theoretical performance of the SSN is equal to

, m 3 / day,

Where 1440 is the number of minutes in a day;

D is the outer diameter of the plunger;

L - stroke length of the plunger;

n is the number of double swings per minute.

Actual feed Q is always< Qt.

Attitude

, is called the feed coefficient, then Q = Q t a n, where a n varies from 0 to 1.

In wells in which the so-called fountain effect manifests itself, i.e. in wells that partially flow through a pump, it can be a n >1. Pump operation is considered normal if a n =0.6¸0.8.

The feed ratio depends on a number of factors that are taken into account by the coefficients

a n =a g ×a ус ×a n ×a уm ,

where the coefficients are:

a g - deformation of rods and pipes;

a us - liquid shrinkage;

a n - degree of filling of the pump with liquid;

a um - liquid leaks.

where a g =Spl/S, Spl is the stroke length of the plunger (determined from the conditions of taking into account elastic deformations of rods and pipes); S is the stroke length of the wellhead rod (set during design).

DS=DS w +DS t,

Where DS is the general deformation; S - rod deformation; DS t - pipe deformation.

where b is the volumetric coefficient of the liquid, equal to the ratio of volumes (flow rates) of liquid under suction conditions and surface conditions.

The pump is filled with liquid and free gas. The influence of gas on the filling and flow of the pump is taken into account by the filling coefficient of the pump cylinder

- gas number (ratio of free gas flow rate to liquid flow rate under suction conditions).

A coefficient characterizing the long space, i.e. the volume of the cylinder under the plunger at its lowest position from the volume of the cylinder described by the plunger. By increasing the stroke length of the plunger, you can increase a n. Leak rate

where g yt is the flow rate of fluid leaks (in the plunger pair, valves, tubing couplings); a yt is a variable value (unlike other factors), increasing over time, which leads to a change in the feed coefficient.

The optimal supply coefficient is determined from the condition of the minimum cost of production and repair of wells.

The decrease in the current pump flow rate over time can be described by the parabolic equation

, (1.1.)

T - the full period of pump operation before the supply stops (if the reason is wear of the plunger pair, then T means the full, possible service life of the pump); m is the exponent of the parabola, usually equal to two; t is the actual operating time of the pump after the next pump repair.

Based on the criterion of the minimum cost of oil produced, taking into account the costs per well-day of well operation and the cost of repairs, A. N. Adonin determined the optimal duration of the turnaround period

, (1.2.)

where t p is the duration of well repair; B p - cost preventive maintenance; B e - costs per well-day of well operation, excluding B p .

Substituting t mopt instead of t into formula (1.1.), we determine the optimal final supply coefficient before preventive underground repairs a nopt.

If the current supply coefficient a nopt becomes equal to the optimal a nopt (from the point of view of repairs and reduction of production costs), then it is necessary to stop the well and begin repairing (replacing) the pump.

The average supply ratio for the overhaul period will be

.

Analysis shows that at B p /(B e ×T)<0,12 допустимая степень уменьшения подачи за межремонтный период составляет 15¸20%, а при очень больших значениях B p /(B э ×T) она приближается к 50%.

Increasing the economic efficiency of SSP operation can be achieved by improving the quality of pump repairs, reducing the costs of ongoing well operation and repairs, as well as timely determination of the time of well repair.

1.3 Safety rules for operating wells with sucker rod pumps

The wellhead must be equipped with fittings and a device for sealing the rod. The piping of the mouth of a periodically flowing well must allow the release of gas from the annulus into the flow line through a check valve and a change in the rod packing when there is pressure in the well. Before starting repair work or before inspecting the equipment of a periodically operating well with automatic, remote or manual starting, the electric motor must be turned off, and a poster should be posted on the starting device: “Do not turn on, people are working.” At wells with automatic and remote control of pumping machines, near the starting device, posters with the inscription “Attention! Automatic starting” must be posted in a visible place. Such an inscription should also be on the starting device. The system for measuring well flow rate, start-up, shutdown and loads on the polished rod (balancer head) must have access to the control center. Control of a well equipped with a self-propelled pump is carried out by a well control station type SUS - 01 (and their modifications), which has manual, automatic, remote and program control modes. Types of SSN protective shutdowns: electric motor overload (>70% of power consumption); short circuit; reduction in network voltage (<70% номинального); обрыв фазы; обрыв текстропных ремней; обрыв штанг; неисправность насоса; повышение (понижение) давления на устье. Для облегчения обслуживания и ремонта станков-качалок используются специальные технические средства такие, как агрегат 2АРОК, маслозаправщик МЗ - 4310СК.