The sound of a shot from a gas pistol is significantly different from a combat one. Both in volume and in the nature of the sound. Because the speed of exhaust gases in military weapons is much higher. Gas pistols and revolvers can fire special rocket launchers. To do this, the kit includes a special attachment that is screwed into the barrel. A rocket launcher is inserted into it, a blank cartridge is loaded into a pistol or revolver and a shot is fired. The rocket launcher flies up 25-30 meters. Unfortunately, Russian models exclude the installation of these attachments, but in imported pistols this generally accepted rule. Like any other weapon, gas weapons are divided into pistols and revolvers. Pistols like more modern type weapons, are more comfortable to wear (in fact, this is a matter of taste). Reloading a pistol by inserting a new, pre-loaded magazine is easier and faster than inserting cartridges one at a time into a revolver, especially since you can always buy spare magazines and carry already loaded ones with you. Pistol magazines hold from 5 to 10 rounds. However, the same problems exist as with their combat counterparts. If the shot misfires or the cartridge is simply warped, then in order to continue shooting it will be necessary to spend some time to bring the pistol back into combat readiness. Fortunately this rarely happens. At least with the products of such reputable companies as Umarex, Colt, Browning, etc. Revolvers are a completely different matter. The problem of misfires in this type of weapon is solved instantly by simply pressing the trigger, which ensures automatic translation of the drum. The next cartridge is ready and you can continue shooting. This system itself is as old as the world and until now humanity has not invented anything more reliable. However, the revolver is considered less convenient when wearing (again, a matter of taste) and loading (5-6 rounds in the drum seem to be not enough for some). In a revolver there is a small gap at the junction of the barrel and the cylinder. There is an opinion that when fired, some of the gas leaks into it. However, the amount of leaking gas is so small that it cannot harm the owner of the revolver. The weapon itself, according to the principle of operation and appearance is an exact copy of any real-life combat pistol or revolver. Only function missing automatic shooting(for example, in Beretta models). A cartridge is charged, consisting of a cartridge case, capsule, powder and gas charge (in blank cartridges there is no gas charge). When fired, the firing pin hits the capsule, which ignites and sets fire to the gunpowder. The resulting pressure pushes the gas charge out of the weapon. A stream of gas flies out of the barrel, turning into a cloud. Depending on the caliber (barrel diameter), the range of the pistol is different. 8 mm - up to 2 meters 9 mm - up to 3.5 meters (11.43 mm) 45 caliber - up to 4 meters...
A boiler is a type of water heater that operates on the principle of heating accumulated water. The boiler consists of a tank that holds and heats water, as well as a pump and heating device. Boilers operate according to the following algorithm: using a pump, the tank is filled cold water, after which the heating device automatically starts and the heating process begins. The heating temperature is set manually by the user. When the water temperature in the tank reaches the set value, the boiler automatically stops working. you will be offered a wide selection of water heaters various designs, but equally high quality and affordable.
The warm water in the tank begins to cool over time if it is not used. In this case, the boiler automatically starts and maintains the set temperature. Therefore, it is important to remember that in order to maintain the set water temperature, the boiler constantly operates, consuming electricity or gas.
Some users turn off the device after use to save money. However, this is not very effective technique, since for heating cold water You need at least an hour of time. The boiler begins to consume energy intensively, and sometimes the consumption is greater than during continuous operation of the device.
U storage boiler there is a significant advantage: you can set any water temperature, regardless of the jet power. What can't be said about instantaneous boilers. Also, any wiring can withstand the operation of a storage boiler.
Features of choosing an electric and gas boiler
Boilers can use different energy sources. Based on this, they can be classified into:
- gas;
- electrical;
- solid fuel;
- working on the principle indirect heating.
Today, solid fuel boilers are practically not used, since modern apartments are not designed to maintain their operation.
The most common types are gas and electric. They have their own operating characteristics.
- Electric boilers operate from a simple electrical network. They have low power - up to 3 kW and do not require connection to an enhanced power line.
- Gas water heaters have a fairly high power - 4 - 6 kW, so their operation will require twice the energy consumed. However, water heating occurs several times faster in time.
- Gas water heaters are considered more economical option, since it takes a little time to heat the water. In addition, electricity is more expensive than gas.
- Installing a gas boiler is a complex and expensive process. In this regard electric water heaters win.
- For installation gas boilers a chimney is required. Depending on what kind of combustion chamber is used (closed or open type) depends on how difficult the boiler installation will be.
The most common type of boiler in modern apartments and private houses - gas. Such heaters operate on both natural and liquefied gas. They are valued for their simplicity and unpretentiousness of operation, efficiency, productivity, reliability and level of automation.
Floor standing gas boiler
Compare gas boilers It's difficult at random. In each individual case, you need your own model, suitable for specific operating conditions and tasks to be solved. A correct assessment of your personal needs and wallet capabilities helps you choose a gas boiler from a huge variety of types and versions.
Criteria for choosing a gas boiler
Gas heaters vary in cost, quality and performance. To evaluate which boiler is best for you, choose a unit based on the following criteria:
- Installation location. Boilers are available as floor-mounted or wall-mounted.
- Number of circuits. This factor depends on whether the boiler will be used for domestic hot water.
- Boiler type. Convection or condensation models are sold. The latter are more expensive, but also more effective.
- Type of draft and coolant circulation.
- Dependence on electricity.
- Type of thermostat and ignition method.
- Number of power control levels. The more of them, the easier and more accurately the gas consumption is adjusted.
- Material of manufacture and cost. Give preference to models made of heat-resistant and stainless materials. There is no point in saving on a boiler, although the price is greatly influenced by brand popularity.
When assessing the requirements for a boiler, taking into account personal preferences, take a sober approach to the choice and installation options of a particular heating system.
What is important here is the choice of power, taking into account the need to install ventilation, and in some cases, allocate a separate room.
Comparison by installation location
The popularity of wall-mounted heating boilers is due to their compactness. The efficiency of floor and wall units is the same. The differences lie in power. For wall-mounted heating boilers it does not exceed 35 kW.
Wall boiler
The dimensions and weight of floor-mounted ones are much larger than wall-mounted ones, and the power reaches 60 kW. They are used for heating large areas. Therefore, they are suitable for a private home, and wall-mounted ones are suitable for apartments. Floor-standing gas heating boilers require a special room, but it is not always available.
Unlike wall-mounted ones, floor-standing heating boilers do not have a pump in their design. For domestic hot water supply they are equipped with additional boilers.
The main difference between the heaters is the material from which the heat exchanger is made.
In wall-mounted ones it is copper or steel, and in floor-mounted ones it is often steel, but sometimes it is cast iron, which is significantly better in terms of service life. According to statistics, a steel heat exchanger lasts up to 15 years, a copper one up to 20, and a cast iron one up to 25 years. True, the efficiency of cast iron is lower - no more than 80%. While Efficiency of steel– 90%, and copper – exceeds 91%.
For wall-mounted copper heat exchangers, it is considered the best because it provides fast heating, is easy to install and is less susceptible to corrosion.
Comparison of gas boilers by number of circuits
Comparison of wall-mounted and floor-mounted gas heating boilers by the number of circuits is correct depending on whether supply organization is needed hot water. Single-circuit and double-circuit heaters are equally good in terms of efficiency, reliability and functionality. But the former are used exclusively for heating, and the latter also heat water for hot water supply.
Double-circuit heater with built-in boiler
A double-circuit heater with a built-in boiler is suitable for buildings with a large area, that is, private houses. This is a floor standing boiler. For an apartment, choose a unit with a flow-through heat exchanger (wall-mounted). An indirect heating boiler is connected to it and the DHW issue is resolved in this way.
Comparison of boilers by type of energy use
Differences in gas boilers according to the type of use of generated energy, both wall-mounted and floor-mounted, have led to the emergence of two classes gas units heating:
- Convection. These are traditional heaters in which thermal energy not fully used. They are characterized by simplicity of design, installation and maintenance, and low cost.
- Condenser or condenser. This type appeared relatively recently, but shows extremely high efficiency, which goes up to 110%. This performance is achieved by using the heat of the exhaust smoke. The air entering through the coaxial duct is heated by the exhaust gases escaping through it. Heat exchangers in such boilers are made of aluminum alloy or stainless steel, which are considered better because they are not afraid of aggressive compounds.
In terms of performance, efficiency and innovation, the choice should be made in favor of gas heating boilers condensation type. But take into account the high cost of such devices.
The question is how much fuel will be used. If in large volumes, then purchasing a condenser heater is justified.
Condensing gas heater
Comparison by traction type
There are also differences in gas heating boilers in the type of draft. It can be natural or forced.
When an open-type combustion chamber is used, that is, an atmospheric burner, the combustion air comes directly from the room. In this case, combustion products - gases - come out naturally due to the difference in temperature and pressure.
Such a unit requires a separate room with ventilation. If the heater uses a forced-air burner and closed chamber combustion, then air enters it directly from the street (from outside the room). Exhaust gases exit the premises through air ducts with a built-in fan. The last option is recommended for use in apartments. The best chimney– coaxial type.
They say that atmospheric units are more durable and quieter. This is true, but they burn oxygen needed for breathing. Therefore, a forced draft boiler creates comfortable living conditions in the apartment.
A supercharged burner is not so sensitive to pressure changes in the gas line.
Dependence of gas boilers on electricity
The differences between wall-mounted and floor-mounted gas heating boilers also lie in the presence of dependence on electricity. There are two categories of units:
- Energy dependent. These heaters require constant power supply from the mains. This is their most big drawback. Are different more automation, convenience and ease of use. In urban conditions this is an ideal option.
- Non-volatile. Such heaters do not require connection to an electrical outlet. Suitable for rural areas, since they do not depend on power supply.
Non-volatile heater
Used in gravity heating systems. The disadvantage is unstable and too slow startup.
Comparison by ignition type
There are varieties of gas boilers with electric and piezo ignition. In the first case, ignition is carried out automatically using an electric igniter. Such boilers are energy-dependent. They are more economical because the start is carried out simultaneously with the turn of the supply tap hot water for the opening.
The heater with ignition is started manually by pressing a button. The wick burns after the first start, which leads to the appearance of unpleasant odors.
Priority to comfort!
The differences between gas units do not end there. Rapid development electronics predetermined the creation of almost completely autonomous gas heating boilers with efficient systems management.
The introduction of programmable thermostats made it possible to implement the functions of programming operating modes and changing set temperatures for several days in advance. Automation has become the key to economical operation of boilers and the comfort of residents.
Heaters with ionization combustion control devices performed well. They instantly shut off the gas line if the wick or automatic burner goes out. And this, first of all, is safety.
If you purchase a volatile unit, then choose one with built-in electronics, LCD display, remote control remote control And additional functions protection.
The power of gas heating boilers is adjustable.
Gas boiler control
The way this is implemented is another difference between gas heating boilers. Regulator types:
- Single stage;
- Two-stage;
- With smooth adjustment.
The best of gas heating boilers are considered to be models with smooth adjustment, which makes it possible to more accurately regulate the parameter depending on the air temperature. This increases the efficiency of gas boilers and increases the comfort of living.
There are boilers that can be controlled via the Internet from a smartphone, thanks to using GSM module. This is convenient - you can adjust the temperature in the apartment without getting up from the couch and even while outside your home at a great distance.
The conclusion is simple - the more automation and functions, the better. Of course, choose a unit based on your personal wishes for functionality, so as not to overpay.
The video shows the features of choosing a gas boiler:
Comparison of manufacturers
To date best manufacturers gas heating boilers are based in Germany, Italy and South Korea. These are Bosh, Viessmann, Beretta and Baxi.
By and large, they are the same, except for the price.
Bosh models have a built-in self-diagnosis system and automatic settings. Boilers operate on natural and liquefied gas. Heat exchangers are made of copper coated with an oxide film to protect against corrosion.
Viessmann boilers have an improved smoke removal system. Ice never forms on the chimney. The efficiency of these devices reaches 93%.
Others, including domestic ones, have the same high characteristics and properties. Distinctive Features our gas heating boilers are simple in design, independent from electricity, affordable price and a developed service network.
The gas supply and heating systems of residential buildings are supplied with natural gas, which, after being extracted from the subsoil, goes through a long process of preliminary processing. During this process, various substances are added to the gas, allowing it to be used for domestic purposes as efficiently and safely as possible.
Composition and pressure of gas in apartments
IN residential buildings and apartments we use gas, which contains not only methane, but also a whole range of additional components. Preliminary purification of gas and the addition of impurities to it is necessary to ensure maximum safety for the use of engineering systems in homes. The basis of the fuel is methane, the content of which can be 70-98%; the gas also contains:
- butane;
- propane;
- carbon dioxide;
- water steam;
- hydrogen sulfide.
Methane enters cookstoves and heating systems after traveling tens of thousands of kilometers through special pipelines. In such pipelines the pressure is very high and can be up to 11.8 MPa. For domestic consumption, this pressure is too high, so at gas distribution stations it is reduced to 1.2 MPa. Additional methane purification is also carried out in these communication facilities.
From school curriculum We know that natural gas is colorless and odorless, but during processing it is given a specific aroma by adding odorants - substances that are well recognized by the human sense of smell. Methane with an odor is much safer to use; the odor can be noticed during a leak and prevent accidents, fires and explosions.
Gas in city apartments has an odor due to ethanethiol and ethyl mercaptan. These are strong-smelling liquids that are sprayed into the methane during its processing.
How toxic and explosive is natural gas?
Since childhood, people have been instilled with a cautious attitude towards natural gas; we are told about its dangers, and this is true. However, the toxicity of methane is greatly exaggerated; if it is inhaled, it is almost impossible to get poisoned. Where then do those who die in gas-filled rooms come from? Victims of the gas die not from poisoning, but from simple suffocation. Natural gas contains carbon dioxide, which displaces oxygen from the surrounding space. It is because of this that it is very difficult to breathe in gas-filled rooms, and sometimes, in the absence of ventilation, it is simply impossible.
The main danger of methane is its fire and explosion hazard. These characteristics depend on many factors, in particular ambient temperature and pressure. Explosive situations arise when methane in a room becomes more than 15% of the total air mass. It is impossible to determine the percentage of methane in the air; this requires specialized measuring equipment.
The inability of a person to determine the level of danger in apartment building because of the gas in the air, it forces us to immediately shut off the gas supply system at the first sign of methane in the room. Having felt the characteristic aroma of natural gas, it is necessary not only to turn off the fuel supply to all appliances in the apartment, but also to turn off equipment that uses electrical impulses, which can cause a fire and explosion.
In gas-filled rooms, not only equipment operating from the power supply network, but also devices operating on batteries and accumulators can pose a danger to humans. Practice shows that with a concentration of natural gas of 15% or more, even mobile phone or laptop turned on. If you detect the characteristic smell of household methane, you should quickly turn off all appliances in the house, ensure good conditions (open windows and doors), and notify about the incident. emergency services.
Is it possible to protect yourself from an accident when operating equipment?
In residential and non-residential buildings, gas is used everywhere, so it is vitally important to know the rules for operating gas equipment in order to protect yourself and your loved ones from possible emergency situations.
You can minimize the likelihood of gas leaks, fires and explosions by following the following recommendations from professionals:
- 1. Timely maintenance of equipment. Every year you need to call specialists to check the condition of gas equipment and draft in the premises.
- 2. High-quality ventilation. In rooms with installed stove or the heating boiler must always have a functioning system natural circulation air. In both winter and summer, ventilation grilles should be open and not insulated.
- 3. Disabling unused equipment. Gas equipment must be turned off and the gas supply must be shut off if you leave or leave home for long time. The same applies to electrical equipment.
- 4. Control over the operation of equipment. Working gas equipment should not be left unattended for a long time.
- 5. Competent actions in case of emergency. If you detect a methane leak and a persistent specific odor in the room, you must call emergency services.
These rules are very simple, and their compliance does not require significant financial or time expenditure from the apartment owner, however, many forget about the dangers of gas supply, and therefore when using this engineering system They don’t remember even the most basic safety precautions.
What does the color of the burner flame tell you?
The flames in the burners can have the most different shades, which indicate the characteristics of fuel combustion. The rich blue color of the fire indicates the homogeneous structure of the gas that is supplied to kitchen stove. Homogeneous and high-quality fuel burns completely, emits environment maximum amount of heat and minimum volume of harmful substances.
There are often cases when apartment owners notice bright red or yellow. Any shades other than blue indicate that low quality fuel with air impurities is entering the burner. Low-quality fuel can not only be quite dangerous when used, but also produces significantly worse heating. Poor quality of gas will lead to the fact that to operate the heating system you will have to spend a larger amount of expensive resource and pay more on utility bills.
Because of this, we recommend paying attention to the color of the fire on the stove and in the boiler. Most often, management companies are responsible for supplying low-quality fuel to apartments. Representatives of management companies sometimes deliberately reduce the carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon content in fuel in order to increase their income. In any case, detection of a change in flame color is an excellent reason to contact the responsible authorities for clarification.
Poor quality of the gas supply system can not only increase the costs of users of an apartment or house, but also lead to premature wear and tear installed equipment, its failure and even the occurrence of emergency situations. We are directly interested in natural gas being supplied to our homes high quality, therefore, if any suspicion arises about the content of impurities in the fuel, you should check the existing equipment by calling gas workers to your home.
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Gas pistols have been known in our country for more than 20 years, but recently they have had a serious competitor - aerosol pistols or aerosol-launching devices. Let's take a closer look at what an aerosol gun is, how it differs from a gas gun, and what kind of weapon would be better suited for self-defense?
Gas pistols - design, advantages, disadvantages
“Gazoviki” are almost completely identical in design to firearms. They are made of metal; they use cartridges of a similar caliber and detonation systems as ammunition, but instead of a bullet they hit the enemy with a stream of a toxic substance - an irritant. The main advantage is high reliability, resistance to wear and misfires.
Gas cartridges can legally contain more of the harmful compound at a higher concentration. Pistols are very similar to firearms, and due to the detonation of the powder charge, they produce a loud blast - a serious deterrent.
A gas pistol differs from an aerosol pistol by the higher cost of both the weapon itself and the ammunition. In addition, according to the laws Russian Federation for such devices you need to obtain a permit, that is, you need to experience all the delights of the domestic bureaucracy and become “on the mark” with the police. Before deciding whether a gas gun or an aerosol is better, decide whether you are ready for such procedures.
How are aerosol guns different from gas guns?
Aerosol devices (ADUs) are a simplified and “tailored” analogue of gas workers for the average user. Similar units are produced in a simpler and cheaper plastic case and have a different ammunition design - there is no powder charge in it, the irritant is pushed out by the explosion of a special capsule with a pyrochemical.
There are both striker-fired types of pistols (), structurally similar to gas ones, and electric detonation ones (), similar to traumatic weapons a la “Wasp”.
- In terms of range and accuracy of throwing irritant, APUs are not inferior to gas workers - the same 3-5 meters, the possibility of use indoors, in the wind.
- Efficiency depends on the type of ammunition. Modern cartridges for large-caliber aerosols (BAM) contain up to 4 ml of irritant - pepper concentrate or a mixture of OS + CR. This is sufficient in reserve to disable even the largest enemies, regardless of the composition of the toxic substance.
- Aerosol pistols differ from gas pistols in their simplified controls - a beginner can easily figure them out, most models do not even have a safety lock - only a release button, there is nothing to get confused with!
- Aerosols are lighter, more convenient to carry, and have smaller dimensions. The impact-resistant ABS polymer used for the production of cases can withstand even strong blows and falls from great heights.
- Low price - the most simple models(“Udar-M2”) can be bought for only one and a half to two thousand rubles, a pack of medium-caliber cartridges costs 500 rubles. Even the most expensive pistol will cost no more than 4,000 - three times cheaper than the simplest gas gun!
But the most important advantage of APU is its accessibility without special documentation! By law, any adult Russian can purchase this device and ammunition for self-defense by simply presenting a passport. You can carry such a device absolutely freely - in lately they are very common; any police officer knows perfectly well what an aerosol gun is and that such weapons do not need a permit.
Apparently, gas pistols, which are being actively pushed out of the market by gas cans, traumatic weapons, and now aerosols, are about to be completely forgotten by Russians!