Often in apartments and houses the bathroom is combined. This is justified from the point of view of saving space (one less wall), and from a functional point of view too. But developing a bathroom design is not easy: you need to correctly place the plumbing fixtures, and sometimes even household appliances (water heater and washing machine). More on all the intricacies of this difficult task below.

Ergonomics of the bathroom

To make using plumbing fixtures convenient, it must be placed at a certain height, maintaining minimum tolerances to walls and other objects:

When developing the design of a bathroom, these dimensions must be kept in mind, but they can and should be adjusted. They are calculated for the average height and average body size of a person. When deciding on the exact location of a particular piece of furniture, “try on” the distances for yourself. If you are comfortable, you can install at this distance.

How to arrange everything

In addition to plumbing fixtures, a modern bathroom also contains household appliances. For lack of any other place, they put a washing machine here, and sometimes a boiler. So, in addition to the toilet, sink and bathtub/shower, you have to look for space for two more large items.

Looking for a place for a typewriter

One option is to choose a washing machine and sink so that the washing machine is hidden under the washbasin. The disadvantage of this solution is that the sink will be higher than usual, and you will have to look for a narrow machine. If there are tall people in the family, having plumbing fixtures located a little higher is not a big deal, and the space savings are significant. The photo below shows one of the options for this bathroom design. The sink used was rectangular—there are many of these today.

A machine under the sink is a way to save space in the bathroom

If it is impossible to lift the washbasin, the machine is placed where it “fits in”. To prevent the space above it from wandering around, you can make shelves on top. If there is a need to hang a boiler, above the machine is the right place for it.

Over washing machine- reasonable solution

If space is very limited, look at top-loading washing machines. They are smaller in size and can fit into a small space.

Bath or shower stall

The bathroom certainly has the advantage of being able to soak in warm water. But it takes up a lot of space and in some cases such convenience can be neglected by installing or making a shower stall.

If you don’t want to say goodbye to the bathroom, we will “fit in” it and all the necessary items. The most obvious way is to place the sink so that one edge is above the bathtub. But at the same time, you need to make sure that using the washbasin is convenient.

If you just use a small washbasin, this will cause significant inconvenience: splashes will fly in all directions, and there will be nowhere to put accessories. In such cases, they make a tabletop (as in the photo above), and cover it with mosaics or tiles. This design takes up less space, and the functionality is even higher.

Another option is to install a corner bath, thereby freeing up one corner for installation washing machine or toilet.

Corner bath - more compact

Another option is to use the bathroom non-standard shape. For example, like the one in the photo. And there was a place for the car...

A non-standard shaped bathroom is also a solution

If you still can’t fit a bathtub into the bathroom, install a shower stall (). Moreover, it is not at all necessary to buy a ready-made one; you can make it yourself and install the doors.

A homemade shower stall fits well into the end of a long and narrow bathroom. You can simply fence off about a meter from the wall by installing doors. Moreover, glass doors can be installed (from tempered glass). They don't share small space and the bathroom design turns out to be more harmonious.

In square rooms, part of the area is blocked off by installing a dividing wall. When making such a decision, it must be remembered that minimum size shower stall - 90*90 cm. This is not enough - you can’t wave your hands too much in such a nook, so if possible, do at least a little more.

Where to put the bidet

Using the bathroom is much more convenient if it has a bidet. It is optimal if it can be placed next to the toilet (the distance between two earthenware products is at least 40 cm). If there is not enough space nearby, you can install it on the opposite wall. The main thing is that there is water supply and drainage there.

The best bidet location

The problem is that with all approaches, this plumbing item takes up about a meter of usable space. If the total area of ​​the bathroom is only 4-5 sq.m. that's a lot. In this case, you can install a hygienic shower. Warm/cold water is supplied to the toilet, a mixer is installed and flexible hose with a special nozzle. This option is slightly inferior in functionality to a bidet, but is also very convenient.

Hygienic shower near the toilet - convenient and space-saving

Fashion trends in decoration

Most often, the design of a bathroom is developed taking into account the fact that the walls will be lined ceramic tiles. Until recently, there were no competitors for this material. Today, mosaic is becoming more and more popular. This is a very small tile (glass or ceramic) glued to a polymer mesh. Small tiles usually have several shades, which gives the walls interesting view and is present in most modern interiors bathroom.

The same trends are observed in the design of bathroom walls - combining tiles different colors and shades. Just like with tiles, manufacturers produce tiles in collections whose design is designed so that they are combined with each other.

Bathroom design using tiles from one collection

The design styles of bathrooms have also changed - they are increasingly decorating the room with a modern style, in the spirit of minimalism or hi-tech. When creating such an interior, rectangular shaped plumbing fixtures and a minimum of colors are used. All these styles are characterized by neutral tones for the walls - white, gray, beige. And against this background there may already be several bright elements from a compatible range.

Minimalist style in bathroom design - no unnecessary details

However, modern plumbing can be a decoration in itself. There are quite decorative forms with graceful outlines.

Bathroom design in photo

Mosaic on walls and floors is one of the most fashionable trends right now

For romantic people - a pink bathroom with floral decoration

A shower stall in a small bathroom is a way to “get” more space

Minimalism in everything...

And again the mosaic... The bathtub is successfully separated from the washbasin - there will be less splashes

Interesting tile layout for the bathroom - both light and not boring

Mosaic panels - decoration of any interior

Shower doors can also be made of colored glass to match or install dividing walls to create a more comfortable atmosphere

A corner toilet is still a rare phenomenon, but sometimes irreplaceable

Design small bathroom- art

Self-leveling floors with or without a pattern are another novelty in recent years.

For those who modern style Square or rectangular plumbing fixtures are more suitable

Mosaic in combination with matching tiles - stylish and beautiful

On the walls - natural stone, unusual furniture and glass sink - stylish interior

Pink matte tiles in the bathroom - a different look

Lush greenery on a white background - a simple and effective tile layout (the opposite side is completely green)

Unusual design - brick wall

August 9, 2016
Specialization: facade finishing, interior decoration, construction of cottages, garages. Experience of an amateur gardener and gardener. We also have experience in repairing cars and motorcycles. Hobbies: playing the guitar and many other things that I don’t have time for :)

In the process of renovating a bathroom, for various reasons, the need to create a partition arises. But not everyone understands how a bathroom partition is made, and what materials can be used for this. Below I will try to answer this question and tell you about all possible options partitions and the nuances of their manufacture, which will allow you to create not just a practical, but also a visually attractive design.

Types of partitions

As mentioned above, a partition in the bathroom may be needed various reasons . Most often they are installed in the following cases:

• to protect the bathtub and prevent splashing while showering;

• for showers - used in cases where the bathroom does not have a shower stall with a tray, but instead a drain is built into the floor. The fence serves as a kind of shower stall;
• if the bathroom is combined, a partition between the bathroom allows you to limit the view, as well as zone the space. I must say that zoning may be needed not only in a combined bathroom, but also in a separate bathroom. Often, a fence is used to separate the bathtub from the rest of the space, for example, the washbasin area;

• if the apartment has undergone redevelopment, partitions may be needed to separate the bathroom from the bathroom.

Removing the partition between the bathroom and the toilet and installing a small fence instead will significantly expand the space of the bathroom.

Below we will take a closer look at all types of partitions.

Bath and shower partitions

Shower partitions, regardless of whether they are mounted on the bathtub or on the floor, come in two types:

• made of glass;
• made of plastic - outwardly not much different from glass products, however, performance them below.

Each of these types of partitions has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we will take a closer look at them below.

Glass

Glass partitions for the bathroom are the most optimal solution for a number of reasons. True, when it comes to talking about them, many people are interested in the issue of security. After all, glass, which is familiar to all of us, is very fragile material which can cause serious injury.

In fact For partitions, special glass is used, which differs increased strength . It can withstand even serious shocks and other mechanical loads. As for extreme impacts that glass is not able to withstand, even in this case it remains safe.

True, glass can behave differently, depending on the type:

• red-hot - after impact it crumbles into small balls that are unable to injure;
• triplex - after an impact, the glass only cracks, as it is securely fastened with film. This type of glass is multilayer, which is clearly visible from the end.

I must say that The main advantage of glass is its durability - it does not scratch and does not become cloudy. In addition, modern glass shower partitions have special coatings, which prevent fogging, contamination, etc. However, glass is much more expensive than plastic, so not everyone can afford it.

The process of manufacturing glass partitions involves installing ready-made sheets. The latter should be ordered from the manufacturer, providing all the dimensions of the desired fence. The assembly process itself depends on the design, however, in any case there is nothing complicated about it.

Most often, a glass partition in a bathroom is installed using guides. This is done as follows:

1. the guides are installed on the adjacent walls adjacent to the bathtub and on the side of the bathtub itself. To fix the profiles, you can use dowel nails and self-tapping screws. The main thing is that they are positioned strictly vertically or horizontally;

They are mounted as follows:

1. Guides are fixed on the horizontal floor. If the floor is uneven, it must first be leveled;
2. then the blocks are placed in the guide bar;

1. then a reinforcing metal rod is laid vertically and also horizontally between the blocks. Instead of a rod, you can use a perforated metal strip, which is fixed to the wall with dowel nails.
   To make the seams even, you should use special “crosses” that are installed between the blocks;
2. after this, the space between the blocks is filled with solution;
3. According to this principle, a fence is completely erected with one’s own hands;
4. After the wall is built, the protective film must be torn off from the glass blocks.

No more than three glass blocks can be laid in one approach. After this, you need to wait for the solution to harden. Otherwise, the masonry will “float” or even the lower blocks will crack.

Plastic

Plastic partitions, as mentioned above, are not much different in appearance from their glass counterparts, except that they usually have a frame. However, they have some disadvantages:

• the material quickly scratches and becomes cloudy;
• A plastic partition requires complex care.

At the same time, these products are much cheaper, so they are very popular.

As for the installation process, it is practically no different from the installation diagram described above - the packages are installed in the profile and additionally secured with fasteners. If the doors are sliding, special rollers are attached to them, which are inserted into the guides.

Partition between plumbing fixtures

Now let's look at what you can use to make a partition between the toilet and the bathroom. Since the structure will not only have to be in conditions high humidity If it comes into contact with water, it should be made from moisture-resistant materials.

At the same time, it should not be too heavy so as not to create unnecessary stress on the floor. Considering these requirements, you can give preference to the following materials:

• aerated concrete;
• hollow brick.

From aerated concrete

To build a partition, you can use D400 aerated concrete. On such a wall you can hang shelves or other lightweight interior items.

Instructions for building a wall are as follows:

1. First of all, you need to mark the location of the partition. To do this, first apply the markings to the ceiling, then use plumb lines to transfer it to the floor;
2. After this, you need to prepare the floor - if necessary, you need to dismantle the floor finishing coating. In addition, the surface must be cleaned of debris;
3. The aerated concrete partition is now being waterproofed. To do this, any waterproofing material is laid on the floor;
4. then a vibration damping strip is laid, which prevents the occurrence of cracks. Can be used as a vibration damping strip mineral wool or high density polystyrene foam.

It must be said that roofing material can perform the function of waterproofing and compensation tape;

1. then the first row of blocks is laid. To do this, special glue with a thickness of no more than 5 mm is applied to the surface of the vibration-damping strip;
2. A perforated metal strip is laid on top of the first row, which is placed on the wall and attached to it with dowel nails. To avoid cracks in the corners, damper tape or foam is placed between the partition and the wall;
3. According to this principle, the partition is erected to the required height. A damper tape is also laid between the ceiling and the wall.

Now that the partition is built, you need to finish it yourself. The optimal solution is plastering the wall with a moisture-resistant composition. Since the seams between the blocks are minimal and the wall is smooth, plastering can be done without guides.

As an alternative to plastering, you can consider partition cladding. This option is even simpler and faster.

Before finishing, the surface of the partition must be primed with an antiseptic primer, which improves adhesion and prevents the occurrence of mold.

You can stick tiles on top of the plaster or finish it with other materials. If the wall is to be painted, it must first be puttied and thoroughly sanded.

Made of brick

If you need a strong partition on which you can place communications, a washbasin, etc., it is best to build it from brick. The process of its installation is in many ways similar to the construction of aerated concrete partitions:

1. before making a brick partition, you need to make markings and lay waterproofing and damping tape;
2. then on cement mortar The first row of bricks is laid. Since bricks are much smaller than blocks, stretch the laces along the partition, which will serve as beacons for you so that the wall turns out smooth;

1. Every three rows, pins should be driven into the main wall, the edge of which is placed in the gap between the bricks.

Here, in fact, are all the nuances of construction brick partition. Otherwise, the technology does not differ from the construction of aerated concrete structures.

Drywall

If during the renovation process the partition between the bathroom and the rest of the apartment was removed for redevelopment, you will probably think about what to make a new partition from. If it is not adjacent to a shower or bathtub with a shower, it can be used for these purposes moisture resistant drywall. This design can be erected quite quickly without any serious effort.

The process of installing a plasterboard partition includes several main steps:

The frame installation process is as follows:

1. you need to start work by making markings on the ceiling, according to which the partition will be located;
2. Using plumb lines, the markings must be transferred to the floor. This must be done very carefully and carefully so that the wall turns out smooth;
3. Now, according to the markings, you need to secure the guides to the floor and ceiling. To do this, use dowel nails;
4. on the walls adjacent to the partition, profiles should be fixed after inserting them into the lower and upper guides;
5. then intermediate posts are installed in increments of about 40 cm. To increase the strength of the structure, insert wooden beams into the racks through one;
6. After installing the racks, they should be reinforced with jumpers. The latter should be located on at different levels, i.e. in a checkerboard pattern.

Before using a wooden beam in a frame, it must be treated with antiseptic impregnation.

The next step is to install the drywall. The work is carried out in the following sequence:

1. First of all, cut out the sheets of drywall. To do this, apply markings on them and cut the surface of the cardboard along it. assembly knife. After this, the sheet is broken and the cardboard is cut from the reverse side;
2. Now the sheets need to be secured to the frame. To do this, use self-tapping screws. The latter should be located in increments of about 25 cm.
   When screwing in the screws, recess their heads so that they do not protrude above the surface of the drywall. To make the partition in the bathroom durable, during the installation of sheets, leave a gap between the floor of about 1-1.5 cm;
   Mineral wool or expanded clay can be placed in the space between the sheets of drywall to provide sound insulation. Also, do not forget to lay out the wiring and cut holes in the sheets of drywall for mounting switches;

In the photo - cutting a chamfer from the edge of a sheet

1. then the surface of the drywall needs to be primed. To perform this procedure, pour liquid into the roller tray, then dip the roller itself into it and, after squeezing it out, treat the wall. Make sure that the soil “lays down” in a thin layer without drips.
   When the surface is dry, apply primer again;
2. After the surface has dried, apply a special self-adhesive reinforcing tape to the joints of the sheets;
1. To complete the work, cover the screw heads and the joints of the sheets with starting putty.

To putty drywall, use only moisture-resistant polymer putty.

Now all that remains is to do the puttying. It must be said that in the case of finishing the surface with ceramic tiles, puttying may not be performed.

So, this procedure carried out as follows:

1. Apply primer to the surface with a wide spatula. Work as carefully as possible so that you end up with a smooth surface;
1. After the putty has hardened, sand it special grater with mesh. After this, you can stick wallpaper on the wall on the side of the apartment;
2. if the surface is to be painted, the wall should be cleaned of dust, then primed again and a thin layer of finishing putty applied;
3. At the end of the work, the putty must be carefully sanded with fine sandpaper. Work in bright light so that all surface imperfections are clearly visible..

Conclusion

As we found out, they can be used in the bathroom different types partitions designed for different purposes. Sometimes designers even use them as a decorative element. But, in any case, you can build a partition yourself, adhering to the recommendations outlined above.

If you have any questions regarding the construction of the partition, ask them in the comments and I will be happy to help you.

August 9, 2016

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In order to improve a spacious bathroom, sometimes the question arises of its partial redevelopment; this is most often expressed in the installation of an additional partition; this is done with the aim of zoning individual functional areas. Most often, this need arises in bathrooms combined with a toilet, when the area with the toilet is fenced off from the rest of the room. There is also another reason why a partition is built in the bathroom; it mostly concerns the arrangement of the shower room. If the bathroom is small, then a shower instead of a bath is the most suitable option allowing optimal use of available space. It can also be the other way around, if the room is quite spacious, then in addition to the bathtub, you can additionally build a shower room in it, arranging it in in the right place partition.

Today in the article we will consider? what materials can be used to arrange such additional wall in the bathroom.

What are the types of partitions in the bathroom?

Partitions are made from the most different materials, depending on this they may have various features. You can build a more massive and thick one, which is more suitable for spacious rooms, or you can make it more elegant and stylish, which is important for smaller bathrooms. Also, partitions can be transparent, translucent or solid. To separate the area with the toilet, of course, solid and translucent ones are preferable, but for zoning the shower room, all options are suitable.

Depending on the allocated area and the design of the bathroom as a whole, the shape and size of the partitions can be very diverse. They may or may not reach the ceiling. It is not uncommon in the case of a toilet to be built no more than one and a half meters high.

Their shape can be either a traditional straight wall or in the form of a wall, the edge of which can be made like a wave profile, step, etc. Quite often, they can additionally have windows and even shelves for storing bathroom accessories.

What materials are they made from?

There are several types of materials with which you can fence off a particular area. Some materials already have excellent appearance and don't need additional decoration, others, after construction, need to be decorated on top with finishing material.

Plasterboard partition in the bathroom

A very popular material today for creating such an additional wall is gypsum craton. It is very convenient to use because it allows you to build a partition of any shape, size and thickness. With minimal skills in working with it, you can build it yourself. It is worth saying that it is better to use for the bathroom moisture resistant appearance drywall.

Partitions in the bathroom photo

When a plasterboard partition is made, it is most often covered with the same tiles as all other walls. But not always, to create variety in design, you can use tiles of a different type, decor or size, for example mosaic or glass tiles, or maybe it is decorated with a completely different material.

Another material from which you can build a partition, both for showers and toilets, is becoming increasingly popular - these are glass blocks. Glass blocks began to be used in the interior of residential spaces relatively recently and it should be said that they are excellent for bathrooms. After all, they are not at all afraid of water, since they are made of glass; moreover, they do not need decoration, as they have a beautiful appearance. A partition made of glass blocks is good because it does not load or obscure the space, since it is translucent. You can even build an entire wall from such blocks, if necessary, and it is not at all necessary that it be straight; you can lay it out in a semicircle or wave.

It is worth saying that glass blocks can have different color, therefore, to create a more interesting and beautiful partition, they are often used; you can even lay out an entire composition.

Today, as we have already found out, this type of finishing material Like glass, it is widely used in interior design, including in the bathroom.

Another type of such material is sheets of tempered glass, which are often used to fence off both the bathroom and the shower room, sometimes even an entire glass shower stall is built.

Glass partitions for the bathroom photo

In this case, the material can be used either completely transparent or matte and tinted. Thanks to glass in the bathroom, you can create a stylish environment. Not infrequently, glass partitions for a bathroom with stained glass can be used to separate the area with the toilet.

Bathroom with partition photo

Glass partitions for the bathroom

A partition in the bathroom will allow you to effectively zone and organize its space. This is also an excellent opportunity to further decorate and decorate this room.

Partitions in the bathroom photo

How to protect your bathroom space from splashes flying from under the shower? There are several types of devices for this: shower screens, doors and curtains. Which one should you choose?

• 1 of 1

In the photo:

Blinds and shower curtains

Suction curtain
Discomfort when using the curtain is inevitable. The laws of physics, in particular Bernoulli's law, are to blame. In accordance with it, the pressure in a flow of liquid or gas is lower, the higher its speed. As a result, a pressure difference arises: the greater the pressure of the jets from the shower head, the stronger the air flow “spins” and the curtain sticks to the body.

Minimum comfort. Widespread are polyethylene and fabric curtains, which are fixed above the bathtub on a metal rod. This is the cheapest, but far from the most convenient way protect the room from splashes. We should not forget that the curtain is short-lived, quickly becomes dirty and sticks to the naked body.

A curtain in the bathroom is the same means of decorating a room as curtains in the living room. Decide: bright or neutral?

Hard curtains

Today, glass and plastic bathroom curtains are becoming popular. They are much more convenient to use than soft curtains. They are more airtight, aesthetically pleasing and do not stick to the body.

From a design point of view, there are framed and frameless rigid curtains. The former are thinner than the latter.

Issued and combined models- the curtains are only partially fixed to the frame. To avoid leaks, the joints between the curtain and the wall or bathtub can be coated with silicone sealant.

• 1 of 6

In the photo:

Unlike the screen fixed on the profile, the rigid curtain is mobile: it can be “opened” like a door.

Which screen to choose?

Which screen to choose? As a rule, in our projects we deal with shower cabins in construction design, which allows us to give them a variety of options, including not rectangular shape, and we order the door depending on the size, hinged or compartment, using glass with a sandblasted pattern, repeating the pattern of the tiles or thematic, made individually.

Bath screen

Partial cover. The screen screens off only part of the bath, hence its name. It is suitable for those who take a shower carefully without splashing the water too much, as well as for those who cannot stand confined spaces. Shower screens most often have a profile on only two sides, which are attached to the wall and bathtub.

There are complicated modifications consisting of several parts. With their help, you can fence off the bathtub, for example, from the end and partially from the side.

• 1 of 1

In the photo:

Screens for curved bathtubs will have to be purchased from the same manufacturer as the bathtub itself.

Bathroom partitions

From wall to wall. If your bathtub is adjacent to the walls on three sides, it makes sense to install a wall-to-wall shower screen, running the entire length of the bathtub. The latter thus turns into a kind of shower stall.

The partition must have doors - one or more, hinged or sliding. In fact, it can be three sections, each of which is a sliding door. The height of the partition can reach the ceiling, but more often a ventilation gap is left between them.

• 1 of 5

In the photo:

The partition turns the bathtub into an analogue of a shower stall.

There are several in the bathroom functional zones, three of them are related to location plumbing equipment. This is the area at the sink, the area near the toilet and the bath or shower area. As a rule, it is the toilet and shower areas that are separated by a partition. The bathroom also needs at least one storage area, but it’s better to have several to store separately household chemicals, cosmetics and towels.

An example of zoning using partitions in a bathroom

But if you are lucky, and the dimensions of the bathroom allow you not only to calmly place everything you need, but also to experiment with the arrangement of plumbing fixtures, and also give you the opportunity to play with space and zones, then this article is for you.

Using a small ledge to zone the toilet area

Most often they try to disguise and hide the toilet; this is the area that is the least attractive. If you have such a desire, then plan the placement of the toilet, hygienic shower or a bidet away from the entrance. For additional camouflage, you can install a blind or decorative partition. Review of possible .

Partitions for bathroom zoning

For a shower area, a partition is not easy decorative detail, but a reliable remedy against splashes and wicking, which is why increased demands are placed on it.

Types of bathroom partitions

Partitions in the bathroom should be made of materials that are not affected by moisture, and the greater the likelihood of water getting on the partition, the more moisture resistant it should be.

Glass partition for bathroom

Glass is absolutely not afraid of water, transmits light, looks light and elegant, so it is ideal for shower enclosures. It is better to make the partition from tempered glass, as it is stronger and safer.

Partitions made of colored and plain glass in the interior of a bathroom

However, not everything is so simple. Main consideration when choosing glass partition for a shower, it is worth paying attention to the fittings (fasteners and seals), it should also be moisture-resistant and waterproof, and should not change its color under the influence of water and cleaning agents.

Glass blocks will also serve for a long time, but they are not very popular in Russia, since the majority of the population associates them with Soviet factories, bathhouses and canteens, where they were used in abundance.

Bathroom partitions made of plasterboard, concrete and foam concrete

Drywall itself is not the best reliable material, but its moisture-resistant version, lined with ceramic tiles or mosaics, may well exist in the bathroom. A plasterboard partition can even serve as a shower partition if good waterproofing and high-quality cladding are done.

One of the advantages plasterboard partitions– the ability to make them curly, rounded, with niches, with lighting and shelves. In such a partition you can organize a storage area. But there are pitfalls here too. For such a partition to serve for a long time and be pleasing to the eye, it needs very good specialist tiler, since this design has external corners, the installation of which requires special skill and good equipment.

Round concrete shower screen in the bathroom

Foam concrete is also suitable for such partitions, but it is difficult to lay out rounded shapes from it. But you can cast anything from concrete, but again you can’t do it without a specialist.

Decorative partition for the bathroom

Decorative partitions are used to separate the toilet area from the rest of the bathroom space. Regardless of whether splashes of water get on the partition or not, it must be resistant to moisture and mold formation; as a rule, various finishing coatings give such properties: enamels, varnishes, impregnations.

Plastic and wooden partitions for zoning a bathroom

A decorative partition can be made of wood, MDF, plastic or metal. It may be a forged structure, MDF panel with laser cutting or wooden grate, modern technologies allow you to make amazing partitions for zoning, and designers constantly throw up ideas for comprehension and implementation.