Artificial lighting and its role in human life. Lighting requirements for workplaces. Types of lighting in the interior of modern apartments

Prod. former lighting 2 types:

natural

artificial

Natural lighting classification depending on the location of the lighting devices:

a) one-sided

b) two-way

• Combined

It is applicable. in production placed with 4-5 category of visual work.

Artificial classification:

1) By design:

A) uniform

B) localized

Combined = total + local source

2) According to the nature of the work performed

Lighting requirements: when defined. required to lighting they proceed from the basis of holy vision, which presupposes. creating conditions that eliminate visual fatigue and the occurrence of causes of industrial injuries, contributing to an increase in labor productivity. Lighting installations must provide:

1) sufficient, constant and uniform illumination of work. surfaces;

2) absence of glare from light and glare from surfaces;

3) lack of sharp contrasts and deep shadows.

All these requirements are taken into account by the current design standards and operating rules for lighting in industrial premises and open spaces. Basic regulatory document, regulating design standards, yavl. head of SNiP “Natural. and artificial. lighting"

1) Standardization of artificial lighting: the regulated parameter is illumination, cat. depends on the characteristics of visual work; from the category of visual work (8 categories in total, divided into 4 subcategories: a, b, c, d). Each subcategory characterizes the contrast between the object and the background. The background comes in dark, medium and light backgrounds; from the lighting system (general and combined)

2) Standardization of natural and combined lighting. The standard par-rum is the lighting coefficient (KEO), cat. depends on the same factors as art lighting. Combined lighting = art + natural. Norm is the same as nature. Installation for buildings with large spans.

24 Lighting of work sites and workplaces in industrial premises, road, construction, track and loading and unloading machines.

25 Features of lighting of railway and construction sites.

In railway transport and in transport construction, lighting is important in ensuring the safety of train traffic and creating healthy, highly productive working conditions. Clear visibility and discrimination of signals (traffic lights, semaphores, etc.), instrument readings on control panels are possible only with sufficient illumination of the object in question, correct placement of light sources in relation to the illuminated object and objects in relation to the eye of the worker.

Currently, for outdoor lighting, in addition to DRL DRI lamps, sodium lamps are used low pressure. This is gas discharge lamps, in the flask of which metallic sodium and neon gas are placed. The radiation of a sodium lamp is concentrated in a narrow region of the visible spectrum, corresponding to the yellow line, located within the emission range of 589-589.8 nm. To the light of this/radiation our eyes especially! sensitive. The luminous efficiency of these lamps is very high (up to 140 lm/W). Burning duration is from 3 to 5 thousand hours.

Fluorescent lamps are more widely recommended for lighting industrial premises and areas. The spectrum of their radiation does not distort color shades. They also provide the light levels needed to perform any precision work using less energy.

The territory of railway stations, junctions, construction sites and other objects is illuminated with floodlights and DRL lamps. Floodlights are also used on locomotives to illuminate the track ahead when the train is moving. The disadvantage of floodlighting is its glare and greater unevenness of illumination. To illuminate intertracks, lamps installed above the axes of intertracks on flexible transverse cables began to be widely used. This eliminates the disadvantages of floodlighting. However, this design is not perfect, as it is inconvenient to use. Passenger platforms and station areas are illuminated with DRL lamps.

Lighting of workplaces in premises, on open areas must comply with the requirements of SNB 2.04.05–98 “Natural and artificial lighting”, approved by order of the Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus dated April 7, 1998 No. 142 and industry standards for lighting railway transport facilities.

Artificial lighting systems for station areas must ensure traffic safety and work performance, protect the eyes of workers from the glare of light sources and comply with design standards. Cleaning of lighting fixtures should be carried out in deadlines in accordance with the requirements of SNB 2.04.05–98 “Natural and artificial lighting” and industry standards for lighting railway transport facilities.

Natural and artificial lighting of territories, production and auxiliary premises of stations must comply with SNB 2.04.05–98 and industry standards for lighting railway transport facilities.

Emergency lighting must be provided in station premises.

(PUE), Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations (RUES) and other regulatory legal acts.
3.8.2. For general lighting In industrial premises, luminaires with explosion-proof protective fittings should be used. Placing lamps above cars dry cleaning, washing machines and other equipment is prohibited.
Lamps must be fireproof and comply with GOST 12.1.004.
3.8.3. For rooms with areas with different conditions natural light and various modes work, necessary separate control lighting of such areas.
3.8.4. For electric lighting, gas-discharge lamps (fluorescent, mercury) should be used high pressure with corrected color types DRL, DRI, sodium, xenon) and incandescent lamps. The use of incandescent lamps for general lighting is permitted only if it is impossible or technically and economically infeasible to use discharge lamps. The use of xenon lamps indoors is not permitted.
3.8.5. For local lighting of workplaces, lamps with non-translucent reflectors should be used. Lamps must be located in such a way that their luminous elements do not fall into the field of view of workers in the illuminated workplace and in other workplaces.
3.8.6. Local lighting of workplaces, as a rule, should be equipped with dimmers.
3.8.7. For local lighting, in addition to discharge light sources, incandescent lamps, including halogen ones, should be used.
3.8.8. Illumination work surface, created by general lighting lamps in a combined system, must be at least 10% of that normalized for combined lighting with those light sources used for local lighting.
In this case, the illumination should be at least 200 lux with discharge lamps, and at least 75 lux with incandescent lamps. Creating illumination from general lighting in a combined system of more than 500 lux with discharge lamps and more than 150 lux with incandescent lamps is allowed only if there are justifications.
3.8.9. If there are working and auxiliary areas in one room, localized general lighting (with any lighting system) of the working areas and less intense lighting of the auxiliary areas should be provided.
3.8.10. IN production premises The illumination of passages and areas where work is not performed should be no more than 25% of the standardized illumination created by general lighting lamps, but not less than 75 lux for discharge lamps and not less than 30 lux for incandescent lamps.
3.8.11. To power general lighting fixtures, a voltage of no higher than 380/220 V AC with a grounded neutral and no higher than 220 V AC with an isolated neutral and direct current should be used.
3.8.12. To power individual lamps, as a rule, a voltage of no higher than 220 V should be used. In rooms without increased danger, the specified voltage is allowed for all stationary lamps, regardless of the height of their installation.
3.8.13. In rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous lamps must be marked with clearly visible decals indicating the voltage used.
3.8.14. In rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous when the installation height of general lighting lamps with incandescent, DRL, DRI and sodium lamps above the floor or service area is less than 2.5 m, it is necessary to use lamps whose design excludes the possibility of access to the lamp without the use of a tool (screwdrivers, pliers, a wrench or a special wrench, etc.), with the input of the electrical supply wiring into the lamp in metal pipes, metal hoses or protective sheaths of cables and protected wires, or use a voltage not exceeding 42 V to power lamps with incandescent lamps.
3.8.15. Lamps with fluorescent lamps with a voltage of 127 - 220 V may be used for local lighting and installed at a height of less than 2.5 m from the floor, provided that their live parts are not accessible to accidental touches.
3.8.16. To power local stationary lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps, the voltage must be used: in rooms without increased danger - no higher than 220 V and in rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous - no higher than 42 V.
3.8.17. In damp, particularly damp, hot and chemically active environments, use fluorescent lamps for local lighting is allowed only in specially designed fittings.
3.8.18. Portable hand-held electric lamps must have a reflector, a protective net, a hook for hanging and a hose cord with a plug; the mesh must be secured to the handle with screws or clamps. The socket must be built into the lamp body so that the current-carrying parts of the socket and lamp base are inaccessible to touch.
3.8.19. When issuing lamps, the persons issuing and receiving them are required to make sure that the lamp, sockets, plugs, wires, etc. are in good condition.
3.8.20. To power hand-held lamps in high-risk and especially dangerous areas, a voltage of no higher than 42 V should be used.
3.8.21. In the presence of particularly unfavorable conditions, when the risk of injury electric shock aggravated by cramped conditions, uncomfortable position of the worker, contact with large metal, well-grounded surfaces (for example, work in boilers), a voltage of no higher than 12 V should be used to power hand-held lamps.
3.8.22. 12 - 42 V plugs must not fit into 127 and 220 V outlets. 12 and 42 V outlets must be different from 127 and 220 V outlets. At all plug sockets There must be inscriptions indicating the rated voltage.
3.8.23. The wires of the luminaires should not touch wet, hot or oily surfaces.
3.8.24. For luminaires in operation, the insulation resistance should be measured at least once every six months. It must be at least 0.5 MOhm.
3.8.25. Emergency lighting is divided into safety and evacuation lighting.
Safety lighting should be provided in cases where the shutdown of working lighting and the associated disruption of maintenance of equipment and mechanisms may cause:
explosion, fire, poisoning of people;
long-term disorder technological process;
disruption of ventilation and air conditioning for industrial premises in which cessation of work is unacceptable.
3.8.26. Evacuation lighting in premises or in places where work is carried out outside buildings should be provided for:
in places dangerous for the passage of people;
in passages and on stairs used for evacuating people, when the number of evacuees is more than 50 people;
in industrial premises with people constantly working in them, where people leave the premises when emergency shutdown normal lighting is associated with the risk of injury due to continued work production equipment;
in the premises of public and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, if more than 100 people can be present in the premises at the same time;
in industrial premises without natural light.
3.8.27. Evacuation lighting should provide the lowest illumination on the floor of the main passages (or on the ground) and on the steps of stairs: in rooms - 0.5 lux, in open areas - 0.2 lux.
The unevenness of evacuation lighting (the ratio of maximum to minimum illumination) along the axis of evacuation passages should be no more than 40:1.
Indoor security lighting fixtures can be used for evacuation lighting.
3.8.28. Emergency lighting fixtures must be distinguished from task lighting fixtures by signs or coloring. For emergency lighting (safety and evacuation lighting) the following should be used:
incandescent lamps;
high-pressure discharge lamps, provided they are instantly or quickly re-ignited both in a hot state after a short-term disconnection of the supply voltage, and in a cold state.
Fluorescent lamps may be used for emergency lighting if in all modes the power is supplied to alternating current and temperature environment room is at least plus 50 degrees. C.
3.8.29. Emergency lighting devices (safety and evacuation lighting) may be provided burning, switched on simultaneously with the main ones lighting fixtures normal lighting, and not burning, automatically turned on when the power supply to normal lighting is stopped.
3.8.30. Any light sources can be used for security lighting, with the exception of cases where the security lighting does not normally light and is automatically turned on by action burglar alarm or others technical means. In such cases, incandescent lamps should be used.
3.8.31. Work lighting fixtures and emergency lighting fixtures must be powered from different independent sources. The emergency lighting network must be made without plug sockets.
3.8.32. Evacuation lighting luminaires in industrial premises with natural light must be connected to a network independent of the working lighting network, starting from the substation panel (lighting distribution point).
3.8.33. It is not allowed to use electrical power networks to power general working and emergency (safety and evacuation lighting) lighting in industrial premises without natural light.
3.8.34. Network group lines interior lighting must be protected by fuses or automatic switches for operating current no more than 25 A.
3.8.35. Installation and cleaning of electric lighting network luminaires, replacement of burnt-out lamps and calibrated fusible links, repair and inspection of the electric lighting network must be carried out according to a schedule by operational, operational repair or specially trained personnel.
Frequency of luminaire cleaning and inspection work technical condition lighting installations are installed taking into account local conditions (in production workshops, showers - at least twice a year, in offices and work areas - once a year). In areas subject to increased contamination, cleaning of luminaires should be carried out according to a special schedule.
3.8.36. Inspection and testing of the lighting network should be carried out within the following periods:
checking the operation of the automatic emergency lighting system - at least once a month during the daytime;
checking the serviceability of emergency lighting when the working lighting is turned off - twice a year;
measuring the illumination of workplaces - when putting the network into operation and subsequently as necessary, as well as when changing the technological process or rearranging equipment.
3.8.37. The insulation resistance of the electrical network in premises without increased danger is measured at least once every 12 months, in particularly hazardous premises (or with increased danger) - at least once every six months. Tests protective grounding(zeroing) are carried out at least once every 12 months. Insulation tests of portable transformers and 12 - 42 V lamps are carried out twice a year.
3.8.38. Failed fluorescent lamps, DRL lamps and other sources containing mercury must be stored packaged in a special room. They must be periodically removed for destruction and decontamination to designated areas.
3.8.39. It is not allowed to obstruct light openings with products, materials and other objects both inside and outside the building, and also to replace glass with plywood, cardboard and other opaque materials.
3.8.40. The glass of light openings must be cleaned of dust and dirt at least three times a year, and in rooms with significant emissions of dust and soot - as they become dirty. When cleaning must be used special devices(mobile towers, ladders, telescopic lifts, etc.), tested in the prescribed manner and accepted by the commission according to the act.

Lighting is extremely important for human health. With the help of vision, a person receives the vast majority of information (about 90%) coming from the surrounding world.

From an occupational safety point of view, visual ability and visual comfort are extremely important. Many accidents occur, among other things, due to poor lighting or due to errors made by the worker, due to difficulty recognizing an object or understanding the degree of risk associated with servicing machines, Vehicle, containers, etc. Light creates normal conditions for work.

Depending on the light source, it is divided into natural, artificial and combined.

Natural light standards

Daylight is divided into lateral(light openings in the walls), top(transparent ceilings and skylights on the roof) and combined(presence of light openings in walls and ceilings at the same time). Illumination value E indoors, the natural light of the sky depends on the time of year, time of day, the presence of clouds, as well as the proportion luminous flux F from the sky, which penetrates into the room. This share depends on the size of light openings (windows, skylights); light transmittance of glass (highly depends on how dirty the glass is); the presence of buildings and vegetation opposite light openings; reflectance coefficients of the walls and ceiling of the room (rooms with lighter colors have better natural light), etc.

Natural light is better in its spectral composition than artificial light created by any light sources. In addition, the better the natural light in the room, the less time you have to use artificial light, and this leads to savings electrical energy. To assess the use of natural light, the concept daylight factor (KEO) and installed minimum permissible KEO values is the ratio of illumination E in indoors due to natural light to outdoor light E n of the entire hemisphere of the sky, expressed as a percentage:

KEO = (E in / E n) 100%, %.

KEO does not depend on the time of year and day, the state of the sky, but is determined by geometry window openings, dirty glass, painted walls, etc. The farther from the light openings, the less value KEO (Fig. 1).

The minimum permissible value of KEO is determined by the type of work: the higher the level of work, the more minimal permissible value KEO. For example, for the I category of work (highest accuracy) with side natural lighting, the minimum permissible value of KEO is 2%, with the top - 6%, and for the III category of work (high accuracy) 1.2% and 3%, respectively. According to the characteristics of spectator work, the work of students can be classified as the second category of work, and with lateral natural lighting in the classroom, laboratory on work tables and desks, KEO = 1.5% should be provided.

Rice. 1. Distribution of KEO at various types natural lighting: a - one-sided side lighting; 6 — two-way side lighting; c - overhead lighting; d - combined lighting; 1 - working surface level

Artificial lighting standards

When there is insufficient illumination from natural light, use artificial lighting, created by electric light sources. According to its design, artificial lighting can be general, general localized and combined (Fig. 2).

At general lighting all places receive light from the general lighting installation. In this system, light sources are distributed evenly without taking into account the location of workplaces. The average lighting level should be equal to the lighting level required for the work to be performed.

Rice. 2. Types of artificial lighting: a - general; b - general localized; in - combined

These systems are mainly used in areas where jobs are not permanent.

Such a system must meet three fundamental requirements. First of all, it must be equipped with anti-glare devices (grids, diffusers, reflectors, etc.). The second requirement is that part of the light must be directed towards the ceiling and towards top part walls The third requirement is that the light sources must be mounted as high as possible to keep glare to a minimum and to make the illumination as uniform as possible (Figure 3).

General localized lighting system designed to increase illumination by placing lamps closer to work surfaces. Lamps with such lighting often produce glare, and their reflectors should be positioned in such a way that they remove the light source from the direct field of view of the person working. For example, they can be directed upwards.

Combined lighting Along with general lighting, it includes local lighting (local lamp, for example desk lamp), focusing the light flux directly on the workplace. The use of local lighting in conjunction with general lighting is recommended for high lighting requirements.

Rice. 3. Layout of lamps for general lighting

The use of local lighting alone is unacceptable, since there is a need for frequent readaptation of vision, deep and sharp shadows and other unfavorable factors are created. Therefore, the share of general lighting in combined lighting should be at least 10%:

E comb = Egenerally+ E seats

(E total / E comb) * 100%≥ 10%

In addition to natural and artificial lighting, a combination of them can be used when the illumination due to natural light is not enough to perform a particular work. This type of lighting is called combined lighting. To perform work of the highest, very high and high precision, combined lighting is mainly used, since usually natural light is not enough.

In addition, artificial lighting is divided into several types: working, emergency, evacuation, duty, security.

Work lighting designed to carry out the production process.

Emergency lighting - to continue working in the event of an emergency shutdown of the working lighting. For emergency lighting, incandescent lamps are used, for which autonomous power supply is used. The luminaires operate all the time or turn on automatically in the event of an emergency shutdown of the working lighting.

Evacuation lighting— for evacuating people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. To evacuate people, the lighting level of main passages and emergency exits must be at least 0.5 lux at floor level and 0.2 lux in open areas.

In addition to the minimum permissible value of KEO and the share of general lighting in combined lighting, in accordance with the standards, the value of the minimum permissible illumination is established E min(this is the main normalized parameter). Magnitude E min depends on the type of work. The categories of work are divided into four subcategories depending on the lightness of the background and the contrast between the details (objects of discrimination) and the background. For example, for the 1st category of work (highest accuracy), the following minimum illumination values ​​are set (Table 1).

Table 1. Illumination standards for artificial lighting according to SNiP 23-05-95

Visual work category	Visual work subcategory	Contrast of subject with background	Background characteristics	Lighting, E min, OK
				With the system combined lighting		With the system general lighting
					including from the total

Note: the characteristic of visual performance is the highest accuracy; the smallest equivalent object size is less than 0.15 mm.

As can be seen from the table, E min different for various systems lighting. With combined artificial lighting, as it is more economical, the standards are higher than with general lighting. Indeed, with the help of a local lighting lamp located near the workplace, the necessary illumination can be provided with less electrical energy consumption.

Regulatory requirements for lighting of residential and public buildings are defined in the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards SanPiN 2.2.1/1278-03 “Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings”, which were introduced on June 15, 2003. Some data from these standards (extracts from SanPiN 2.2 .1/1278-03) for institutions of general education, primary, secondary and higher specialized education, as well as for residential premises, are given below in table. 2.

Chalk boards should only be used in green or light green.

Table 2. Illumination standards according to SanPiN 2.2.1/1278-03 (for educational institutions)

Premises	Side natural lighting, KEO, %	Artificial lighting, E min, OK
		Combined lighting		General lighting
			from the total
Classrooms, offices, auditoriums of secondary schools, boarding schools, secondary specialized and vocational institutions, laboratories, classrooms for physics, chemistry, biology and others
Desktops				300 (optimally 500)
Middle of the board
Auditoriums, classrooms, laboratories in technical schools and higher educational institutions
Informatics and computer science classrooms
Training rooms for technical drawing and drawing (working drawing boards, work tables)
Metal and wood processing workshops				300 (optimally 500)
Sport halls
Teachers' offices and rooms

Note: a dash means there are no requirements

Each type of activity requires a certain level of illumination in the area where this activity is carried out. Typically, the more visually impaired, the higher the average light level should be.

Rice. 4. Dependence of visual acuity on age

Presented in table. 1 Light levels are set for normal vision. With age, a person's visual acuity decreases (Fig. 4) and this requires an increase in the level of lighting.

Organization of the workplace to create comfortable visual conditions

In addition to the requirements of good lighting workplace should have uniform illumination. In any case, there should not be a significant difference in illumination various areas workplace so that frequent vision readaptation is not required.

The adaptation of the eye to distinguish an object is carried out through three processes:

• accommodation- a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye so that the image of the object is in the plane of the retina (when the curvature of the lens changes, the value of focal length- “focusing” is carried out);
• convergence- rotation of the visual axes of both eyes so that they intersect on the object under consideration;
• adaptation- adaptation of the eye to a given level of illumination.

Onboarding process consists in changing the area of ​​the pupil. When the eye adapts, in addition to changing the area of ​​the pupil, other processes occur. For example, with increasing brightness, rods are suppressed and the amount of light-sensitive substance in cones decreases, and at high brightness, nerve endings are partially shielded by pigment epithelial cells located deep in the retina. When the eye adapts to low brightness, the opposite phenomena occur.

It is well known that when moving from a light room to a dark one, the ability to distinguish details arises slowly, and, conversely, when leaving a dark room into a light one, a state of blindness initially arises.

When transitioning from high illumination to practical darkness, the adaptation process occurs slowly and ends in 1...1.5 hours. The reverse process is faster and lasts 10...15 minutes. In both cases we're talking about about complete re-adaptation of vision; when the brightness changes no more than 5...10 times, re-adaptation occurs almost instantly.

Therefore, the surfaces of books and notebooks with which this moment work being carried out must have the same illumination. Using a small lamp to illuminate only the surface of the notebook will result in a difference in illumination between the notebook and the book. Frequent use of the latter will require constant adaptation of vision, which will ultimately lead to rapid visual fatigue, decreased performance, general fatigue, and mental stress. The desk should be located in a well-lit place, preferably near a window. The man behind desk should be positioned with the face or left side to the window (for left-handers - right side) in order to avoid the formation of a shadow from the person’s body or hand. The artificial lighting lamp should be positioned relative to the human body in a similar way. Lamps must be located above the workplace outside the prohibited angle of 45° (Fig. 5). In addition, the design of the lamp must prevent blinding a person by rays reflected from the working surface (Fig. 6, a) . To do this, the fixture's fittings must provide for the direction of direct rays emanating from the source at other angles that prevent the reflected beam from entering the human eye (Fig. 6, b).

Rice. 5. Installation diagram of lamps

Rice. 6. Right choice lamp design: a - blinding by reflected rays; b - elimination of glare by reflected rays

Why is there a strong difference in the illumination of individual areas of the room or various rooms may cause injury?

When moving from a well-lit area or room to a poorly lit area, it takes some time for the eye to adapt to low light. During this period, a person sees poorly. This could cause the person to trip, fall, bump into an object, etc. and be injured. A particularly great danger arises when there is a very strong difference in illumination - more than 20...30 times, which requires significant time for deep readaptation of the eye, during which a person sees very poorly or does not see at all.

Therefore, if the lighting in the room and the corridor into which the room is exited differs greatly, it is necessary to improve the lighting in the corridor. To reduce the likelihood of injury, the above circumstances are especially important to consider when stairwells and other traumatic places.

Please note the following:

• with greater contrast, less illumination is required; Therefore, in the workplace it is desirable to provide a high contrast between the object and the background on which the object is located; It is better to work with dark objects on a light background, and with light objects - on a dark background. This will allow you to successfully perform work at a lower level of illumination and reduce visual fatigue;
• if it is impossible to change the contrast of an object with the background by, for example, changing the background reflectance, it is necessary to increase the illumination in the workplace;
• Proper organization of lighting and conditions for performing visual work is the key to maintaining good vision for many years.

Psychophysiological effects of color on humans

It is known that surfaces of blue tones, as well as very dark surfaces, are perceived by humans as “receding”, that is, they appear to be located further than in reality. This sometimes leads to a seeming increase in the size of the room. Red tones, on the contrary, appear to be “protruding.” Some colors, such as light purple, have an irritating effect on a person and contribute to very rapid fatigue. Others, in particular green, give the opposite result. A person’s subjective perception of such external factors external environment, like temperature, noise and others, even odors, to a certain extent depend on the color of the surfaces in the field of view.

The psychophysiological impact on a person of the color of radiation sources and the color of the surfaces of the room must be taken into account when color and light design of the interior. For example, for rest rooms and bedrooms it is better to use LI and color design perform in soft, soothing colors, such as yellow-green. On the contrary, in the rooms in which work must be carried out, it is better to use fluorescent lamps, and the color design should be done in light, invigorating colors that stimulate vigorous activity.

It should be noted that the psychophysiological effect of color on a person is taken into account as very important factor, defining safety issues (for example, painting of cars, safety signs, hazardous areas, pipelines, cylinders, etc.). It should be noted that color also has a subjective and individual effect on the emotional sphere of a person.

Factors that determine visual comfort

In order to provide the conditions necessary for visual comfort, the lighting system must meet the following prerequisites:

• uniform lighting;
• optimal brightness;
• no glare;
• appropriate contrast;
• correct color scheme;
• no stroboscopic effect or flicker of light.

Brilliance(excessive glare) - the property of luminous surfaces with increased brightness to disrupt the conditions of comfortable vision, worsen contrast sensitivity, or have both of these effects at the same time.

Light flux fluctuations also affect performance, developing fatigue and reducing the accuracy of production operations.

It is important to consider light in the workplace, guided not only by quantitative, but also qualitative criteria. The first step here is to study the workplace; the precision with which the work must be performed; workload; the degree of movement of the worker during work, etc. Light must include components of both diffuse and direct radiation. The result of this combination should be shadow formation of greater or lesser intensity, which should allow the worker to correctly perceive the shape and position of objects in the workplace. Annoying reflections that make it difficult to see detail should be eliminated, as should overly bright lights or deep shadows.

Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces are two interrelated components. And they change only depending on the nature of the work performed, as well as depending on the environment of the workplace.

Therefore, in order to consider lighting standards in workplaces, we will have to understand in general the issue of lighting in production, and only then consider the parameters standardized for each individual workplace.

In order to understand the requirements for workplace lighting, let's first look at what types of indoor lighting there are. This will allow us to more competently move directly to their coverage in the future.

• The first and one of the most important is natural lighting. It is formed by light openings in the roof and walls of the building.
• Natural light is completely free, but can only be used during daylight hours. At night, artificial lighting is used. It is formed by light sources with various lamps and lamps. Through this they achieve different angles

• scattering and light fluxes from such sources. In some cases, so-called combined lighting is used.

• It is usually used in cases where it is not possible to achieve the required illumination levels for workplaces using natural lighting alone. To do this, additional artificial lighting is organized in such areas, as in the video. Now let's take a closer look at each of these types of lighting. Let's start with the natural. One of the main indicators of natural lighting is the so-called KEO - natural lighting coefficient. It is characterized as the ratio of illumination inside the building to illumination outside the building at open area

• in clear weather. It should be remembered here that natural light in southern regions
• our country is significantly higher than natural illumination in the northern regions. Therefore, the KEO for the same buildings and types of workplaces will be significantly different. For this purpose, there is even a so-called light climate map of our country, which is divided into 6 zones. The main characteristic of artificial lighting is the illumination of the workplace. It is measured in lux (Lx) and for

• different rooms and jobs are calculated separately.

But here there is also a nuance.

The fact is that lighting can be top, side and combined, that is, top and side. And depending on the location of the lamps, the required indicator of standardized illumination can vary quite significantly.

Workplace lighting standards

First of all, let's focus on such indicators as illumination. It must correspond to Table 1 of SNiP 23 – 05 – 95 and depend on the characteristics of visual work. But for jobs, these are not all the indicators.

	The fact is that the difference in illumination between the lighting of the workplace and the surrounding environment has a detrimental effect on human vision. Therefore, such an indicator as the immediate surrounding area was introduced. This zone is considered to be the entire surrounding environment at a distance of up to 0.5 meters.
	But that is not all. Behind the immediate surrounding zone is the so-called peripheral vision zone. Illumination in this area is also strictly standardized.
	The illumination of the immediate surrounding area directly depends on the illumination standard working area. Therefore, the choice of illumination of this zone is carried out according to table 1 of GOST R 55710 - 2013.
	The illumination of the peripheral vision zone depends on the illumination in the immediate surrounding area. And it should be at least 1/3 of this value.
	The illumination of the workplace itself should be checked using a calculation method, and this is quite possible to do with your own hands. To do this, the entire area is divided into a uniform grid with cells with a strictly defined distance between them. The number of calculation points and grid dimensions are determined by table A1 GOST R 55710 - 2013.

Quality standards for workplace lighting

However, the standard for workplace lighting provides not only the quality of illumination, but also a number of other parameters. All of them in GOST R 55710 - 2013 are summarized in the so-called illumination discomfort indicator. But for a better understanding, we will consider all the components of this parameter separately.

• The very first and one of the most important is the so-called uniformity of lighting. It is standardized both for the workplace itself and for adjacent areas. But before we talk about lighting uniformity, let's look at what this parameter is.
• Following logic, many will assume that this is the ratio of the maximum and minimum illuminated areas in the workplace. But that's not true. Uniformity of illumination is considered as the ratio of minimally illuminated areas to the average illumination.
• For natural light, this figure should be no more than 1 to 3. For artificial lighting, this parameter depends on the type of room and is standardized by the corresponding tables in GOST R 55710 - 2013. But usually it is 0t 0.4 to 0.7.

Note! For work areas with visual performance class 7 or 8, the uniformity of natural lighting is not standardized.

• The uniformity of lighting is also standardized for areas adjacent to the working area. So, for the immediate surrounding area this figure is 0.4, and for the periphery area - no lower than 0.1.

Note! For the peripheral zone, if the illumination uniformity is close to 0.1, in any case, the illumination of the darkest areas should not be lower than 50 lux for surfaces and 30 lux for walls.

• In order to be provided hygienic requirements to the light density, a parameter such as cylindrical illumination is applied. It is characterized as the ratio of vertical illumination to the angle of light projection.

• This indicator is especially important for premises such as concert, shopping, exhibition and similar halls. Cylindrical illumination, depending on the requirements of light saturation, is divided into three groups, and according to Table 2 of GOST R 55710 - 2013 should be 100, 75 or 50 lux.
• The next important indicator is reflected gloss. This indicator depends on a number of parameters. This includes the power of individual lamps, the angle of their location and the reflectance of surfaces. Reflection coefficients depend on the structure of walls, ceilings, floors and work surfaces, as well as on finishing materials.

• Therefore, the instructions normalize all these indicators. Table 3 GOST R 55710 - 2013 establishes the angles of inclination of lamps of various powers. In addition, it contains standards for the reflected component for various surfaces. So, for walls this indicator should be in the range of 0.5 - 0.8, for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.9, for the floor - 0.2 - 0.4, and for work surfaces it should be 0.2 - 0 ,7.

• The next criterion is the ripple factor. And if it is not very relevant for incandescent lamps, then for diode and fluorescent lamps this parameter is extremely important. The fact is that if the price of the lamps you use is low, then the likelihood of a stroboscopic effect is high. This is especially important when people work with rotating mechanisms. Therefore, in all cases, this figure should not exceed 10%.