For a Russian girl, urination will not be very good, but for a Latvian girl it will do.
Vibiraj kak neo:D
Depends on the shade, but blue and brown colors are quite compatible.
Especially if the shoes suitable model that matches the dress
Barset has already given you the right advice.
Actually, it’s better to have a motorist tester, well, a device with an arrow. A schoolchild can learn to use it. The price is low, as is the device itself.
If you don’t want a tester, as a last resort, use a light bulb carrier with wires. The car body is usually a minus. Well, then there’s purely primitive logic for the wires: it lights up, it doesn’t light up, it lights up when turned on. In my practice, I came across a female driver. She made it even simpler: she turned to another (male) driver.
Light absorption capacity.
From white, which reflects all light (0% light absorption), to black, which absorbs all light (100% light absorption).
General minus, you can't go wrong.....
red - left
white - right
golden - minus, "earth"...
Perhaps this is the Bronze-winged dove. The Bronze-winged dove belongs to common birds Australia, inhabits desert areas overgrown with low bushes or isolated trees. These clumsy, heavy birds fly very quickly and short time In search of water, they cover considerable space. The bronze-winged pigeon also lives in the cultural landscape, where it is better provided with food and water. Its cooing is heard most often at night and in the morning and vaguely resembles the mooing of cows.
The bronze-winged dove breeds from August to February; it builds its nest on horizontal tree branches not high above the ground and near water. Both birds incubate alternately. These pigeons feed on the seeds of acacia and other trees, collecting them on the ground. It is kept in zoo corners more often than other species of this bird.
Electric current is especially dangerous for humans, and it is also invisible. When installing wiring, wires are used different colors for safe and fast work, letters and numbers indicate the wire cross-section. Color and symbol designations or, in other words, markings are prescribed in the standards; you should not violate them so as not to endanger your own and others’ lives.
Color coding of core insulation
Visually, the wires differ from each other not only in color and diameter, but also in the number and type of cores. Depending on this characteristic, single-core and multi-core electrical wires are distinguished. Their variety finds its application in alternating current circuits, both in industrial three-phase networks with a voltage of 380V, and in home single-phase network 220V. DC power circuits use the same standard electrical wires.
Single-phase two-wire network 220V
This network includes an outdated type of wiring, where wires are used as cores. aluminum wires in a single white braid, popularly known as “noodles”. One core of the electrical wire is a phase conductor, the second core is a neutral conductor. A single-phase two-wire network is used for ordinary household needs: simple sockets and switches.
About how to properly arrange an in-house electrical network.
The problem when installing single-color wiring is the difficulty in determining phase and neutral wires. Availability of additional measuring equipment to help you cope with the task, you can use a multimeter or a special screwdriver with an indicator, a probe, a tester, or a dial tester.
Single phase design two-wire network allowed by GOST for premises with light load on the electrical network and low safety requirements. In such cases, two single-core wires or one two-core wire with wires of different colors are used.
When using a solid wire, one core is brown, the other blue or cyan. According to generally accepted labeling brown vein- this is the phase, and the blue one is the neutral conductor, it is strictly not recommended to violate this order. In practice, there are phase wires in colors other than brown: black, gray, red, turquoise, white, pink, orange, but not blue.
Application of two independent single-core wires also requires labeling. You can use a wire colored along the entire length, for example, blue for zero, red for phase. It is permissible to mark wires of the same color with electrical tape or heat shrink tubing different colors, placing markings on both ends of each core.
The use of a tube does not involve wrapping the ends, but putting it on the wire and exposing it to hot air in order to fix the heat shrink on the wire. For home use You can use any colors of marking materials that are accessible and understandable to the wiring installer.
Single-phase three-wire 220V network and markings used in it
Modern requirements for the installation of electrical wiring dictate the presence of a third wire - grounding. This is the difference and main advantage of a single-phase three-wire network.
Three electrical conductor perform the corresponding functions: phase, neutral and grounding, protection against injury alternating current. The marking of the phase wire remains brown, the neutral wire remains blue or light blue, and the ground wire must be braided in a yellow-green color.
Household appliances corresponding European standards safety, requires connection to grounded outlets. Such sockets have a special contact to which a yellow-green wire is connected. It is strictly not recommended to use this color to mark phase and neutral wires in order to avoid possible unpleasant consequences.
Three-phase network 380V
A three-phase network, just like a single-phase one, can be with or without grounding. Depending on this, a three-phase four-wire electrical network with a voltage of 380V and a three-phase five-wire network are divided.
A four-wire network consists of three phase conductors and one neutral working conductor; there is no protective grounding conductor here. In a five-wire network, in addition to three phase conductors and one neutral, there is also a grounding conductor.
Similarly with two-phase marking of conductors, a blue or cyan conductor is used for the neutral conductor, yellow-green for the grounding conductor. Phase A is brown, phase B is black, phase C is marked gray. There may be exceptions to the rules for phase conductors, they color coding allows the use of other colors, but not blue and yellow-green, which already have their own function.
When distributing single-phase loads into groups or connecting three-phase loads, four-core and five-core wires are used.
DC network
A DC network differs from an AC network in that it contains two conductors: plus and minus. The core of the positive conductor is marked in red, and the core of the negative conductor is marked in blue.
The practice of color separation of wires is familiar to professionals and amateurs; it is actively used in electrical engineering, but still you should not blindly trust the markings. Safety net measuring instrument– deliberate and balanced move during installation electrical networks, you should not neglect them.
If you are an electrician, we would appreciate your feedback on this article. Please write your comment below.
Almost everyone who has dealt with electrical wiring, noticed that the wires in the insulation can have different colors. But few people know that this action facilitates the work when installing electrical wiring, and there are even special rules electrical installation devices, following which you can significantly reduce the risk of tragic consequences when working with electricity. So what is the essence of color designations and what do they mean? The answers to these questions will be given below.
The main task of marking wire insulation
First of all, the wires are designated with certain colors to ensure safety during work. When assigning colors for each wire, PUE standards (electrical installation rules) and international European standards are used. Every electrician can special effort distinguish, what voltage does it carry?(or not) each wire, and also determine where the phase, neutral and ground are located.
Of course, if we take the network connection as an example single-key switch, it is impossible to determine the purpose of each wire without color coding special labor. But if we consider the connection distribution panel, then here we can’t do without special notations. Indeed, if the current-carrying parts are connected incorrectly, a short circuit may occur, the wiring will begin to heat up (and, as a result, a fire will occur), and in the worst case, defeat electric shock person person carrying out the installation or people nearby.
IN modern edition PUE is proposed to be carried out not only color designation, but also alphabetic, which greatly facilitates work in electrical installations.
The concept of phase and zero in electrics
Before we look at color coding, you must first understand the concepts of phase and zero in electrical wiring.
Letter designations are used on electrical circuits.
For correct implementation electrical installation work it is necessary to immaculately follow the rules for connecting live parts; accordingly, all the wires of the circuit must be noticeably different from each other. The question becomes reasonable about what color indicates phase and zero in electricity. Below are descriptions of each case separately.
Wire colors phase, neutral, ground
As mentioned earlier, the coloring of electrical wires at manufacturing plants is carried out in accordance with the PUE.
Ground wire designation
Ground wire usually indicated by the colors yellow, green and yellow-green. Manufacturers can apply yellow-green stripes in both longitudinal and transverse directions. In addition, it is recommended to apply letter marking. However, the applied letter marking does not exclude color marking. Color designation, according to the PUE, is mandatory. Using the distribution panel as an example, this wire is connected to the ground bus, housing or metal door.
Neutral wire
When talking about zero, it should not be confused with grounding. Indicated in blue or white-blue. But in some cases the ground wire is aligned with zero. Then it is painted green-yellow, and there is always a blue braid at the ends. In both single-phase and three-phase circuits, only one neutral wire is used. This is due to the fact that in a three-phase circuit the maximum shift of one phase can be equal to 120°, which allows the use of one neutral wire.
Phase wire designation
Depending on the type of wiring electrical circuit with alternating current can be either single-phase or have three phases. Let's consider both of these cases separately.
- Single phase wiring
Used in networks with a voltage of 220 W. Most often, the phase wire is painted black, brown or white, but you can also find other wire markings: brown, gray, purple, pink, orange or turquoise. It is also customary to letter L. This is necessary not only on diagrams, but also in poor lighting conditions or if the wires were covered with dust.
Due to the fact that exactly the phase represents greatest danger When carrying out work, it is these parts that have the brightest color for quick identification and subsequent more careful actions with them.
- Three-phase wiring
Used in networks with a voltage of 380 W. Previously, all wires and buses were in three-phase network were painted in yellow, green and red colors (Y-Z-K), which respectively designated phases A, B, C. These designations presented difficulties due to the similarity of the yellow-green markings of the ground wires. Therefore, according to the PUE, new standards have been introduced since January 1, 2011, where the phases are designated L 1, L 2 and L 3, and each has brown, black and gray colors(K-H-S).
Using a three-core wire as an example. The wire colors of the three-core cable are blue, brown and yellow-green. Brown is phase, blue is zero, and yellow-green indicates ground.
These were the color options for AC networks.
Coloring of wires in DC networks
In networks with DC different color and letter markings for wires and tires are used. The fundamental difference here the absence of zero and phase in the usual sense is considered. This wiring uses a positive conductor, indicated by a red color and a "+" sign, and a negative conductor blue with a “-“ sign, and also zero bus blue color, which is denoted by the Latin letter M.
Not all people who carry out work on the installation of electrical networks follow the established labeling rules. Therefore, before proceeding with installation, you should first check the presence of current in the wires using a multimeter or a regular indicator screwdriver. In the future, mark the wires with the required color using colored electrical tape or special heat crimps. There is also special devices allowing letter marking to be applied.
Carrying out electrical installation work is a rather complicated task, which is best left to a specialist in this field. However, if you need to purchase cords, wires and various cables for installation, you need to understand their markings. The indication on the insulation of the products with an alphanumeric code is the marking of the wires.
At the moment, each manufacturer designates its products with codes so that any consumer, looking at it, can understand what the product is made of, what is the rated withstand voltage, the type of cross-section, as well as its design features and type of insulation.
To comply with these parameters, all factories and enterprises involved in the manufacture of electrical products are required to use the international standard - GOST. Marking the wires also allows you to easily determine the location of the phase, zero, and in some cases, ground. Let's look at the main electrical products on the market.
Cables
Electrical cables come in several types depending on the purpose of use. They may also consist of copper or aluminum strands, which are collected in bundles under one or different winding materials of plastic or PVC. There is also sometimes an additional protective sheath made of steel tape.
Depending on the application, the color coding of the wires may also vary. So, they distinguish:
- RF cables that transmit radio and video signals.
- Controls for transmitting a signal to one or another device.
- Power cables are used in lighting fixtures for transmitting electricity. Can be used in both internal and external electrical wiring.
- To transmit communications, cables are used that can conduct current of different frequencies.
- Automation systems use control cables, which are copper conductors located under a protective shield that removes interference and prevents mechanical damage.
Wires
A product formed from several wires or only one is called a wire. In most cases, the winding is plastic, less often wire, but it is also found without insulation at all.
At the moment, greater preference is given to wires whose cores are made of copper or aluminum. Such products are used not only in electrical installation work, but also as windings for electric motors.
Have low cost, however, the impossibility of connecting them with others, for example, copper, is considered a huge disadvantage. Copper products can withstand loads well, but outdoors oxidize quickly and are expensive.
The marking of electrical wires also depends on their purpose. Installation and power are used both indoors and outdoors. Assembly ones, in turn, are used when assembling electrical circuits in switchboards or radio equipment.
Cords
The cord consists of several strands with a small cross-section, which consist of many intertwined wires. Most often, this electrical product is represented by multi-core cords, the winding of which is non-metallic.
The main use of cords is for connecting industrial and household appliances to the network.
Letter marking
Any electrical product must be marked in accordance with GOST standards. The first letter indicates the material from which the core is made. If it is copper, the letter is not assigned, if it is aluminum, then it is marked with the letter “A”.
Explanation and wires The second letter characterizes the type or material of insulation. Depending on the type of wire, it can be written as “P”, “M”, “MG”, “K”, “U”, which corresponds to flat, mounting, mounting with flexible cores, control and installation types of wire. The installation one can also be marked as “P” or “W”.
The next, third letter, means the material of the winding of the product:
- “K” - nylon;
- “C” - fiberglass;
- “BP” or “P” - polyvinyl chloride;
- “F” - metal;
- “E” - shielded;
- “R” - rubber;
- "ME" - enameled;
- “T” - winding with a supporting torso;
- “NR” or “N” - nayrite;
- “L” - varnished;
- “G” - winding with flexible core;
- “O” and “Sh” - polyamide silk as braiding or insulation.
Wire markings may also have a fourth letter, which characterizes design features electrical product:
- “K” - the wire is armored with round wires;
- “A” - asphalted wire;
- “T” - the product is used for installation in pipes;
- “B” - armored with tapes;
- “O” - the presence of a protective braid;
- “G” - for wire - flexible, and for cable - without protection.
Digital marking
The marking of electrical wires by the first number indicates the number of cores; if it is missing, the conductor has only one core. The second and third digits mean in square millimeters and the rated withstand voltage of the network.
Grounding
For the most part, color coding of wires is intended to facilitate electrical installation work and ensure safety.
According to the ground conductor insulation, it should have a green-yellow color. In some cases, the color may be exclusively green or only yellow.
For grounding, wire color markings are applied either longitudinally or transversely. On electrical circuits, “ground” is usually denoted by the letters “PE”, which is also sometimes called zero protection.
Zero
The zero working contact does not carry a voltage charge, but is only a conductor. Wire color markings should be bluish or blue tint. On an electrical diagram, zero is usually designated as “N”.
Phase
The phase wire is always energized if it is connected to the network. Phase wire color marking can be done in many ways color shades- brown, black, turquoise, purple, gray and others. But most often phase conductors are white or black.
PEN conductor
In any residential building or premises, it is always necessary to ground or ground the electrical wiring. Currently, it is important to carry out a TN-C grounding system, which includes combining the ground and neutral wires. The color marking of wires combined using this system will change from yellow-green to blue.
First, you need to divide the conductor into two buses - PE and N, which are subsequently connected to each other by a jumper in the middle or two at the edges. Then re-ground the PE bus and check the resistance.
How to determine the phase?
Sometimes during electrical repairs or upgrades, it is necessary to determine which wire means what. But it happens that marking wires by color is not an ally in this, because due to long term operation or in case short circuit this is impossible.
This task can be dealt with using indicator screwdriver, popularly called “control”. This method is suitable in the case of a single-phase network, without a ground wire. First you need to turn off the electricity supply, move both conductors apart and turn them on again. After that, bring the indicator screwdriver to one of the wires. If the light on the “control” lights up, then this wire will be the phase, and the remaining wire will be the zero.
If the wiring is three-wire, you can use a multimeter to determine each of the wires. This device has two wires. First you need to install on it rated voltage over 220 Volts. After that, fix one of the multimeter wires in contact with the phase, and use the other to determine grounding or neutral. If the second wire detects a grounding conductor, the readings on the device will drop slightly below 220, and if zero, then the voltage will shift within 220 Volts.
The third method of identifying wires can be used if you don’t have a screwdriver or a multimeter at hand. Marking the wires can help with this; in any situation, to isolate the zero, it will be marked in blue color scheme. The remaining two contacts will be more difficult to determine.
If one of the contacts is colored and the other is white or black, then most likely the colored one will be phase. By old standards black and white designated the grounding conductor.
Also, according to the rules for installing electrical equipment, the ground wire is marked white.
Marking in DC circuit
Marking wires on the network DC voltage has red insulation color for positive, and black for negative. If the network is three-phase, then each phase will have its own specific color: red, yellow and green. Zero and ground, as usual, will be blue and yellow-green.
If a cable is inserted, the phase wires will have black, white and red insulation, and the color of the neutral and ground will remain unchanged, as is the case with a 220-volt network.
Independent wire designation
Sometimes, in the absence of a suitable color, you can independently change the color of the same wire used for neutral, phase and ground. In this case, decoding the wire markings will be very useful.
You can make small notes on the wires, which can be very useful later. You can also use colored electrical tape and wrap the wires in accordance with the markings.
To date in great demand They use cambrics, which are colored plastic tubes that can be heat-shrinkable. If busbars are used, it is also necessary to mark the ends of the conductors.
IN modern life Marking wires by color is not an advertising ploy by the manufacturer to stand out from others. This is a necessity and requirement, without which fast and high-quality installation of electrical wiring is impossible. How does this color help?
- quick identification of wire purpose (phase, neutral or ground)
- reducing the number of erroneous connections during the installation process
- no need to test the wire for phasing
Manufacturers choose conductor colors not according to their own wishes, but according to the rules. Moreover, not only color can be applied to the conductor, but also digital letter designation. 
The color is applied along the entire length of the core insulation. But in some areas you can also use multi-colored cambrics for heat shrink. They are mainly widely used in cable terminations. 
Coloring for 220V and 380V single-phase and three-phase voltage
In a three-phase network, wires and buses were previously colored as follows:
Yellow color
Green color
Red color
To make it easier to remember the order of colors, electricians used the abbreviation ZH-Z-K. 
From 01/01/2011, new standards were introduced in accordance with GOST R 50462-2009 ():
Brown
Now it's time to switch to abbreviations - K-H-S! Subjectively speaking, this marking is inferior in clarity to the previous color scheme Zh-Z-K. 
Imagine that there is poor lighting in the control room or room, dust on the wires? Which do you think your eye is better at distinguishing between yellow and green or brown and black? The rules in this case stipulate the need for letter designation and marking of the cores, in addition to color.
Letter designation of wires
What should be the letter designation of wires according to GOST is presented in the following tables: 
It is best to apply these letters using special tag rings. 
They are a PVC tube, pre-cut, with letters and numbers printed on it. 
Mark phase conductors yellow or green According to the new rules it is prohibited. Precisely because of their similarity with the yellow-green grounding conductor.
It is also worth noting that the brown color is precisely phase A or L1 (simply L in a single-phase 220V network), and black is phase B or L2. When you conduct wiring for yourself, you may unwittingly miss at the moment. But if the electrical work is being done for an industrial facility, then you will be required to strictly adhere to the international standard and correct phasing.
White color is the cheapest option when making core insulation, as it does not require the use of dyes. Therefore, it is most often used by manufacturers of cheap cable brands. There are no special labeling guidelines for this color.
Coloring in a DC network
DC networks use 3 buses. The usual zero and phase are missing here. There is a positive conductor or bus (with a plus sign) and a negative conductor (with a minus sign). According to the old rules, the positive tire should be red, the negative tire should be blue. Zero operating bus - blue. 
According to new standards from 01/01/2011:
Plus
Brown color
Minus
Gray color
Middle conductor
Blue color
Errors and color options for phase, neutral and ground wires
The issue of marking wires by color becomes acute when the wiring is installed by one electrician and then serviced by another. If you follow all the color rules, you will save a lot of time and money on troubleshooting.
Unfortunately, in old Soviet wiring, most of the conductors are single-colored and there is no way to do this without a probe or multimeter. 
If color marking exists and is observed, then zero and protective wires should be:
Neutral wire N – should be blue.
Zero protective PE – yellow-green.
The conductor combining the protective zero and the working zero PEN is yellow-green along the entire length of the wire, but at the end at the junction it is blue. 
When coloring phase wires, the manufacturer is given a choice from a variety of color options. Here are the main ones: 
Non-standard wire color options
Sometimes, due to incorrect labeling of colors by manufacturers, GOST standards have to be ignored. For example, you have 3 wires in a cable of different colors:
- blue
- brown
- black
In this case, you do the phase according to the rules, namely - brown. The neutral wire will be blue. But the black core will become grounding. In this version, the colors will at least resemble the Soviet standard. 
Another of the “inconvenient” options for combining colors of cable cores:
- black
- blue
- red
To violate GOST as little as possible and be close to its requirements, make the phase black. Blue is zero, but red will be protective conductor P.E.
Just be sure to mark it at the end with yellow and green electrical tape.
But what to do if the cable does not have a single color that resembles a phase wire? That is, the colors black, brown and gray are missing. Then choose for the phase the wire that corresponds as closely as possible to established by the rules brown color. For example, red.
At the ends of the wires, according to the phasing, you can put on multi-colored insulating thermal tubes or multi-colored electrical tape. 
To avoid resorting to such methods, at the stage of purchasing and selecting a cable, pay attention to its color in advance.
What to do if the cable has already been laid without observing color markings?
Most often, you may encounter a situation where the wiring has already been laid, and the electrician who did it, as a rule, did not bother to familiarize himself with the rules of color marking and GOST. What to do in this case?
There is nothing left to do but pick up the instruments - a probe, an indicator, dial and spend time looking for the necessary conductors. 
After each definition of a particular conductor, use colored cambrics to designate them according to GOST and move on to the next one. It is enough to make this designation only at the end and beginning of the cable, and not along its entire length.
It is easy to distinguish phase conductors from neutral conductors. How to distinguish a zero worker from a protective one can be found in the article "".
Tips related to wire colors that should be followed during installation:
- try not to use cables different manufacturers. As a rule, their colors are not the same, which can later lead to errors during installation.
- If you still have to work with cables of different manufacturers and colors, at the very beginning, ring all the cores and mark them in advance with multi-colored electrical tape so as not to confuse them in the future. Don't rely on your memory
- when you have to extend a short cable, use wires of the same colors as in the main section.
- try not to use cables that do not have yellow-green colored cores (protective zero)
- If the cable does not have a yellow-green core, then use the closest related color as the ground.