Thermal unit in an apartment building requirements. Heating an apartment building - existing options

City apartment- a center of comfort and coziness, a place to live that many of our compatriots choose for themselves. Indeed, a modern apartment building has everything a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.

It should be noted that the heating system plays a huge role in ensuring a comfortable atmosphere in the apartment. Currently, the heating system diagram of a multi-storey building has some design differences from autonomous, and they guarantee effective heating of the apartment even in the most severe frosts.

Heating system of an apartment building: features

The instructions for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building require mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in the apartment should ensure a temperature within 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.

Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first properly insulate all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.

Achieving such temperature and humidity indicators is achieved through a special design of the system and the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the stage of designing a heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, qualified heating engineers carefully calculate all the intricacies of its operation, achieving the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and last floor of the building.

One of the main features of a modern centralized heating system for a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. This coolant comes directly from the thermal power plant, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam formation in the system is eliminated due to high pressure - it also helps to drive water even to the highest point of the house.

The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer, water temperature readings may differ - the values ​​depend only on environment.

Elevator unit - a feature of the heating system of a high-rise building

As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-story building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot radiators in any apartment and there simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator unit.

The heating circuit in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.

• The coolant which has high temperature, enters this device, which plays the role of a certain injector-dispenser. Immediately after this, the main heat exchange process occurs;

• Superheated water under high pressure passes through the elevator nozzle and injects coolant from the return. At the same time, from return pipeline water is also recirculated into the heating system;
• As a result of such processes, it is possible to achieve mixing of the coolant, bringing its temperature to a certain level, which will be able to provide effective heating of apartments throughout the building.

This scheme is the most effective and efficient, allowing to achieve better conditions for living on both the first and last floor of a high-rise building.

Design features of a heating scheme for a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

If we move along the thermal system from elevator unit, then you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control for both individual entrances and the entire house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, this is done only by specialists from the relevant government services and when any need arises.

In more modern houses With big amount floors, in addition to the thermal valves themselves, there can also be a variety of collectors, heat meters and other equipment, including automation. Naturally, such technology makes it possible to achieve more efficient heating performance and efficient distribution of coolant throughout all floors, right down to the very last.

Schemes for laying pipelines in a multi-storey building

Typically, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building is built), the location of the supply and return may vary.

Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, some houses have universal risers installed; they are designed for alternating supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold down.

Radiators for heating a multi-storey building: main types

As can be seen in many photos and videos, in multi-storey buildings A wide variety of types of heating batteries are used. This is due to the fact that the system is universal and has a relatively optimal ratio of temperature and water pressure.

Among the most basic types of radiators are:

1. Cast iron batteries. Traditional type, which today can be found even in the newest multi-storey buildings. They are characterized by low cost and simplicity - you can even install them yourself;
2. Steel heaters. A more modern option, different high quality, reliability and beautiful appearance.
   A practical option in which you can effectively use elements to regulate the heating temperature in the room;

Advice. Exactly steel batteries They perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating engineers recommend installing them in high-rise apartments.

1. Aluminum and. The price of such radiators, of course, is slightly higher than that of steel or cast iron. But also performance simply amazing.
   Good heat transfer, stylish appearance And light weight Here is an incomplete list of the qualities that batteries made of non-ferrous metals have.

Conclusion

If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and cooling rate of the coolant. As a rule, the selection of heater parameters is made through a special calculation.

It is important to remember that if there is a need to replace heaters in an apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the functionality and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you cannot throw away jumpers in pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.

In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, heating in them does not even require complete replacement, but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern automation equipment.

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in apartment building, it can be either single-pipe or double-pipe.

Let's take a closer look at what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what their advantages and disadvantages are.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it operates from a boiler room located inside the apartment building itself or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, because of which it is extremely rarely used in multi-storey buildings (mainly, this system is chosen by owners of private houses).

Much more often they build a thermal power plant or set up one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through main pipes from the center to heating points, and from there to the apartments. This supply principle is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to the apartment radiators directly from the thermal power plant or boiler room. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since heating points here perform a function comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can view the design options on the Internet).

IN closed system The coolant from the thermal power plant or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to the hot water supply and to.

IN open system such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Types of connections

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, apartment building systems can be single-pipe or double-pipe.

The apartment building has great amount disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be large heat loss along the route. In such a heating system for an apartment building, the design of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into apartment radiators on the lower floors and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, having cooled down considerably, continues its way upstairs. Hence the frequent complaints from residents of upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widespread in construction. Basic distinctive feature Such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

One pipe (supply) transports the coolant from the heating boiler to heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to remove already cooled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of a two-pipe heating system in an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly at the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the first floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually installed in low-rise buildings that have a large extent (for example, in production workshops or in warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

A vertical two-pipe heating system for an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The undeniable advantage of such a network is that there are practically no air jams in it.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. Moreover, in heating systems of multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are arranged vertically, bottom wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper wiring?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in ground floor or basement, and the return line (the so-called “return”) is even lower.

To remove excess air when using bottom wiring, an upper device is required. overhead line. For uniform distribution coolant through the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

Upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this wiring method, the highest point of the heating system is installed expansion tank. The main advantage of the top wiring is high pressure in supply lines.

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Central heating provides heating of apartments in multi-storey buildings in winter season. However, what to do if the price of the services provided by utilities does not correspond to their quality? Many apartment owners decide to disconnect from central heating and switch to autonomous heating. It is possible to do this, but it is quite difficult, since in addition to technical problems you will also encounter bureaucratic factors.

This article discusses central heating in an apartment building. We will study the design of such systems, temperature conditions, and also give recommendations on turning off the system and switching to individual heating.

Central heating system design

Central water heating any apartment building consists of the following elements (listed in order of approximation to the internal contour of the building):

Inside the house itself there are spills - pipes through which the coolant flows to the vertical risers. A typical Soviet heating scheme for a five-story building assumes the presence of lower spills located in the basement of the building. Spills cause risers to diverge and are connected to each other at the top of the house or in the attic.

Connecting risers in the attic is fraught with freezing of the coolant when water circulation stops in winter, to avoid which the pipes must be carefully insulated. Also, air vents are installed in the upper part of the circuit (most often a regular Mayevsky valve is used) to discharge excess air.

In nine-story buildings, on the contrary, the spill is mounted in the attic of the house. Unlike the bottom spill, which has a number of problems when starting heating associated with airing of the risers, the top spill almost instantly distributes water over the risers.

1.1 Indoor heating devices and temperature conditions

The type of heating devices used—batteries—depends on the year the building was built. Thus, in apartments built during the Soviet era there are two types of radiators:

• sectional batteries made of cast iron, characterized by heavy weight and effective heat transfer, which can reach 150 W per radiator, disadvantages - unaesthetic appearance, high risk of leaks;
• steel convectors, which are a metal casing, inside of which there are coils of DU-20 pipes connected by transverse plates (used in the 80-90s).

Installation of central heating systems involves the use of different numbers of radiators on different floors of the house. Thus, during an upper spill, the coolant circulating through the floors loses its temperature and reaches the radiators on the first floor very cool. In order for the heat supply to have sufficient efficiency, heat loss must be compensated for, which is done by increasing the number of sections or the size of the radiators.

Today, water heating systems are equipped using bimetallic radiators. Such structures are made of aluminum, they are quite expensive, but at the same time they have maximum heat transfer - up to 200 W per battery.

The current provisions of SNiP determine the norms of air temperature in the apartment, which must be provided by central heating:

• bedrooms and living rooms- 20 0 C;
• corner rooms - 22 0 C;
• kitchen - 18 0 C;
• bathroom - 25 0 C.

The maximum water temperature in the pipes is also standardized, which should not be higher than 95 degrees. Separate standards are put forward for heating kindergartens - 37 0 C, which is the reason for a significant increase in the size and number of radiators in preschool institutions.

1.2 Remaking central heating in an apartment (video)

2 Is it possible to refuse central heating?

Abandoning central heating is possible, but obtaining the right to turn it off and cut it off will require a lot of effort. Thus, the document required for this “Decision to disconnect from the central heating system” will most likely have to be extorted from utility services through the courts.

Turning off the central heating system and replacing it with individual heating is carried out according to the following algorithm:

1. The housing and communal services authorities clarify the availability technical feasibility disconnecting the apartment from central heating. This is where most of the bureaucratic friction will arise, since utilities are extremely reluctant to part with their payers.
2. Specialists in the field develop an individual heating project, which is certified by utilities and signed by fire inspection services. The project must contain a full package of documents - from the pipe layout and gas consumption, to technical documentation to the boiler.
3. If the heat exchanger (boiler) used is connected to a pipeline that discharges combustion products to the facade of the building, you must obtain additional permission from SanEpidemnadzor.
4. Installation and connection of individual water heating is carried out by a licensed installation organization. The first launch of the system is carried out under the supervision of a representative of gas services.
5. The heat exchanger is subject to regular maintenance.

Please note that unauthorized disconnection from the central heating center is illegal and threatens with a serious fine and forced return of disrupted communications to their original state.

Replacing the type of heating in an apartment is somewhat different from installing water heating in a private house; let’s look at the main nuances of this process:

• due to the impossibility of providing natural circulation coolant according to closed loop by other means, in the apartment you will need to use a circulation pump or install a wall-mounted heat exchanger located above the level of the radiators;
• the boiler being installed must have a closed combustion chamber and be equipped with all the necessary safety systems;
• maximum water temperature in the system is 95 degrees, maximum pressure is 1 MPa;
• The wiring must be selected depending on the size and layout of the apartment; the most affordable option for arrangement is single-pipe wiring with parallel insertion of radiators (Leningradka).

In buildings with a top spill, the jumpers between the risers cannot be cut, since structurally they must pass through the apartment on the top floor. The only way is to reach an agreement with the neighbors below and move the jumpers into their apartment, but the likelihood that anyone will agree to this is quite low. On the middle and lower floors, things are simpler - you just need to cut off the heating devices and pipes through which they are connected to the riser.

Keep in mind that even after installing individual heating, you will be required to provide the housing and communal services repair team with access to the riser running through your apartment, if necessary.

To meet the heating needs of residents high-rise buildings, fit well centralized systems heat supply. Centralized heat supply involves the transfer of heated coolant from the boiler room through a network of insulated pipes connected to a multi-story building. Centralized boiler houses have sufficient efficiency and make it possible to combine low operating costs and acceptable efficiency indicators for heat supply to multi-storey buildings.

But in order for the efficiency of the central heating supply to be at the proper level, the heating scheme in an apartment building is drawn up by professionals in their field - heating engineers. The fundamental principles by which a home heating scheme is designed are to achieve maximum efficiency heating at minimum cost resources.

Contractors and builders are interested in providing apartment owners with a reliable and productive heat supply system, therefore the heating scheme of a multi-storey building is developed taking into account the current cost of heat resources, the thermal output of heating devices, their energy efficiency and the optimal sequence of connection to the circuit.

Any heating scheme for an apartment building is fundamentally different from the method and sequence of connecting heating devices in private houses. It has a more complex structure and guarantees that even in severe frosts, residents of apartments on all floors will be provided with heat and will not encounter such troubles as airy radiators, cold spots, leaks, water hammer and frozen walls.

A well-designed heating system for an apartment building, the scheme for which is developed individually, guarantees that optimal conditions will be maintained inside the apartments.

In particular, the temperature in winter will be at 20-22 degrees, and the relative humidity will be about 40%. To achieve such indicators, it is important not only the basic heating scheme, but also high-quality insulation of apartments, which prevents heat from escaping into the street through cracks in the walls, roof and window openings.

Scheme development

On initial stage Heating engineers work on the development of a heating scheme, carry out a series of calculations and achieve the same efficiency indicators of the heating system on all floors of the building. They draw up an axonometric diagram of the heating system, which is subsequently used by installers. Calculations carried out correctly by specialists guarantee that the designed heating system will be characterized by optimal coolant pressure, which will not lead to water hammer and interruptions in operation.

Inclusion of an elevator unit in the heating scheme

The central heating scheme for an apartment building, prepared by heating engineers, assumes that the radiators located in the apartment will receive coolant at an acceptable temperature. However, at the exit from the boiler room, the water temperature can exceed 100 degrees. To achieve coolant cooling by mixing cold water, the return and supply lines are connected by an elevator unit.

A reasonable heating elevator design allows the unit to perform a number of functions. The main function of the unit is direct participation in the heat exchange process, since the hot coolant entering it is dosed and mixed with the injected coolant from the return. As a result, the unit allows you to achieve optimal results in matters of mixing hot coolant from the boiler room and cooled water from the return. After this, the prepared coolant at the optimal temperature is supplied to the apartments.

Design features of the circuit

An effective heating system in an apartment building, the design of which requires competent calculations, also implies the use of many other structural elements. Immediately after the elevator unit, special valves are integrated into the heating system to regulate the supply of coolant. They help control the heating process of the entire house and individual entrances, but only employees of service utility companies have access to these devices.

In the heating circuit, in addition to thermal valves, more sensitive devices are used to regulate and adjust the heating.

We are talking about devices that increase the performance of the heating system and allow for maximum automation of the home heating process. These are devices such as collectors, thermostats, automation, heat meters, etc.

Pipeline layout

While heating engineers are discussing optimal scheme heating a house with central heating, the issue of proper piping in the house is raised. In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating layout can be implemented according to one of two possible patterns.

Single pipe connection

The first template provides for a single-pipe connection with upper or lower wiring and is the most used option when equipping heating appliances in multi-storey buildings. At the same time, the location of the return and supply is not strictly regulated and may vary depending on external conditions– the region in which the house was built, its layout, number of floors and design. The direct direction of movement of the coolant along the risers can also change. There is an option for the heated water to move in the direction from bottom to top or from top to bottom.

Is different simple installation, affordable price, reliability and long service life, however, it also has a number of shortcomings. Among them are the loss of coolant temperature while moving along the circuit and low efficiency indicators.

In practice, various devices can be used to compensate for the disadvantages that characterize a single-pipe heating scheme beam system it may become effective solution Problems. It is designed to use a manifold to help regulate temperature conditions.

Two-pipe connection

A two-pipe connection is the second version of the template. Two-pipe heating scheme five-story building(as an example) is devoid of the disadvantages described above, and has a completely different design than a single-pipe one. When implementing this scheme, the heated water from the radiator does not move to the next heating device in the circuit, but immediately enters the check valve and is sent to the boiler room for heating. Thus, it is possible to avoid loss of temperature of the coolant circulating along the contour of a multi-story building.

The complexity of the connection, which heating radiators in an apartment require, makes the implementation of this type of heating a long and labor-intensive process, requiring large material and physical costs. Maintenance of the system is also not cheap, but the high cost is offset by high-quality and uniform heating of the house on all floors.

Among the advantages provided by the two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries, it is worth highlighting the possibility of installation on each radiator in the circuit special device– heat meter. It allows you to control the temperature of the coolant in the battery, and by using it in the apartment, the owner will achieve significant results in terms of saving money on payments utilities, because he will be able to independently regulate the heating if necessary.

Connecting radiators to the system

After the pipe routing method has been chosen, heating batteries are connected to the circuit; the circuit also regulates the connection order and the type of radiators used. On at this stage The heating scheme for a three-story house will not differ radically from the heating scheme for a high-rise building.

Since the central heating system is characterized by stable operation, versatility and has an acceptable ratio of temperature and pressure of the coolant, the connection diagram for heating radiators in an apartment may involve the use of batteries made of various metals. In multi-storey buildings, cast iron, bimetallic, aluminum and steel can be used, which will complement the central heating system and provide apartment owners with the opportunity to live in comfortable temperature conditions.

The final stage of work

At the last stage, the radiators are connected, and their internal diameter and volume of sections are calculated taking into account the type of supply and cooling rate of the coolant. Since central heating is a complex system of interconnected components, it is quite difficult to replace radiators or repair jumpers in a particular apartment, because dismantling any element can cause interruptions in the heating supply of the entire house.

Therefore, apartment owners who use central heating for heating are not recommended to independently carry out any manipulations with radiators and the piping system, since the slightest intervention can turn into a serious problem.

In general, a well-designed, efficient heating scheme for a residential apartment building allows one to achieve good performance in matters of heat supply and heating.

Having central heating in an apartment is, of course, convenient, since the owners “don’t have a headache” in this regard. But, unfortunately, this is not always practical, since the temperature in the rooms begins to directly depend on thermal regime installed in a common boiler room. In addition, such a system is not insured against emergency situations that may occur at any site her length, as a result of which the entire house is often turned off from heating. Many difficulties also arise during the “off-season” periods, when cold snaps that arrive early are ahead of the planned the beginning of the heating season, or, conversely, the batteries are heated when the weather outside is too warm.

Despite violations of temperature conditions and temporary shutdowns of the house from heating, payment for it remains unchanged, which absolutely not profitable ordinary users. Therefore, in recent years, a trend has been gaining momentum when more and more owners of apartments in high-rise buildings are resorting to installing autonomous heating systems.

Those who decide to “separate”, as a rule, have numerous questions related to various nuances of this procedure. Therefore, we will consider further individual heating in an apartment building - necessary documents and installation rules for him.

Before deciding on such a radical replacement, it is necessary to evaluate all the pros and cons of an individual heating system.

So, advantages availability autonomous system heating are as follows:

• The possibility of heating the apartment in the off-season, when the central system is not yet turned on or is already turned off, in accordance with established regional standards, which are based on the ambient temperature, is very unstable and with large daily fluctuations at these times of the year.
• The ability to maintain the required temperature in the rooms, which is much more difficult to organize with central heating, since it does not take into account the location of the apartment and the degree of its insulation. There is probably no need to explain that apartments located inside the house, and corner ones, and even exposed to the prevailing winter winds, still require a differentiated approach to heating. However, to balance consumption costs, payment for warmth is calculated equally, usually based on the area of ​​the apartment.

Therefore, having installed autonomous heating in apartments, you can and should immediately take into account the specifics of the location of the rooms, obtaining both a comfortable microclimate in any of them and considerable savings in money.

• Autonomous heating is easy customization operating modes. For example, there is no point in heating “to the fullest” if this moment all residents are absent. It would be more logical to only maintain the required level of heating. But by the time the owners arrive, the automation will “catch up” the heat so that the rooms have optimal temperature.

Many modern control systems are also capable of independently responding to changes. weather conditions. They can also be controlled remotely using GSM or IP communication channels.

• A reduction in operating costs will also occur due to significantly lower energy consumption, since modern gas or electric equipment is designed for optimal energy consumption - they have high efficiency rates approaching 100 percent.
• When installing double-circuit boiler, it is quite possible to abandon the central hot water supply system, providing your family with hot water autonomously. This means that an apartment equipped with such a unit will not depend on summer hot water maintenance work, and there will always be hot water.

• Another advantage can be attributed to the fact that you have to pay for central heating in summer period, since it requires constant maintenance. Having installed an autonomous heating option, payments will be made only according to the gas (or electric) meter, that is, it will be possible to directly control energy consumption and costs for heating and hot water supply, conduct analysis and find ways to further save.

However, there are also considerable difficulties when transferring an apartment to individual heating, and they can be attributed to shortcomings its arrangement:

• All work must be carried out legally and in compliance with all requirements necessary for this process. Unauthorized reconstruction, firstly, will not eliminate utility bills for heating and hot water supply. And secondly, it also threatens with serious administrative punishment in the form of a quite large fine.
• There will be difficulties associated with preparing documentation for disconnecting from central communications, developing a project, and obtaining permission to install equipment.
• It will be necessary to allocate or equip a room with proper ventilation system for installing a heating unit.
• Installation of the system is a task of a fairly high complexity category.
• Considerable expenses will be required, both in paperwork and in purchasing everything necessary for the installation of autonomous heating and hot water supply. And this does not even take into account installation work.
• All responsibility for carrying out operational and preventive measures, as well as for the safety of the system, falls entirely on the owner of the apartment. It should be taken into account that all of the above-mentioned processes associated with autonomous heating will be controlled by the relevant specialized organizations, whose representatives the owner of the apartment will have to provide access to the installed equipment.

However, even taking into account all the upcoming difficulties and significant initial costs, an autonomous heating system is in all respects much more profitable than central heating and hot water supply. In practice, it will pay for itself quickly enough and will serve reliably for many years.

A package of necessary documents for “autonomization”

In order to organize autonomous heating in an apartment, you will have to do some redevelopment, and this, as you know, is quite a process labour intensive. It should be taken into account that the preparation of permitting documents can take from three to five months, and installation work- about a week. In this regard, the preparation process must begin in advance.

Preliminary approvals and obtaining permits

So, the first step is to decide on the documents that will be required in order to begin developing the project, purchasing equipment, and then installing an autonomous system. The list of documents is approved by Art. 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation “Grounds for the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential premises.”

Any reconstruction of residential premises is carried out taking into account the established requirements and in agreement with local authorities. For approval, it is necessary to collect a package of documents, which includes standard legal documents for ownership of this housing, which include the following:

• Application-petition for housing reconstruction. The application form is standard and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
• Certificate of State registration of ownership of an apartment - this may be the right of inheritance or an agreement on the transfer of ownership of housing. A copy of the document certified by a notary will be required.
• Technical passport for the apartment - a photocopy certified by a notary.
• An apartment redevelopment project, completed in accordance with the established form.
• A certified copy of a document indicating all persons registered in the apartment.
• Consent to the reconstruction of the heating system from all residents of the apartment. This document is drawn up on one sheet of paper, where all persons living in the apartment are listed, and then they put their signatures, confirming their consent.
• A document from the organization for the protection of architectural monuments, if the house where reconstruction is planned belongs to the category of architectural monuments.

The applicant should remember that self-government bodies do not have the right to demand other documents not provided for in this article. After accepting the package of documentation for consideration, the applicant must be issued a receipt with a list of accepted documents.

Review and decision on consent or refusal must be carried out no later than in 45 days from the date of submission of documentation. The document developed by the commission must be issued to the applicant no later than 3 working days after the decision is made.

According to the rules and regulations technical operation housing, which are approved by the State Construction Committee of Russia No. 170 dated 27. 09.03. , a refusal to redevelop or reconstruct a residential premises may follow if these actions worsen the living conditions of all or individual residents of the building where the applicant’s apartment is located.

However, that's not all. The list of documents indicates a redevelopment project, which must be approved by the gas and heat supply regulatory organizations, since in order to disconnect from the central heating system and installation gas equipment permission must be obtained. And after receiving such permits, a project for redevelopment and installation of an autonomous system is drawn up, which must be agreed upon with the relevant authorities.

Therefore, it is necessary to prepare all the above documents, since they will have to be presented to all organizations that directly influence the preparation of the project. Documentation is completed in the following order:

• The first organization you need to contact is the city or district heating networks. It is there that permission is given to disconnect the apartment’s heating circuit from the central heating system. Consent can be issued if the shutdown does not lead to disruption of the engineering equipment of nearby apartments or the entire building. In principle, there cannot be any other reasons for refusal.

If an unfounded refusal is received from this organization, then this is a reason to go to the courts. It should be noted that sometimes an application for disconnection is submitted through a housing self-government organization.

• Then, with the received letter of agreement, you must contact the gas service of the district or city to obtain technical conditions for the installation of autonomous heating. This document must be issued within 10 days from the date of the applicant’s application.
• After receiving the specifications, taking all the documentation for the apartment, you can go to a design or energy organization that is engaged in drawing up such projects. If the boiler was purchased before the project was drawn up, and it meets all the requirements for installation in an apartment in a multi-storey building, then documentation for it should also be provided to the design organization. The project will be prepared taking into account the provided technical conditions.

Most of the requirements imposed by regulatory organizations, including the gas service, are specified in the document “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”, paragraph 6.2 “Apartment heat supply systems” SNiP41 - 01-2003.

To free yourself from going through all the authorities, you can entrust the preparation and approval of all necessary documents design organization. In some regions of Russia, this function is taken over by the gas service. Naturally, all this additional work comes at an additional cost.

Autonomous heating project

Separately, it is necessary to say about the heating reconstruction project. First of all, before contacting specialists who will perform design work, you need to study carefully technical specifications, used in drawing up the project, and it is advisable to draw up a preliminary sketch of the approximate location of the heating elements.

Its exact location can be determined after specialists study the apartment plan, which is in the technical passport.

So the project is necessary document when carrying out any reconstruction of residential premises. Based on it, a new heating circuit and heating boiler will be installed. How correctly and accurately this document is drawn up, and then the equipment is installed according to it, the more efficiently it will work.

The project includes data on external and internal factors that determine the type of heating:

• Climatic conditions of the region in which the house is located.
• Engineering and technical characteristics of the structure.
• Available energy sources on which the heating system can operate.
• Technical characteristics of heated housing - the number of rooms, the presence of loggias, as well as the area and volume of the premises.
• The financial side of the issue.

Based on these data, not only the installation location of the heating unit is selected, but also its type, as well as power.

To make heating efficient and economical, it is recommended to entrust the development of its design to specialists. This stage is best handled by energy companies that themselves control or interact with organizations that approve the heating sector, with whom the project will subsequently be coordinated, which will definitely ensure its correctness and, therefore, approval.

To get a positive result and optimal technical solution, the customer must work closely with the organization developing the project. During the process of creating a project, several options are usually considered. The customer selects the one that suits him most, after which he determines technical specifications unit and all necessary equipment. The project is being developed in several stages:

• If the customer does not provide own version sketch, then work begins with it.
• A heating circuit diagram is being developed, on the basis of which the system will be installed.
• Documentation for the designed heating system is being prepared.
• An estimate is drawn up.

If this work is entrusted to professionals, then at each specific stage of project development, specialists in the field of heat supply, ventilation, architecture, and energy supply will participate in it.

The project consists of several parts, which present certain data from different aspects of the project:

• Descriptive part provides information about the content and significance of the project. This section of the document, in turn, is divided into several paragraphs, which contain the following technical data:

— location of the apartment or house, if autonomous heating is planned to be installed in the private sector;

— location of residential premises and layout features.

The descriptive section of the document clarifies the technical characteristics of the premises, taking into account their location and climatic characteristics of the region where the building is located. This description is necessary in order to determine the types and types heating equipment. This information will subsequently be used to carry out calculations and determine the power that should be available. heating system, as well as temperature parameters in the apartment.

• Technological calculations - this is the main part of the project, which summarizes the parameters of the volume of the required energy carrier when the unit operates in different modes, as well as the optimal temperature of the coolant, providing the necessary heating of the apartment rooms. It is especially important to determine the power of the heating and hot water supply boiler, since on the basis of these calculations the selection of equipment and components for it is made.

In the same part they calculate heat losses when heating rooms, on the basis of which it will be possible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the system.

The calculated parameters will also show how appropriate this or that wiring is and the type of connection of radiators to the system circuit. The calculations also include the use of automatic control devices in the heating system.

Further, all the data obtained is necessarily reflected on the diagram of the heating system, which will become a guide for installers during the work. Deviations from the scheme developed by specialists and approved may lead to refusal to put the system into operation, which is permitted by the selection committee.

• Specification . This section contains data on the main materials and elements of the heating system, and their main technical characteristics. This part of the project also includes a diagram of the heating system with marked components and devices listed in the list.

This information is key to calculating the hydrostatics of the system, as well as the required heating temperature. If these calculations are carried out incorrectly, the system will be ineffective and gas consumption will be exceeded.

• Graphic image - this is an important section of the project, which visually represents what the overall design of the heating system will look like. This part of the project is carried out using special computer programs, most often in three-dimensional projection.

When submitting an application for project development, it is necessary to clarify for specialists the reasons for the transition to an autonomous type of heating. The more justifications there are, the more accurate the calculations will be, since specialists will know what to pay special attention to when carrying them out.

A copy of the project documents must be submitted to gas company, which will continue to maintain the installed equipment.

Gas boiler for autonomous heating of an apartment

When drawing up a project, specialists will offer options for boilers that can be used for installation in individual system heating the apartment. However, you need to independently study some information related to the choice of unit.

First of all, you should refer to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307, paragraph 44 of 16. 04.12. , which discusses the connection of heat supply systems. This resolution provides a list of heat and power devices that do not meet established requirements, and therefore are prohibited for installation in apartments of multi-storey buildings. After studying this document, you will be able to immediately decide which devices cannot be installed in the apartment’s autonomous heating system.

So, the list of boilers that can be used in apartments of multi-storey buildings includes units that operate on natural gas and meet the following requirements:

• Having a closed (sealed) combustion chamber.
• Mandatory availability automatic shutdown fuel supply in the event of a power outage, burner flame extinguishment, if there is a malfunction in the protection circuit, in case of insufficient pressure inside the system, which may fall below the limit value, when the coolant is heated above the limit temperature, as well as in case of problems in the smoke exhaust system.
• With the permissible coolant temperature in the system not exceeding 95˚.
• The coolant pressure is not more than 1 MPa.

In addition, boilers are single-circuit, used only for heating the apartment, and double-circuit, designed for both heating and water heating. When submitting an application and collecting documents, this factor must also be indicated. This is due to the fact that heating networks must give consent to disconnect the apartment not only from heating, but also from the hot water system.

Next, you need to decide on the design of the heating unit, since it can be wall-mounted or floor-mounted. For installation in a modern apartment, it is most often chosen wall option gas equipment, since such boilers are compact in size and quite aesthetic design, resembling in appearance geyser. Since the chimney pipe from the heating boiler must go outside, it will be convenient to place it on external wall, with this installation there will be no problems with the location of the pipe in the room. As a rule, there is a window on the external wall that will solve problems with ventilation of the room. Usually power wall-mounted boiler enough to heat a standard apartment with proper insulation of the walls and the presence of Euro-windows with double-glazed windows.

Premises in the apartment where a gas boiler can be installed

Separately, a few words need to be said about the room for installing a gas boiler, since it will not be possible to place it in any room, according to the owners’ preference.

The room for placing gas heating equipment must meet certain safety requirements, which include the following:

• Gas equipment must not be installed in a residential area.
• The area of ​​the room must be no less than 4 square meters
• The entrance door to the room with the installed boiler must have a width of at least 800 mm.
• The room must be equipped with a window facing the street.
• The boiler is wall mounted or installed on the floor, at a distance, which must be at least 300 mm from other gas equipment, for example, a gas stove.
• Indoors, it is necessary to find the possibility of venting the chimney to the street, that is, through the wall. Exiting the pipe into a common house ventilation duct is not allowed.
• Some heating units require forced ventilation in the room, that is, you will have to install it on a window exhaust fan. This will be indicated in the technical specifications.
• A wall-mounted boiler must be mounted on a wall built of non-combustible material, and for a floor-standing boiler it is necessary to make a fire-resistant flooring, for example, lay ceramic floor tiles.

Without meeting these requirements, the commission signing the acceptance certificate will not give its consent to the commissioning of an autonomous heating system.

Based on the characteristics of the room, we can conclude that the unit can be installed in the kitchen or in a pre-insulated loggia combined with it. Since the gas boiler is connected to the main energy supply pipeline, which is connected to the kitchen area of ​​the apartment, it is this that is optimal for the location of the heating unit.

In addition, the kitchen must be equipped with a window facing the street and a door of the required width. And in addition, a general house ventilation channel is connected to it, which is also necessary for placing an apartment “boiler room”.

How to choose a gas heating boiler?

In order for the purchased boiler to fully meet the to its parameters of the created system heating system, was reliable and easy to use, when purchasing, it is necessary to be guided by a number of criteria for evaluating such equipment. – read in a separate publication on our portal.

Autonomous electric heating

Installing electric heating is much simpler than gas heating. If only because there is a wider choice of where to install the boiler or other equipment, since the power supply is distributed throughout the apartment, and ventilation and a combustion product removal system are not required.

When planning the installation of electric heating, first of all, you need to consult the Energonadzor institution (or a similar organization). It is necessary to check the availability of resources in the house for the release of additional energy. If written consent has been received from this organization, then you must contact the heating network service with it and with a request to disconnect the apartment from the centralized heating supply.

The list of remaining documentation should be clarified with the energy company and local government authorities. The fact is that when installing electric heating in different regions country requirements for its installation may vary significantly. The only thing that needs to be noted is that the number of documents and approvals will be much less compared to the gas option for heating the apartment.

Thanks to modern technologies Today you can choose one of two options for electric heating. One involves the use of a heating unit with conventional piping for coolant circulation. The second involves direct heating separately installed devices or systems - electric convectors, infrared heaters, "warm floor" systems.

Heating using an electric boiler

The system uses coolant, that is, the pipework and radiators remain in place. But they are connected to an electric heating boiler, and the coolant will be heated from it, and not from the central heating line.

Majority modern models electrical units heating equipped automatic control. Therefore, the system can be programmed so that the heating of the premises to the required temperature does not occur constantly, but only at the time set by the owners. You can save a lot on this function, for example, by using the nightly discounted tariff for “charging” heat accumulator.

On sale are wall mounted electric boilers, which can have a power of 5÷60 kW, as well as floor options, their power exceeds 60 kW.

Experts will tell you which one to choose when submitting documents for drawing up a project for an electric heating system, which will contain a diagram of its arrangement. The choice of boiler will depend on the area and location of the apartment in the house, the degree of its insulation, the number of windows and balconies, as well as the material used to make the frames. Usually, when choosing a boiler power, they rely on established technological standards, that is, 1 kW of electricity per 10 “squares” of area.

We must not lose sight of the fact that if a unit with a power exceeding 9 kW is purchased, then there will be a need to re-equip the apartment electrical network and install a three-phase meter. If you plan to install a heating boiler with a larger capacity, then before purchasing it, you must consult and obtain written permission from the local energy company.

It should be taken into account that household electric boilers are not designed for a large number of radiators, so their installation is optimal for heating small areas, up to 80 - 90 m² In addition to the boiler, “warm floor” systems can be used, which consume electricity quite economically.

Electrical units operate according to standard system automatic heating. The coolant (water or antifreeze) is heated as it passes through the boiler and then enters the heating circuit with radiators installed in it. Along this path, the coolant cools down and returns to the boiler for heating, etc. In order for the circulation to be more intense and the radiators to warm up faster, it is installed in the heating circuit circulation pump.

Electric boiler, unlike gas equipment, can be installed in any utility room where is it convenient to spend power line, and where it will be easier to carry out the general routing of the heating circuit pipes. Most often, a kitchen or bathroom is also chosen for this. But sometimes it is also installed in the corridor, recessing the circuit pipe distribution into the wall surfaces.

What is an electric heating boiler?

The variety of such devices is quite large, and, not only in size, power and other operational parameters, but even in terms of heating principle. Read more about this in the special article on our portal dedicated to.

Direct space heating with electrical appliances

Heating using separate electrical appliances or a “warm floor” system, which can be combined or work separately, is called a direct heating system.

This option is preferable to choose if there is a desire to get rid of numerous pipes and volumetric radiators, since, for example, electric convectors have a more aesthetic appearance and compact size. The “warm floor” system can be cable rod or film - but in any case, it is completely invisible to the eye.

When merging individual devices into a single system, it is possible to connect it to a common control unit, with the help of which temperature conditions are set by time of day and day of the week, taking into account the family’s daily routine.

When choosing any type of electric heating, for safety reasons it is necessary to provide grounding, without which permission to put the system into operation will not be issued.

The advantage of electric heating is that, unlike gas heating, it is safer. And compared to central system, it can be easily and very accurately adjusted to the required temperature.

The main disadvantage of the electrical system is that if there is a power outage, the apartment will be left not only without lighting, but also without heating. Therefore, if in a particular locality this phenomenon repeats itself with frightening consistency, then it is better to opt for autonomous gas heating of the apartment. In addition, the obvious “disadvantages” include very high electricity tariffs.

Features of the arrangement of electric heating lie in the observance of certain conditions that are not provided for gas version heating So, experts recommend:

• Carry out for the electric heating system from the distribution separate shield power cable, which stabilizes the load on the general house electrical network.
• RCD systems are installed today in all apartments of new buildings equipped with autonomous electric heating. If it is not there, then you will have to worry about purchasing such a block. This - reliable protection against electric shock when it leaks onto the device body.
• It is highly desirable to install a two-tariff meter, which will help save money if the heat supply to the premises occurs during preferential hours.

Devices and systems for direct space heating – what to choose?

The variety of such devices is extremely wide. You can get to know each other better in a special article on the portal. Another publication will tell you in detail about the varieties and specific features various systems.

Installation of an autonomous heating system

Disconnecting the apartment from the central heating and hot water supply lines, as well as installing gas and electric boiler performed only by specialists from energy companies who have special documented permission to carry out such work.

Such rules have been introduced to comply with all safety conditions both during installation and during operation of the equipment. We must not forget that in an apartment building there are many neighboring apartments with people in them. And you shouldn’t put your life and theirs in danger.

You can take on the laying of pipes and the placement of heating radiators, installation of other necessary elements systems. But even then only if you have good skills in carrying out such operations.

In this publication, there is little point in dwelling on the installation order. The fact is that all the details are set out in a special article on the portal.

Nuances of installing a water heating system

Whether a gas boiler is installed or an electric one, otherwise the wiring of the pipe circuit, installation of radiators, additional devices and parts are almost the same. How it is carried out in a house or apartment - to the appropriate detailed instructions the recommended link will take you.

Before you decide to abandon centralized heating and hot water supply, you need to weigh all the positive and negative aspects autonomous heating apartments. And only after carrying out such a comparison and carrying out a thoughtful analysis - start collecting documents.

One more small clarification. It may also happen that, having disconnected the apartment from the heat supply and hot water supply, you will still have to pay for general heating. But these amounts will be very tiny compared to those that were previously indicated in the monthly payment order.

And finally, a short video that will also help you weigh all the “pros” and “contras” of an autonomous heating system in an apartment

Video: Advantages and disadvantages of an autonomous apartment heating system