MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE FIRE SERVICE
FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS
SMOKE PROTECTION FOR BUILDINGS
AND FACILITIES.
ACCEPTANCE METHODS
AND PERIODIC TESTS
NPB 240-97
MOSCOW 1997
Developed and prepared for approval by the Main Directorate of the State Fire Service (GUGPS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. All-Russian Research Institute of Fire Defense (VNIIPO) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Agreed with the Ministry of Construction of Russia.
Approved by the Chief State Inspector Russian Federation for fire supervision.
They were put into effect by order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 31, 1997 No. 50.
Date of entry into force 01.09.1997
Entered for the first time.
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE FIRE SERVICE
FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS
SMOKE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.
ACCEPTANCE AND PERIODIC TEST METHODS
The smoke control systems of buildings. Methods of acceptance and routine tests
1 area of use
1.1. These standards establish the procedure and frequency of acceptance and periodic tests ventilation systems smoke protection of buildings and structures for various purposes(hereinafter referred to as buildings) with artificial traction induction and are to be used in operated and newly commissioned buildings.
The test results serve as the basis for deciding whether the smoke protection system of the building established requirements.
3.4. In the course of acceptance tests, the indicators and characteristics given in Table 1 are checked. 1.
Table 1
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indicators to be controlled during acceptance tests of smoke protection systems
| Parameter | Parameter control technique | |
| Schematic solution for smoke protection of an object | Comparison | Design execution |
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of fans and electric drives for smoke exhaust ventilation | ||
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of supply smoke ventilation fans | ||
| Quantity, mounting position and technical data of fire dampers (smoke and fire dampers) | ||
| State of fire-retardant coatings of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation channels | Visually, quantifying | The same, actual thickness, degree of damage |
| Availability and condition of door seals, self-closing devices | Comparison | Design execution, data specifications and passports for the product |
| Operation executive mechanisms and smoke protection devices in automatic control mode | Fail-safe sequence of actions corresponding to the design execution, according to the signals of fire detectors |
|
| The same in manual (remote and local) control mode | Comparison | The same from the buttons of the local and remote control |
| Actual consumption of air removed through smoke dampers directly from the premises | Quantification | Design values (when converted to operating conditions) |
| Actual overpressure values on the lower floors of non-smokeable stairwells of the 2nd type (sections of stairwells) | 20 Pa (in terms of operating conditions) |
|
| The same in the elevator shafts | ||
| The same in the vestibule gateways |
3.5. Periodic testing of smoke protection systems is carried out at least once every 2 years or more often, if this is not indicated in the technical and operational documentation of the building.
3.6. During periodic tests, check the indicators and characteristics given in table. 2.
table 2
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indicators to be monitored during periodic tests of smoke protection systems
| Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| Operating mode of the smoke protection system | Visually | Auto |
| Overpressure in elevator shafts, stairwells, tambour-sluices | Quantification | |
| Consumption (speed) of air in the door when leaving the floor (premises) on the escape route | Design values (taking into account the requirements of the standards in force during the development of the project) |
|
| Consumption of air removed through smoke dampers directly from rooms not protected by gas fire extinguishing installations | ||
| The same from the corridors (halls) on the evacuation routes | ||
| The same from the premises protected by gas fire extinguishing installations |
4. The order and sequence of acceptance and periodic tests
4.1. acceptance and periodic testing are carried out upon completion of installation or repair of smoke protection systems, testing and adjustment of their units and systems and drawing up passports for ventilation systems.
4.2. Acceptance and periodic tests of smoke protection systems for buildings are carried out by specialized organizations licensed to perform installation, repair, maintenance and adjustment of these systems, in the presence of representatives of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
4.3. When carrying out acceptance tests, the following are sequentially checked:
compliance of the smoke protection system and its elements with the design performance, technical specifications data, passports in the amount indicated in Table. 1;
passing signals from all automatic fire detectors and buttons for manual (remote and local) activation of the smoke protection system;
quantitative values of the normalized parameters of the smoke protection system (excess pressure in non-smokeable staircases of the 2nd type, elevator shafts, vestibules, airflow or speed of air in doorways, valve openings, etc.) in the amount indicated in Table. 1.
4.4. During periodic tests, the following are checked in sequence:
passage of signals from automatic fire detectors and from buttons remote start, and to check the performance, at least 15% of the number of named detectors and buttons are randomly selected;
fixing signals by receiving stations and generating control and information signals by them, turning on information boards, etc.;
inclusion of supply and exhaust fans smoke protection and operation in a given sequence of control and fire (smoke, fire-retarding) dampers;
quantitative values of the normalized parameters of the smoke protection system (excessive pressure in non-smokeable staircases of the 2nd type, elevator shafts, vestibule locks; air flow or velocity in doorways, valve openings, etc.) in the amount indicated in Table. 2.
4.5. The places for measuring the above controlled parameters are determined taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.018-79, the schematic design of the smoke protection system and the architectural and planning solutions of the building. The composition of the team for conducting aerodynamic tests is selected based on the volume of measurements performed.
5. Measurement technique, equipment and instruments
5.1. All measurements during acceptance and periodic testing of smoke protection systems must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.018-79.
5.2. Before the start of aerodynamic tests in the building, the situation provided for by the regulatory documents in force during the calculation of the parameters of the smoke protection system is reproduced, i.e. close all doors and windows, except those listed in the named documents.
In the absence of information about which normative document the calculation of the indicated parameters has been performed, it is allowed to reproduce the following situations:
for buildings built in 1985 and subsequent years, consider that all doors are open along the way from the bottom typical floor to the exit to the outside and the smoke valve in the corridor, the elevator cabins are on the first floor, the doors of the cabins and elevator shafts are open.
When conducting aerodynamic tests in winter period it is allowed not to open the windows and doors of residential premises.
5.3. If there are tambour locks in the building, protected from smoke by excessive air pressure, before carrying out aerodynamic tests, you should:
in the vestibule-sluice of the lower typical floor, at the entrance to the smoke-free staircase of the 3rd type, open one door (door leaf) leading to the hall or corridor;
in the vestibule-lock of the basement with rooms of category B, at the entrance to the stairwells or elevator shafts, open one door (door leaf). Doors of tambour locks on the basement floors of public and industrial buildings when entering the elevator shafts must be closed.
5.4. All measurements in aerodynamic tests of smoke protection systems are performed no earlier than 15 minutes after the creation of the required situation in the building and the activation of smoke protection fans.
Measurements at different points of the same ventilation system (exhaust smoke ventilation, supply smoke ventilation) must be performed synchronously.
The number of measurements of controlled parameters at all measurement points is at least three with an interval between adjacent measurements of at least 3 minutes.
5.5. Excessive static pressure in the volumes of the building (lift shafts, stairwells, vestibules) is measured using a set of two static pressure receivers according to GOST 12.3.018-79 and a differential pressure gauge of at least accuracy class 1.
Excess pressure is measured in relation to the adjacent room (hall, corridor, etc.), while the static pressure receivers in these rooms should be placed at the same height and located at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the building envelope.
5.6. The speed of air movement in doorways, valve openings, etc. is measured with anemometers of accuracy class not lower than 1.
The number of speed measurement points is taken taking into account the dimensions of the free section of the opening in accordance with GOST 12.3.018-79.
In openings, the free section of which is blocked by protective or decorative elements(grids, grids, etc.) that do not change the direction of flow, it is allowed to measure the air velocity in a plane spaced 50 mm from the specified element.
Fillings of openings that change the direction of flow (blinds, shutters, etc.) must be removed for the duration of aerodynamic tests.
6. Processing of measurement results
6.1. Based on the results of all primary measurements, the arithmetic mean values are determined A measured parameters according to the formula
Where Ai- present value measured parameter in i-th dimension;
n- number of measurements.
6.2. Actual volume flow L air in the openings (in m 3 / s) is determined by the formula
L = F V,(2)
Where F- passage area of the opening, m 2 ;
V - average (according to clause 6.1) value of the air velocity in the opening, m/s.
6.3. Actual mass flow G air in the openings (in kg / h) is determined by the formula
Where t- temperature of the transported air, °C.
6.4. The actual parameters measured during testing of smoke protection systems for buildings are subject to recalculation to bring them to the standard operating conditions for these systems.
6.5. Density ρ air moved in aerodynamic tests in kg / m 3 is determined by the formula
6.6. Reduced volumetric value L n and mass G n the flow rate of air moved by the smoke protection system is determined by the formula
L n=L, m 3 /s; (5)
G n= L · ρ r , kg/s, (6)
Where ρ r- normalized (calculated) density of the gas passing through this hole, kg/m 3 .
When calculating the value ρ r according to formula (4) value t should be taken in accordance with established norms parameters (smoke temperature in the smoke damper, temperature of the smoke-air mixture in front of the smoke exhaust fan, outdoor air temperature, etc.).
Values obtained by formulas (5, 6) L n And G n compared with standard values.
6.7. Reduced value mass flow air removed from corridors or halls on evacuation routes for buildings with a height of 10 to 35 floors is calculated by the formula
G n = GR(1,7 - 0,0075N - 0,00025N 2), (7)
Where Gp- calculated (normative) value of smoke flow, kg/s;
N- the number of floors in the building.
Received value G n compare with the actual mass flow G.
6.8. When determining the overpressure in the building volumes relative to the corridor, it is necessary to calculate the correction, which depends on the actual strength and direction of the wind, according to the formulas:
for the location case front door on the windward facade of the building open window premises
DP n = 0,029W 2 + 0,01W+ 2,88, (8)
Where DP n - correction to pressure in the corridor of the building, Pa;
W- wind speed along the normal to the facade of the building, Pa;
for the case of the location of the entrance door on the windward facade of the building with an open window of the room
DP n = - 0.03 W 2 + 0,27W + 0,34. (9)
Pressure correction at closed window of the premises is taken equal to minus 2.5 Pa when the entrance door is located on the windward facade of the building and plus 2.5 Pa - when the entrance door is located on the windward facade of the building.
6.9. The measurement error during aerodynamic tests is determined in accordance with GOST 12.3.018-79.
7. Presentation of the results of acceptance and periodic tests
7.1. Based on the results of the acceptance and periodic tests of smoke protection systems, a protocol is drawn up, which indicates:
full address, nature of use, departmental affiliation, series standard project buildings (if any);
type of aerodynamic tests (acceptance or periodic);
brief description smoke protection system, including information about its circuit design, installed equipment;
information about technical condition smoke protection systems at the time of aerodynamic testing;
meteorological conditions at the time of aerodynamic tests (according to regional weather forecasts);
results of measurements of parameters of the smoke protection system;
conclusion about the compliance (non-compliance) of the parameters of the smoke protection system with the requirements of the standards.
7.2. The protocol is drawn up by representatives of the organization that conducted aerodynamic tests of the smoke protection system, and agreed with the representative of the State Fire Service.
7.3. Based on the protocol of aerodynamic tests, a decision is made to commission (continue to operate) the smoke protection system or withdraw it for unscheduled repairs.
With an increase in the number of storeys of a building, their fire hazard increases, since the estimated evacuation time increases, and the time for blocking escape routes with smoke decreases. Therefore, in addition to the requirements for smoke protection set forth above, for buildings with a height of 10 or more floors (more than 28 m from the planning elevation of the ground to the level of the bottom of the openings used to save people from the upper non-technical floor), regulatory documents provide for a number of special measures. In such buildings, it is necessary to remove smoke from corridors and halls, create a backwater (excessive pressure) in the elevator shafts. These buildings must have smoke-free staircases. There are two types of testing of ventilation systems for smoke protection of high-rise buildings: aerodynamic or “cold” and full-scale firing.
There are two types of aerodynamic tests: acceptance and control. Acceptance tests are carried out during the work of the working commission. Control tests are carried out after the repair of the fire protection system as a whole or its individual elements. In the process of verification, the working commission makes a trial inclusion of fans, electric drives of all fire-fighting equipment in order to identify its performance and correct installation. Comprehensive testing of the system includes checking the operation and adjustment of systems:
fire alarm in all modes, including checking the passage of “fire” and “malfunction” signals to the control room;
control and signaling;
air overpressure and smoke removal for compliance with the specified parameters;
internal fire water supply for the required pressure and water flow rates;
actuation of the elevators automatics upon bringing them into the “fire danger” and “transportation of fire departments” modes.
When adjusting the automation circuits of the system, they check the presence and condition of all fire detectors installed in the building, the reliability of connecting wires to the detectors, the receipt of signals to the alarm receiving devices when simulating an open circuit of fire detectors and pressing the remote start buttons of the system. The remote activation of the smoke protection system is checked by pressing the system remote start button.
In aerodynamic tests, the main parameters that determine the effectiveness of the smoke protection system are measured:
air flow rate removed through the open smoke exhaust valve from the lower typical floor;
air flow through an open opening from the protected volume into the corridor of the lower typical floor and the pressure difference between the protected volume and the windward facade of the building;
excess pressure in the elevator shaft at the level of the 1st floor in relation to the windward facade of the building.
Regulations for aerodynamic testing of ventilation systems include 4 stages:
Selection of points for measuring pressures and air velocity.
Preparation for testing.
Testing.
Measurement processing
For aerodynamic testing of ventilation systems, the following equipment should be used:
a) a combined pressure receiver - for measuring dynamic flow pressures at air velocities of more than 5 m/s and static pressure in steady streams;
b) receiver full pressure- to measure the total pressure of the flow at air speeds of more than 5 m/s;
c) differential pressure gauges and draft gauges - for recording pressure drops;
d) anemometers and hot-wire anemometers - for measuring air velocities less than 5 m/s;
e) barometers - for measuring pressure in the environment;
f) mercury thermometers and thermocouples - for measuring air temperature;
g) psychrometers and psychrometric thermometers - for measuring air humidity.
If the values measured in the tests are greater than or equal to the regulated values, then the system satisfies the requirements. If the actual parameters are lower than required, it is necessary to find the cause of this situation and eliminate it. Often the reasons for underestimated parameter values are the following:
inconsistency between the passport characteristics of the fans and the actual ones;
low tightness of shafts and smoke exhaust valves, fences, doors and windows of staircases and elevator shafts;
underestimated flow section of smoke exhaust shafts; overestimated resistance of fan piping networks.
After the introduction of GOST R 53300-2009 “SMOKE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES. Methods for acceptance and periodic testing” this type of work has become easier there is a generally accepted standard that you can refer to.
There are several types of tests, let's start with the backwater in the stairwell, the architects seem to call them H2 (above-ground smoke-free stairwell). Looks like this:
Rice. 1. Ventilation of a smoke-free staircase, outside view.
Serving is usually from above, below the door to the street. The bottom door opens outwards. Looks like this up close:
Rice. 2. Exit to the street from the stairwell.
Internal doors floors open towards the staircase.
The air supply for backwater in this case looks like this: a valve in the upper part of the staircase, installation on the roof.
The choice of measurement points is described in GOST, questions arise in detail.
The first inconvenience is the passage of the impulse tube. When testing, the door seems to be closed, how can I pull the tube?
Most appropriate place marked on the picture. You need to make sure that the tube passes the pressure pulse.
In this case, a slight leak in the door porch is possible, it has very little effect on the result, since in both test modes according to paragraph 4.4. sensitivity to small leaks is small. Although, of course, if in the second mode the pressure is at the lower limit, 20 Pa, then the opening needs to be sealed.
We measure the pressure, enter it in the journal, adjust if necessary. At the final measurement, we draw up protocols. The second tube, it is not in the photo, in accordance with GOST, sometimes it is necessary to take it out from the measuring point.
Tests are carried out in two modes:
At this stage, sometimes there is difficulty. The two test modes are very different, in order to ensure the standard in the second mode, a powerful fan with a high flow rate and, accordingly, pressure is needed.
When switching to tests in the first mode, for all closed doors, there is a lot of pressure in the stairwell.
Actually, this is not an adjustment question: designers must provide for both options, there are two main ways selection of a suitable fan or a pressure relief system. In the second case, the adjustment is reduced to adjusting the valve, in the first to adjusting the fan.
Support in the elevator shaft
We simply fulfill the requirements of GOST we drive the elevator to the desired floor, open the doors.
On the adjoining floor, open the elevator door, for this you need a triangular key, or, in extreme cases, combined pliers. The arrow shows the lock for the manual opening of the elevator doors.
We measure the support. According to the measurement results, we compact or decompress the elevator shaft or ventilation network.
Actually everything. Due to the clarity of pressure measurements, the difficulties are hidden in the details.
Registration of measurement results
For each final measurement, a protocol is drawn up, which is attached to the passport. Therefore, passports for smoke ventilation systems are thicker than passports for general ventilation.
Smoke during a fire makes breathing difficult and the ability to clearly distinguish surrounding objects, being an additional hazard to human life and health. remove smoke from the room and provide fresh air.
Smoke exhaust systems include air ducts, smoke exhaust fans and fire dampers that are automatically triggered when smoke appears. To ensure the reliability of the smoke exhaust system, its periodic and testing is required.
Normative base
The regulations for testing smoke exhaust systems are prescribed in GOST R 53300-2009. The document lists the methods of acceptance and periodic testing, indicates their frequency, and provides a sample of the recommended form of the test report. The latter is a mandatory addition to the passport of the smoke control system and cannot be a replacement for this document. Part of the data that is entered in the test report duplicates the information given in the ventilation passport.
Types of smoke exhaust system tests
Acceptance tests. This type of testing is carried out during the commissioning of the facility. All smoke exhaust systems in a building or structure are tested. The list of indicators to be analyzed is listed in GOST R 53300-2009 in the form of a table:
| No. p / p | Parameter | Parameter control technique | Permissible value |
| 1 | Schematic solution of smoke ventilation of the facility | Comparison | |
| 2 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke exhaust fans | » | |
| 3 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of supply smoke ventilation fans | » | |
| 4 | Quantity, mounting position and technical data of smoke, fire dampers normally closed | » | |
| 5 | Design of fire-resistant air ducts (channels) of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation | Visually | Data of ventilation passports. Acts of work performed. Acts of hidden works |
| 6 | Actual flow rates of air removed by exhaust smoke ventilation systems through smoke inlets directly from the premises | Quantification | Data of ventilation passports |
| 7 | The same - from the corridors (halls) located on the evacuation routes | » | » |
| 8 | The same - from premises protected by gas aerosol and powder fire extinguishing installations | » | » |
| 9 | Actual overpressure values in smoke-free H2 type stairwells (staircase sections) | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 10 | The same - in the elevator shafts | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa |
| 11 | The same - in the vestibule locks | » | In the range of 20 - 150 Pa; not less than 1.3 m/s in the plane of the door |
Periodic testing. The frequency of periodic testing should be at least once every two years. At least 30% of smoke exhaust systems installed in a building or structure are analyzed. Despite the fact that the smoke exhaust system undergoes mandatory acceptance tests, deviations from the requirements of GOST are often detected during periodic tests.
It is best to carry out periodic testing of smoke protection systems: in administrative and commercial buildings - after hours, during residential buildings- at the time of the least activity of residents. In this case, it will be easier to read the air flow rates on the smoke exhaust system valves and the overpressure values in smoke-free stairwells, lobbies and elevator lobbies.
Typical problems and their effective solution
The most common nonconformities found during testing of smoke protection systems are the following:
- when triggered fire alarm there is no opening of the valves of smoke exhaust systems;
- indicators of permissible excess air pressure in rooms, corridors, halls, elevator shafts are exceeded.
A complete changeover usually allows you to return smoke control system to normal values.
According to the test results, a test report is issued, which contains information about the object, purpose, methods, procedures and test results, as well as a list of indicators to be evaluated, and the evaluation results themselves.
It has great experience design, installation and maintenance of smoke protection systems for buildings and structures. You can always get detailed advice from us, order design and testing of any necessary systems security.
- protection against the spread of smoke outside the fire (provided by air pressurization systems);
- smoke removal within the smoke zone (provided by smoke exhaust systems).
AN EFFICIENTLY WORKING PDZ SYSTEM WILL ALLOW PEOPLE TO LEAVE A DANGEROUS ROOM WITHOUT SHOCKING IN SMOKE.
Aerodynamic testing of systems determines whether PPD systems work effectively, whether systems will provide smoke protection in case of fire. Accredited testing laboratories check various options set by the project and .
When performing aerodynamic tests, IT IS IMPORTANT TO CORRECTLY IDENTIFY AND OBSERVE right conditions tests. The test conditions are specific for each object, and depend on the architecture and solutions of the PD systems for the object. General requirements to the test conditions are established by a number of design standards and.
CORRECT DETERMINATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH TEST CONDITIONS
– specifics carrying out aerodynamic tests of smoke protection ventilation systems.
So, for aerodynamic testing of ventilation systems, it is enough to know and directly fulfill the requirements for measurements.
The specificity of aerodynamic tests of smoke protection ventilation systems lies in the greater amount of knowledge and experience that the performers of the work should have. So, in order to determine and comply with the tests of PDZ systems, you need to know and perform:
— direct requirements for measurements;
— a number of regulatory requirements for architectural solutions providing localization / non-spread of smoke and evacuation of people;
— a number of regulatory requirements for the installation of smoke protection systems;
— requirements for testing procedures for PDS systems ( ).
Thus, it depends on the knowledge and experience of the work performers whether the efficiency of the PDZ systems is correctly assessed, whether the system really provides protection from smoke in case of fire.
How often is it necessary to test PDS systems?
The following frequency of aerodynamic tests of PDZ ventilation systems has been established:
- when putting the facility into operation (acceptance tests);
— at least once a year at operated facilities (periodic tests).
What is the responsibility of performers during periodic tests?
3.1. Fire alarm systems (hereinafter referred to as APS and OP systems) provide automatic detection of a fire source, fire notification, and activation of ventilation systems of the PDZ. To protect against smoke, the APS and OP system must be in good working order. Service organization constantly must maintain the serviceability of the APS and OP systems, and is responsible for this. The service organization must periodically check the serviceability of the APS and OP and demonstrate the serviceability to the customer (licensing requirements, as well as requirements regarding the APS and OP systems).
3.2. Accredited laboratory once a year evaluates whether they provide air currents in PD systems effective protection from smoke (this is the periodic aerodynamic testing of PDZ ventilation systems). The laboratory is solely responsible for the correctness of the assessment performed. If, according to the results of the assessment, the PKD system is not effective, the laboratory entitled develop and propose improvement measures that do not contradict regulatory requirements. The organizer is responsible for the coordination of events and their implementation in accordance with the law.