Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of direct educational activities"Dwellings different nations»
Dwellings of different nations.
Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Getting to know your surroundings:
Purpose of the lesson: cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.
Tasks:
introduce children to the fact that people live on our planet different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live differently;
introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;
introduce children to some facts of the history of their people;
introduce children to some materials from which they can build dwellings;
show the differences and similarities of people living in different territories;
cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in different conditions.
Lesson equipment:
illustrations apartment building, wooden hut, tent, igloo, wigwam;
illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, a resident of the Far North and the desert;
illustrations of bricks, logs, snow blocks;
chopsticks, scarf;
5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Discuss with the children where they are live: they live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.
2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.
Is this house similar to the one you live in? How is it similar? How is it different?
What is in this house?
3. Show illustration wooden house. - Where have you seen such houses?
What are they called?
In the huts the people of our country lived when they did not yet know how to build big houses with many apartments. Nowadays such huts exist only in villages and dachas, but previously almost all people lived in them.
What's in the hut?
IN wooden houses There is always a stove and a chimney.
Why are they needed?
Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could light the stove all winter.
How is a hut different from the house you live in now? (among other things, bring children to the fact that in village hut one family lives, and there are many in a city house). - Which house is more comfortable to live in now? Why?
4. On our big planet there is different countries. Some days you went on vacation to the sea.
What countries do you know?
IN different countries live different people , and these people live in absolutely different houses . In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the desert people live in a house called a tent. (Show illustration of tent).
What does the tent look like?
The tent is made from a large piece of fabric. It does not protect from cold or rain.
What can a tent protect people from?
It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.
5. (Show illustration of igloo).
What is this house made of?
Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?
This house is called an igloo. It is really being built by people who live in the north, where almost all year round there is snow. There are no windows in the igloo so as not to let out warm water, and there is always a fire inside to keep it warm. And, oddly enough, it’s really warm enough in a house made of snow.
6. In the country of America there are people called Indians.
What do you know about the Indians?
Indians live in wigwams. (Show illustration of wigwam).
What does a wigwam look like?
Is it warm or cold in the country where they live in such houses? Why?
7. Let's put the houses in their places.
Consider the tables. Where should the apartment building be located?
How did you guess?
Where are wooden houses built?
How did you guess?
Where are the tents placed? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?
Where is the igloo built? What does a white tablecloth look like?
Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth does this table have? Why?
8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.
Consider this woman. What house does she live in?
How did you guess? What is she wearing? What's in her hands?
People living in the village work a lot. They themselves grow the vegetables and fruits they eat, and put their gardens in order.
Consider this man. What house does he live in?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
What is the Indian wearing?
Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given the feather of the most noble and powerful bird - the eagle. We give medals for exploits (show illustration, and the Indians receive feathers.
This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?
(Show illustration of residents of the Far North).
Where do these people live?
How did you guess? What are these people wearing?
What do they have in their hands?
In the North there is a lot of snow and people, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.
(Show illustration of African resident).
Where does this person live?
How did you guess? What is he wearing?
If it's hot there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?
9. What can you build houses from?
(Show illustration of brick).
What is this?
What kind of house is built from brick? What is it called? (brick).
(Show illustration of logs).
What is this? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).
(Show illustration of snow blocks).
What is this? What kind of house is being built from this material? Why from him?
(Show sticks).
What kind of house is built from such sticks?
(Show cloth scarf).
What kind of house is built from fabric?
What does the fabric protect against?
What is used to strengthen the tent?
10. We looked at a lot of houses today.
What are the names of the houses we saw today?
There are a lot of people living on our planet. They all live according to in different ways and even in different houses. For some people life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.
Arts and crafts creation:
Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.
Tasks:
introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;
teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;
develop children's spatial thinking;
teach accuracy when working with glue;
consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;
cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.
Lesson equipment:
illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;
sample of finished work;
paper details for appliqué at home for each child;
scissors and glue for each child.
Progress of the lesson:
1. We learned that on our planet there are completely different people who build various houses for themselves.
What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).
What are they made of?
Whose houses are these?
What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, and the Indians?
2. Look at this picture (show sample application) .
What kind of house do you think we will make today?
How did you guess?
Who lives in this house?
What are these houses made of?
What will we make this house from?
What details does this house have?
What parts of the house are not visible here?
3. Today we will need scissors.
What do scissors have?
Scissors are a dangerous object.
Why are scissors dangerous?
The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch the blades with your fingers. Scissors are taken only by the rings. You should not swing scissors, as you may injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should lie on the table when you are not using them. directly for work.
The scissors are taken by inserting the fingers into the rings. Inserted into one ring thumb, in the other - the index and middle. The thumb ring should be on top. The sheet of paper that needs to be cut is held suspended with the left hand, and care must be taken that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the stroke of the scissors. The scissors are opened as much as possible with your fingers right hand and when opened, they are placed on the line, observing the direction specified by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors coincide, you need to check that the fingers of your left hand do not get on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of your right hand should close the scissors. If the line is not cut all the way, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.
4. When all the parts are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.
What parts should your house have? Start gluing the parts.
Which side of the paper should you apply glue to?
Where does the part go to be coated?
What should I apply with glue?
How should parts be glued?
5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after applying glue. Then you can add sun, grass, or anything else you want to make the residents of your home more comfortable.
Show off your houses. Tell us who lives in your house. Which house do you like best?
Agree, in our distant childhood we were all interested in homes in one way or another. We read about them in books and popular science magazines, watched them in movies, which means, willy-nilly, at least once in our lives, but we still imagined how great it would be to swap roles with them for a few hours, finding yourself in that distant world full of the unknown and unprecedented.
However, despite the abundance of information, we sometimes cannot answer seemingly completely simple questions. For example, about how they defended their homes, where and how they obtained food, whether they made supplies for the winter and whether they had any pets.
The article is aimed at introducing readers to the topic. After reading all the sections carefully, everyone will have a more than detailed idea of what the dwellings of ancient people were like.
General information
To more clearly imagine what happened many centuries ago, let's think about the principle by which buildings are built and ennobled. modern houses. Many will agree that the choice of material is primarily influenced by climate. In hot countries, you are unlikely to find buildings with thick brick (or panel) walls and additional insulation means. In turn, in northern regions There are no bungalows or open villas.
The primitive dwellings of ancient people were also built taking into account weather conditions one region or another. In addition, of course, the presence of nearby bodies of water and characteristic features local flora and fauna.
Thus, modern experts claim that Paleolithic hunters in most cases settled on slightly rough, or even completely flat, terrain, in close proximity to lakes, rivers or streams.
Where can you see ancient sites?
We all know that caves are areas of the upper part earth's crust, located, as a rule, in mountainous regions of the planet. Today it has been established that most of them were once the dwellings of ancient people. Of course, regardless of the continent, people settled only in horizontal and gently sloping caves. In vertical ones, called mines and wells, the depth of which can reach up to one and a half kilometers, it was inconvenient to live and organize everyday life, and even very dangerous.
Archaeologists have discovered the dwellings of ancient people in different parts our planet: in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Many caves have also been discovered on Russian territory. The most famous are Kungurskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Denisova and the whole Tavdinsky complex.
What did the ancient man's home look like from the inside?
There is a fairly common misconception that in caves the inhabitants of that time were quite warm and dry. Unfortunately, this is not so, but rather the opposite. As a rule, in faults rocks very cold and humid. And this is not surprising: such areas are warmed up quite slowly by the sun, and in a similar way a huge cave is generally impossible.
Prevailing around humid air, which in most cases is under open air barely felt, tends to condense, falling into a closed space, surrounded on all sides by cold stone.
As a rule, the air in a cave cannot be called stale. On the contrary, there are constant drafts formed under the influence of the aerodynamic effect created by the presence of numerous passages and cracks.
As a result, we can conclude that the very first dwellings of ancient people were small, cool caves with walls constantly damp from condensation.
Was it possible to warm up by lighting a fire?
In general, make a fire in a cave, even if there is modern means- a rather troublesome and not always effective task.
Why? The thing is that initially it will take a long time to choose a place protected from the wind, otherwise the fire will simply go out. Secondly, heating a cave in this way is the same as if you set yourself the goal of heating an entire stadium, armed with an ordinary electric heater. Sounds absurd, right?
IN in this case one fire is actually not enough, especially considering that cold air will constantly move to your campsite from somewhere inside the stone bag.
Security measures
How did ancient people protect their homes, and was this necessary in principle? Scientists have been trying to get a definite answer to this question for a long time. It was found that in warm climates, sites were usually temporary. People found them by chasing wild animals along the trails and collecting various kinds roots. Ambushes were set up nearby and the dead carcasses were skinned. Such houses were not guarded: raw materials were collected, rest was arranged, thirst was quenched, simple belongings were collected, and the tribe moved on.
In what is now Eurasia, most of the land was covered with a thick layer of snow. There was already a need for the improvement of a more permanent monastery. The dwelling was often won from the hyena or cunning by stubbornness, deceit or cunning. winter cold The entrances to the cave were often blocked from the inside with stones and branches. This, first of all, was done to prevent the former owner from getting inside.
Section 6. What was inside the house
The dwellings of ancient people, photos of which can often be found in modern popular science literature, were quite simple in their design and contents.
Most often it was round or oval inside. According to scientists, on average the width rarely exceeded 6-8 meters with a length of 10-12 m. Inside, according to experts, up to 20 people could fit. Tree trunks cut down or broken in the neighboring forest were used for beautification and insulation. It was not uncommon for such material to flow down the river.
Often the dwellings of ancient people were not a place in a cave, but real huts. The skeleton of the future house was represented by tree trunks inserted into pre-dug recesses. Later, intertwined branches were placed on top. Of course, due to the constantly blowing wind, it was quite cold and damp inside, so the fire had to be maintained both day and night. By the way, scientists were surprised to discover that tree trunks, which play a key role in construction, were reinforced with heavy stones for safety reasons.
There were no doors at all. They were replaced by a hearth built from rock fragments, which not only heated the home, but also served reliable protection from predators.
Of course, in the process of evolution, not only people changed, but also their places of residence.
Houses of ancient Palestinians
In Palestine, modern scientists have managed to excavate the most archaeologically important cities.
It has been established that these settlements were mainly built on hills and were well fortified both outside and inside. Very often one of the walls was protected by a cliff or a fast water flow. The city was surrounded by a wall.
Like many others, this culture, when choosing a location, was guided by the presence of a nearby source, the water from which was suitable for drinking and for irrigating crops. In case of a siege, local residents built unique underground reservoirs located under the homes of wealthier townspeople.
Wooden houses were considered a rarity. Preference was mainly given to stone and adobe buildings. In order to protect the room from soil dampness, the structure was built on a stone foundation.
The outbreak was located in central room directly under a special hole in the ceiling. Only the wealthiest citizens could afford a second floor and a large number of windows.
Dwellings of the upper Mesopotamia
Not everyone knows that some of the houses here were two- or even several-story. For example, in the chronicles of Herodotus one can find mention of buildings with three or even four tiers.
The dwellings were covered with a spherical dome, which was sometimes very high. There was a hole at the top that allowed air to penetrate inside. By the way, it should be noted that there were almost never windows on the first floor. And there may be several explanations for this factor. Firstly, local residents tried to protect themselves from external enemies in this way. Secondly, religion did not allow them to flaunt the features of their private lives. They only went outside enough narrow doors and loopholes located at the level of human height.
Above, terraces were built on brick pillars, which performed two functions at once. First of all, they were built so that the owner could relax there, hiding away from human eyes. But that's not all. This section made it possible to protect the roof from direct sun rays, which means from overheating. On the upper terrace there were most often open galleries planted with flowers and exotic plants.
In this area, clay, reed and bitumen were considered the main building materials. Sometimes in wooden supports special brick or mosaic inlays were made to protect the wood from the ubiquitous ants.
Dwelling of ancient Indian culture
The ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, located in India, was once surrounded by a powerful wall. There was also sewer system, which from individual houses was directed into the citywide sewer canal, equipped under the pavements.
In general, they preferred to build houses from baked brick, which was considered the most durable and therefore reliable. The outer walls were more than massive, and also had a slight inward slope.
Documents about how ancient people built homes indicate that wealthy locals had a gatekeeper's room in their homes. There was almost always a small central courtyard, into which, for the purpose of additional lighting, numerous windows on the first and second floors certainly looked out.
The yard was paved with bricks, and there was a sewer canal right next to it. As a rule, a luxurious terrace was arranged on the flat roof of the house.
Ancient Greek house
Scientists have found that during the Trojan culture, most dwellings were a square or rectangular shape. There may have been a small portico in front. In a room or part common area, which served as a bedroom, special raised platforms were made for the beds.
As a rule, there were two outbreaks. One was needed for heating, the second for cooking.
The walls were also not quite ordinary. The lower 60 cm were laid out of stone, and a little higher raw brick was used. Flat roof was not supported by anything additional.
The poor preferred to live in round or oval houses, because... it was easier to heat them, and there was no need to have several rooms. The rich in their homes allocated space not only for bedrooms, but also for dining rooms and storage rooms.
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Home is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and the peculiarities of their way of life are revealed. Appearance dwellings, building materials and construction method depend on environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter what it looks like, all nations consider it the center around which the rest of the world is located. Let's get acquainted with the dwellings of different peoples inhabiting our planet.
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Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen ploughshare. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The house had no foundation: repeatedly rebuilt and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled onto them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that there was no dampness in the house. The top had the shape of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut there was always a red corner where there was a shrine and a table ( place of honor for elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or kut, a men's corner, or konik, and a zakut - behind the stove. The stoves took a central place in the entire space of the home. They kept a live fire in it, cooked food and slept here. A floor was laid above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove. They slept on them and stored household utensils.
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Igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow that leaves a clear imprint of a person’s foot is suitable. Large knives cut out blocks in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and lay them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, thanks to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, which is accessed by a corridor dug in the snow below floor level. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the home, heat does not escape outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo there is a canopy made of reindeer skins, separating the living part from the snow walls and ceiling. Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Dwelling of the Eskimos of Alaska. Cut.
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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the leeward side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklya is made from stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terrace-like arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a yard for the upper one. Each sakla has one or two small windows and one or two doors. They arrange inside the rooms small fireplace with a clay pipe. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, clay floors and carpets. Here in the summer women cook food.
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Houses on stilts are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, and Oceania. The two- or three-meter piles on which houses are erected keep the room cool and dry even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made of woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light enters through cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is made of palm branches. In interior spaces Usually there are steps decorated with carvings. The doorways are also decorated.
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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered on top with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or deer is stretched over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The frame is also covered with branches, bark, and mats.
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Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. A structure balancing on branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof, the crowning building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which the hearth for cooking is located, and the upper one, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
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Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
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Japanese house In the Land of the Rising Sun, from time immemorial, buildings have been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). IN warm season the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered wood panels. Internal walls(fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. Required element The interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect paper walls houses from rain and scorching sun.
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Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The nomadic Chukchi camps numbered up to 10 yarangas and were extended from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga is a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center from 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter from 5.7 to 7–8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with reindeer skins, usually sewn into two panels with belts; the ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sledges or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at back wall yarangas, they installed a sleeping area (canopy) made of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. Medium size the canopy is 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, with thick skins on top of them. The bed head - two oblong bags filled with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with the fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket made from several deer skins. To illuminate their homes, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal oil, while the tundra Chukchi used fat rendered from crushed deer bones, which burned odorless and soot-free in stone oil lamps. Behind the curtain, at the back wall of the tent, things were stored; at the sides, on both sides of the hearth, there are products.
Greenland: Structure made of blocks of dense snow. Igloo - home of the Eskimos
Georgia: Stone building with outbuildings and a defensive tower. Saklya - the home of the Caucasian highlanders
Russia: A building with the obligatory “Russian” stove and cellar. The roof is gable (in the south - hipped). Izba - traditional Russian dwelling
Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide heavy tiled roof, creating a deep shadow. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and large number premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, therefore outbuildings are not needed.
North America: the dwelling of the Indians of North America, a hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with mat, bark or branches. It is dome-shaped, unlike tipis, which are conical-shaped dwellings. Wigwams are built by North American Indians
Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which the hearth for cooking is located, and the upper one, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
Felij is a tent that serves as a home for Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara Desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as searing simoom or sirocco are not scary for nomads sheltering in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
From time immemorial, a Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun has been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such housing is the safest during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed; they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure covered with translucent paper that allows light to pass through. And in the cold season they are covered with wooden panels. Internal walls (fushima) are also movable shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to divide a large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which people walk without shoes. The tile or thatch roof has large overhangs that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and scorching sun.
The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits with interior spaces and a courtyard. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around courtyard(hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
Yurts are a special type of housing used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kyrgyz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. The yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature changes. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours and is convenient to transport. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter - on a wooden platform. Having chosen a parking place, first of all they place stones under the future hearth, and then install the yurt according to the established procedure - with the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The frame is covered with felt from the outside, and the door is made from it. Felt covers keep the fireplace cool in the summer and keep the fireplace warm in the winter. The top of the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with fabric. Light comes through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the home, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to listen carefully to the sounds outside.
South India: Traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval in cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one entrance door, no windows at all or only a small window opening. Pallasso.
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Proverbs and sayings about home. My home is my fortress. Each hut has its own toys. Away is good, but home is better. It is not the owner's house that is painted, but the owner's house. Even the frog sings in his swamp. There is nothing like leather. And the mole in his corner is vigilant.
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Houses of different peoples Since ancient times, the houses of different peoples of the Earth have been different. The special features of the traditional dwellings of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the uniqueness of economic life, on differences in religious ideas. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, be hospitable and present the culture of our people to other people with dignity.
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Izba Izba - traditional dwelling Russians. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Rus', a thousand years ago, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. Aspen planks - ploughshares or straw - were placed on the roof. The log house (from the word “felling”) consisted of rows of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.
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Hata Hata, (among Ukrainians), is a living space with a stove or an entire building with a canopy and utility room. It can be made of timber, wattle, or adobe. The outside and inside of the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.
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Saklya In the mountains there are not enough trees to build houses, so houses there are built from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, the home of the Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so sakli were often located adjacent to one another. It turned out that the roof of the building below was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands above. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe brick, with a flat roof.
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Chum Chum – nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles composed of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn deer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. The Russians also have a summer hut, cold but habitable, with a fire in the middle.
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Yurta Yurta, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in Central and Central Asia, Southern Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and a felt covering. In the center of the yurt there is a fireplace; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were stored on the women's side, and harnesses on the men's side.
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Kibitka Kibitka is a covered cart, covered wagon. Russian name portable home nomadic peoples Central and Central Asia.
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Cell Cell (from Latin cella - room), living quarters in a monastery. According to monastic regulations, most Russian monasteries allowed each monk or nun to build his own cell.
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Wigwam Wigwam is the home of the forest Indians of North America. Entered into literature as the name of an Indian dome-shaped dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, and mats.
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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks is built by the Eskimos in the north, where, in addition to snow, other building material No. Called housing-IGLU. The interior is usually covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. Snow house absorbs from the inside excess moisture, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.
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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. It is a dramatic building with a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates deep shade. Often such “mansions” resemble the letter “g” in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. The buildings are oriented to the east (a tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a spacious covered balcony and a steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.
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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - six or seven meters above the ground. The structure is erected on a pre-prepared platform made of poles tied to branches. The structure, balancing on the branches, cannot be overloaded, but it must support the large gable roof that crowns the building. Such a house has two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which the hearth for cooking is located, and the upper one, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near a reservoir. They get to the hut along long stairs connected from poles.
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Pallasso Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval cross-section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on wooden frame, one front door, there were no windows at all or there was only a small window opening.
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Hut South India. The traditional home of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and reeds, without windows, with one small entrance.
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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interior rooms and a courtyard are made. There are about seven hundred caves on the hillsides and in the desert around them, some of which are still inhabited by troglodytes (Berbers). The craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the courtyard (hausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Troglodyte dwellings often have several floors, with tied ropes serving as stairs between them. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber housewife needs a shelf, she simply digs it out of the wall. However, near some pits you can see TV antennas, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings provide good protection from the heat - these chalk caves are cool. This is how they solve the housing problem in the Sahara.
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