Before describing the structure and functions of the central heating point (central heating point), we will give a general definition of heating points. A heating point, or abbreviated as TP, is a set of equipment located in a separate room that provides heating and hot water supply to a building or group of buildings. The main difference between a heating substation and a boiler room is that in the boiler room the coolant is heated due to fuel combustion, and the heating point works with the heated coolant coming from centralized system. Heating of the coolant for transformer substations is carried out by heat generating enterprises - industrial boiler houses and thermal power plants. Central heating station is a heating point serving a group of buildings, for example, microdistrict, urban settlement, industrial enterprise, etc. The need for a central heating point is determined individually for each region based on technical and economic calculations; as a rule, one central heating point is built for a group of objects with a heat consumption of 12-35 MW.

For a better understanding of the functions and principles work of the central heating station Let's give a brief description of heating networks. Heating networks consist of pipelines and provide transportation of coolant. They are primary, connecting heat generating enterprises with heating points, and secondary, connecting central heating stations with end consumers. From this definition we can conclude that central heating stations are an intermediary between primary and secondary heating networks or heat generating enterprises and end consumers. Next, we describe in detail the main functions of the central heating center.

Functions of the central heating point (CHS)

As we have already written, the main function of the central heating station is to serve as an intermediary between centralized heating networks and consumers, that is, the distribution of coolant throughout the heating and hot water supply (DHW) systems of serviced buildings, as well as the functions of ensuring security, management and accounting.

Let us describe in more detail the tasks solved by central heating points:

• transformation of the coolant, for example, turning steam into superheated water
• changing various parameters of the coolant, such as pressure, temperature, etc.
• coolant flow control
• distribution of coolant across heating and hot water supply systems
• water treatment for hot water supply
• protection of secondary heating networks from increasing coolant parameters
• ensuring heating or hot water supply is turned off if necessary
• control of coolant flow and other system parameters, automation and control

So, we have listed the main functions of the central heating center. Next, we will try to describe the structure of heating points and the equipment installed in them.

Central heating station device

As a rule, the central heating point is a separate one-story building with equipment and communications located in it.

We list the main components of the central heating center:

• a heat exchanger in a central heating station is an analogue of a heating boiler in a boiler room, i.e. works as a heat generator. In the heat exchanger, the coolant for heating and hot water is heated, but not by burning fuel, but by transferring heat from the coolant in the primary heating network.
• pumping equipment, performing various functions represented by circulation, booster, make-up and mixing pumps.
• pressure and temperature regulator valves
• mud filters at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline from the central heating substation
• shut-off valves (taps for shutting off various pipelines if necessary)
• heat consumption monitoring and metering systems
• power supply systems
• automation and dispatch systems

To summarize, let’s say that the main reason why there is a need for the construction of central heating stations is the discrepancy between the parameters of the coolant supplied from heat generating enterprises and the parameters of the coolant in the heat consumer systems. The temperature and pressure of the coolant in the main pipeline is much higher than it should be in heating and hot water supply systems of buildings. We can say that the coolant with the given parameters is the main product of the central heating station.

Ticket No. 1

1. Sources of energy, including thermal energy, can be substances whose energy potential is sufficient for the subsequent conversion of their energy into other types for the purpose of subsequent targeted use. The energy potential of substances is a parameter that allows us to assess the fundamental possibility and feasibility of their use as energy sources, and is expressed in energy units: joules (J) or kilowatt (thermal) hours [kW (thermal) -h] *. All energy sources are conditional divided into primary and secondary (Fig. 1.1). Primary sources of energy are substances whose energy potential is a consequence of natural processes and does not depend on human activity. Primary sources of energy include: fossil fuels and fissionable substances heated to a high temperature in the waters of the Earth's interior (thermal waters), the Sun, wind, rivers, seas, oceans, etc. Secondary energy sources are substances that have a certain energy potential and are by-products human activity; for example, spent flammable organic substances, municipal waste, hot waste coolant from industrial production (gas, water, steam), heated ventilation emissions, agricultural waste, etc. Primary energy sources are conventionally divided into non-renewable, renewable and inexhaustible. Renewable primary energy sources include fossil fuels: coal, oil, gas, shale, peat and fossil fissile substances: uranium and thorium. Renewable primary energy sources include all possible energy sources that are products of the continuous activity of the Sun and natural processes on the surface of the Earth: wind, water resources, ocean, plant products of biological activity on Earth (wood and other plant substances), as well as the Sun. The practically inexhaustible primary energy sources include the Earth's thermal waters and substances that can be sources of thermonuclear energy. The resources of primary energy sources on Earth are estimated by the total reserves of each source and its energy potential, i.e., the amount of energy that can be released from a unit its mass. The higher the energy potential of a substance, the higher the efficiency of its use as a primary source of energy and, as a rule, the more widespread it is in energy production. For example, oil has an energy potential of 40,000-43,000 MJ per 1 ton of mass, and natural and associated gases - from 47,210 to 50,650 MJ per 1 ton of mass, which, combined with their relatively low cost of production, made it possible their rapid spread in the 1960-1970s as primary sources of thermal energy. The use of a number of primary energy sources until recently was hampered either by the complexity of the technology for converting their energy into thermal energy (for example, fissile substances), or by the relatively low energy potential of the primary energy source, which requires large costs to obtain thermal energy of the required potential (for example, the use of solar energy, wind energy, etc.). The development of industry and the scientific and production potential of the countries of the world has led to the creation and implementation of processes for the production of thermal energy from previously undeveloped primary energy sources, including the creation of nuclear heat supply stations, solar heat generators for heating buildings, heat generators for geothermal energy.

Schematic diagram of the thermal power plant

2. Heating point (HP) - a set of devices located in a separate room, consisting of elements of thermal power plants that ensure the connection of these plants to the heating network, their operability, control of heat consumption modes, transformation, regulation of coolant parameters and distribution of coolant by type of consumption. Main TP objectives are:

Converting the type of coolant

Monitoring and regulation of coolant parameters

Distribution of coolant among heat consumption systems

Disabling heat consumption systems

Protection of heat consumption systems from emergency increases in coolant parameters

Accounting for coolant and heat costs

The TP scheme depends, on the one hand, on the characteristics of the thermal energy consumers served by the heating point, and on the other hand, on the characteristics of the source supplying the TP with thermal energy. Further, as the most common, we consider a TP with a closed hot water supply system and an independent connection circuit for the heating system.

Schematic diagram heating point

The coolant entering the TP through the supply pipeline thermal input, gives off its heat in the heaters of hot water supply and heating systems, and also enters the ventilation system of consumers, after which it is returned to the return pipeline of the thermal input and sent back through the main networks to the heat generating enterprise for reuse. Some of the coolant may be consumed by the consumer. To replenish losses in primary heating networks at boiler houses and thermal power plants, there are make-up systems, the sources of coolant for which are the water treatment systems of these enterprises.

Tap water, entering the TP, passes through the cold water pumps, after which part cold water is sent to consumers, and the other part is heated in the first stage DHW heater and enters the circulation circuit of the DHW system. In the circulation circuit, water, with the help of hot water supply circulation pumps, moves in a circle from the heating substation to the consumers and back, and consumers take water from the circuit as needed. As water circulates through the circuit, it gradually releases its heat and in order to maintain the water temperature at a given level, it is constantly heated in the second stage DHW heater.

The heating system also represents a closed loop through which the coolant moves with the help of heating circulation pumps from the heating substations to the building heating system and back. During operation, coolant leaks may occur from the heating system circuit. To make up for losses, a heating point recharge system is used, using primary heating networks as a source of coolant.

Ticket No. 3

Schemes for connecting consumers to heating networks. Schematic diagram of ITP

There are dependent and independent connection schemes for heating systems:

Independent (closed) connection diagram - a diagram for connecting a heat consumption system to a heating network, in which the coolant (superheated water) coming from the heating network passes through a heat exchanger installed at the consumer’s heating point, where it heats the secondary coolant, which is subsequently used in the heat consumption system

Dependent (open) connection diagram - a scheme for connecting a heat consumption system to a heating network, in which the coolant (water) from the heating network flows directly into the heat consumption system.

Individual heating point (ITP). Used to serve one consumer (building or part thereof). Typically located in the basement or technical room building, however, due to the characteristics of the building being served, it can be located in a separate structure.

2. Operating principle of the MHD generator. Scheme of TPP with MHD.

Magnetohydrodynamic generator, MHD generator - power plant, in which the energy of the working fluid (liquid or gaseous electrically conducting medium) moving in a magnetic field is converted directly into electrical energy.

Just like in conventional machine generators, the operating principle of an MHD generator is based on the phenomenon electromagnetic induction, that is, the occurrence of a current in a conductor crossing the magnetic field lines. But, unlike machine generators, in an MHD generator the conductor is the working fluid itself, in which, when moving across the magnetic field, oppositely directed flows of charge carriers of opposite signs arise.

The following media can serve as the working fluid of the MHD generator:

· Electrolytes

Liquid metals

Plasma (ionized gas)

The first MHD generators used electrically conductive liquids (electrolytes) as a working fluid; currently they use plasma, in which the charge carriers are mainly free electrons and positive ions, which deviate in a magnetic field from the trajectory along which the gas would move in the absence of a field. In such a generator, an additional electric field can be observed, the so-called Hall field, which is explained by the displacement of charged particles between collisions in a strong magnetic field in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Power plants with magnetohydrodynamic generators (MHD generators). MHD generators are planned to be built as an add-on to the station IES type. They use thermal potentials of 2500-3000 K, unavailable to conventional boilers.

A schematic diagram of a thermal power plant with an MHD installation is shown in the figure. Gaseous products of fuel combustion, into which an easily ionizable additive (for example, K 2 CO 3) is introduced, are sent to the MHD - a channel penetrated magnetic field great tension. The kinetic energy of ionized gases in the channel is converted into electrical energy of direct current, which, in turn, is converted into three-phase AC and is sent to the energy system to consumers.

Fundamental IES diagram with MHD generator:
1 - combustion chamber; 2 – MHD - channel; 3 - magnetic system; 4 - air heater,
5 - steam generator (boiler); 6 - steam turbines; 7 - compressor;
8 - condensate (feed) pump.

Ticket No. 4

1.Classification of heat supply systems

Schematic diagrams of heat supply systems according to the method of connection to them heating systems

Based on the location of heat generation, heat supply systems are divided into:

· Centralized (the source of thermal energy production works to supply heat to a group of buildings and is connected by transport devices to heat consumption devices);

· Local (the consumer and the heat supply source are located in the same room or in close proximity).

By type of coolant in the system:

· Water;

· Steam.

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply system:

· dependent (coolant, heated in a heat generator and transported through heating networks, enters directly into heat-consuming devices);

· independent (the coolant circulating through the heating networks in the heat exchanger heats the coolant circulating in the heating system).

According to the method of connecting the hot water supply system to the heating system:

· closed (water for hot water supply is taken from the water supply and heated in a heat exchanger with network water);

· Open (water for hot water supply is taken directly from the heating network).

Heating points: structure, operation, diagram, equipment

A heating point is a complex of technological equipment that is used in the process of heat supply, ventilation and hot water supply to consumers (residential and industrial buildings, construction sites, social facilities). The main purpose of heating points is the distribution of thermal energy from the heating network between end consumers.

Advantages of installing heating points in the heat supply system for consumers

Among the advantages of heating points are the following:

• minimizing heat losses
• relatively low operating costs, economical
• ability to select heat supply and heat consumption modes depending on the time of day and season
• silent operation, small dimensions (compared to other heat supply system equipment)
• automation and dispatching of the operation process
• Possibility of custom production

Heating points may have different thermal circuits, types of heat consumption systems and characteristics of the equipment used, which depends on the individual requirements of the Customer. The configuration of the TP is determined based on technical parameters heating network:

• thermal loads on the network
• temperature conditions of cold and hot water
• pressure of heat and water supply systems
• possible pressure loss
• climatic conditions, etc.

Types of heating points

The type of heating point required depends on its purpose, the number of heating supply systems, the number of consumers, the method of placement and installation and the functions performed by the point. Depending on the type of heating point, its technological scheme and equipment are selected.

Heating points are of the following types:

• customized thermal ITP points
• central heating points central heating stations
• block heating substations BTP

Open and closed systems of heating points. Dependent and independent connection diagrams for heating points

IN open heating system Water for the operation of the heating point comes directly from heating networks. Water intake can be complete or partial. The volume of water withdrawn for the needs of the heating point is replenished by the flow of water into the heating network. It should be noted that water treatment in such systems is carried out only at the entrance to the heating network. Because of this, the quality of water supplied to the consumer leaves much to be desired.

Open systems, in turn, can be dependent and independent.

IN dependent connection diagram of a heating point to the heating network, the coolant from the heating networks enters directly into the heating system. This system is quite simple, since there is no need to install additional equipment. Although this same feature leads to a significant drawback, namely, the impossibility of regulating the heat supply to the consumer.

Independent heating point connection diagrams are characterized by economic benefits (up to 40%), since heat exchangers of heating points are installed between the equipment of end consumers and the heat source, which regulate the amount of heat supplied. Another undeniable advantage is the improvement in the quality of the supplied water.

Due to the energy efficiency of independent systems, many heating companies are reconstructing and upgrading their equipment from dependent systems to independent ones.

Closed heating system is completely isolated system and uses circulating water in the pipeline without taking it from heating networks. This system uses water only as a coolant. A coolant leak is possible, but the water is replenished automatically using the make-up regulator.

The amount of coolant in a closed system remains constant, and the production and distribution of heat to the consumer is regulated by the temperature of the coolant. A closed system is characterized high quality water treatment and high energy efficiency.

Methods of providing consumers with thermal energy

Based on the method of providing consumers with thermal energy, a distinction is made between single-stage and multi-stage heating points.

Single stage system characterized by direct connection of consumers to heating networks. The connection point is called the subscriber input. Each heat consuming facility must have its own technological equipment (heaters, elevators, pumps, fittings, instrumentation equipment, etc.).

The disadvantage of a single-stage connection system is the limitation of the permissible maximum pressure in heating networks due to the danger high pressure for heating radiators. In this regard, such systems are mainly used for a small number of consumers and for heating networks of short length.

Multistage systems connections are characterized by the presence of heat points between the heat source and the consumer.

Individual heating points

Individual heating points serve one small consumer (house, small building or building), which is already connected to the central heating system. The task of such an ITP is to provide the consumer with hot water and heating (up to 40 kW). There are large individual points, the power of which can reach 2 MW. Traditionally, ITPs are placed in the basement or technical room of a building, less often they are located in separate rooms. Only the coolant is connected to the IHP and tap water is supplied.

ITPs consist of two circuits: the first circuit is a heating circuit for maintaining a set temperature in a heated room using a temperature sensor; the second circuit is the hot water supply circuit.

Central heating points

Central heating points of central heating stations are used to supply heat to a group of buildings and structures. Central heating stations perform the function of providing consumers with hot water supply, hot water supply and heat. The degree of automation and dispatch of central heating points (only control of parameters or control/management of central heating points parameters) is determined by the Customer and technological needs. Central heating stations can have both dependent and independent connection schemes to the heating network. With a dependent connection scheme, the coolant at the heating point itself is divided into a heating system and a hot water supply system. In an independent connection scheme, the coolant is heated in the second circuit of the heating point by incoming water from the heating network.

They are delivered to the installation site in full factory readiness. At the site of subsequent operation, only connection to the heating networks and configuration of the equipment is carried out.

The equipment of the central heating point (CHS) includes the following elements:

• heaters (heat exchangers) - sectional, multi-pass, block type, plate - depending on the project, for hot water supply, maintaining the required temperature and water pressure at water points
• circulation utility, fire-fighting, heating and backup pumps
• mixing devices
• thermal and water metering units
• instrumentation and automation instruments
• shut-off and control valves
• membrane expansion tank

Block heating points (modular heating points)

The block (modular) heat station BTP has a block design. A BTP can consist of more than one block (module), often mounted on one integrated frame. Each module is an independent and complete item. At the same time, work regulation is general. Blosnche heating points can have both local system management and regulation, and remote control and dispatching.

A block heating point can include both individual heating points and central heating points.

Basic heat supply systems for consumers as part of a heating point

• hot water supply system (open or closed connection scheme)
• heating system (dependent or independent connection diagram)
• ventilation system

Typical connection diagrams for systems in heating points

Typical connection diagram for a hot water supply system
Typical heating system connection diagram
Typical connection diagram for a hot water supply and heating system
Typical connection diagram for hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems

The heating point also includes a cold water supply system, but it is not a consumer of thermal energy.

Operating principle of heating points

Thermal energy is supplied to heating points from heat generating enterprises through heating networks - primary main heating networks. Secondary, or distribution, heating networks connect the transformer substation with the end consumer.

Main heating networks usually have a large length, connecting the heat source and the heating point itself, and have a diameter (up to 1400 mm). Often, main heating networks can unite several heat generating enterprises, which increases the reliability of energy supply to consumers.

Before entering the main networks, water undergoes water treatment, which brings the chemical indicators of water (hardness, pH, oxygen content, iron) in accordance with regulatory requirements. This is necessary in order to reduce the level of corrosive influence of water on inner surface pipes

Distribution pipelines have a relatively short length (up to 500 m), connecting the heating point and the end consumer.

The coolant (cold water) flows through the supply pipeline to the heating point, where it passes through the pumps of the cold water supply system. Next, it (the coolant) uses the primary hot water heaters and is supplied to the circulation circuit of the hot water supply system, from where it goes to the end consumer and back to the heating substation, constantly circulating. To maintain the required coolant temperature, it is constantly heated in the second stage DHW heater.

The heating system is the same closed circuit as the hot water supply system. In the event of coolant leaks, its volume is replenished from the heating point make-up system.

Then the coolant enters the return pipeline and goes back to the heat generating enterprise through the main pipelines.

Typical configuration of heating points

To ensure reliable operation of heating points, they are supplied with the following minimum technological equipment:

• two plate heat exchanger(soldered or collapsible) for the heating system and hot water supply system
• pumping station for pumping coolant to the consumer, namely to the heating devices of a building or structure
• system automatic regulation quantity and temperature of coolant (sensors, controllers, flow meters) to control coolant parameters, take into account thermal loads and regulate flow
• water treatment system
• technological equipment - shut-off valves, check valves, instrumentation, regulators

It should be noted that the supply of technological equipment to a heating point largely depends on the connection diagram of the hot water supply system and the connection diagram of the heating system.

For example, in closed systems heat exchangers, pumps and water treatment equipment are installed for further distribution of coolant between the hot water supply system and the heating system. And in open systems Mixing pumps are installed (to mix hot and cold water in the required proportion) and temperature controllers.

Our specialists provide a full range of services, from design, production, delivery, and ending with installation and commissioning of heating units of various configurations.

Heat points are automated complexes that transfer thermal energy between external and internal networks. They consist of thermal equipment, as well as measuring and control instruments.

Heating points perform the following functions:

1. Distribute thermal energy among consumption sources;

2. Adjust the parameters of the coolant;

3. Control and interrupt the heat supply processes;

4. Change the types of thermal media;

5. Protect systems after increasing the permissible volumes of parameters;

6. Fix coolant costs.

Types of heating points

Heating points can be central or individual. Individual, abbreviated as: ITP, includes technical devices designed to connect heating systems, hot water supply, and ventilation in buildings.

Purpose of heating points

The purpose of the central heating point, that is, the central heating point, is to connect, transmit and distribute heat energy to several buildings. For built-in and other premises located in the same building, for example, shops, offices, parking lots, cafes, it is necessary to install their own separate individual heating unit.

What are heating points made of?

Old-style ITPs have elevator units, where water supply is mixed with heat consumption. They do not regulate and do not use the energy consumed economically. thermal energy.

Modern automated individual heating points have a jumper between the supply and return pipelines. Such equipment has a more reliable design due to the double pump installed to the jumper. A valve for regulation, an electric drive and a controller called a weather regulator are mounted to the supply pipeline. Also, the coolant of the updated automatic IHP is equipped with temperature sensors and outside air.

Why are heating points needed?

An automated system controls the temperature in the coolant supplied to the room. It also performs the function of regulating temperature indicators corresponding to the schedule and relative to the outside air. This eliminates excess consumption of heat energy heating the building, which is important for the autumn-spring period.

The automatic regulation of all modern IHPs meets the high demands of reliability and energy conservation, as do their reliable ball valves and twin pumps.

Thus, in an automated individual heating point in buildings and premises, heat energy savings of up to thirty-five percent occur. This equipment is a complex technical complex that requires competent design, installation, adjustment and maintenance, which only professional, experienced specialists can do.

An automated heating point is an important component in the heating system. It is thanks to it that heat from central networks enters residential buildings. There are individual heating points (ITP), serving apartment buildings and central ones. From the latter, heat flows to entire microdistricts, villages or various groups of objects. In the article we will dwell in detail on the principle of operation of heating points, tell how they are installed, and dwell on the subtleties in the functioning of the devices.

How does an automated central heating unit work?

What do heating points do? First of all, they receive electricity from the central network and distribute it among facilities. As noted above, there is an automated central heating point, the principle of which is to distribute thermal energy in the required ratio. This is necessary to ensure that all objects receive water at the optimal temperature with sufficient pressure. As for individual heating points, they, first of all, rationally distribute heat between apartments in apartment buildings.

Why do we need ITP if the heat supply system already provides for district thermal units? If we consider MKD, where there are quite a lot of users utilities, weak pressure and low water temperatures are not uncommon there. Individual heating points successfully solve these problems. To ensure the comfort of residents of the apartment complex, heat exchangers, additional pumps and other equipment are installed.

The central network is the source of water supply. It is from there, through an inlet pipeline with a steel valve, that hot water flows under a certain pressure. The inlet water pressure is much higher than what the internal system needs. In this regard, a special device must be installed at the heating point - a pressure regulator. To ensure that the consumer receives clean water optimal temperature and with the required level of pressure, heating points are equipped with all kinds of devices:

• automation and temperature sensors;
• pressure gauges and thermometers;
• actuators and control valves;
• pumps with frequency regulation;
• safety valves.

The automated central heating unit operates according to similar scheme. Central heating stations can be equipped with the most powerful equipment, additional regulators and pumps, which is explained by the volumes of energy they process. The automated central heating unit should also include modern systems automatic control and adjustment for efficient heat supply of objects.

The heating station passes the treated water through itself, after which it goes back into the system, but along the path of another pipeline. Automated heating point systems with properly installed equipment supply heat stably, there are no emergency situations, and energy consumption becomes more efficient.

Heat sources for TP are enterprises that generate heat. We are talking about thermal power plants and boiler houses. Heating points are connected to sources and consumers of heat energy using heating networks. They, in turn, are primary (main), which unite TPs and enterprises that generate heat, and secondary (distribution), which unite heating points and end consumers. The heat input is a section of the heating network that connects heating points and main heating networks.

Heating points include a number of systems through which users receive heat energy.

• DHW system. It is necessary for subscribers to receive hot tap water. Often, consumers use heat from the hot water supply system to partially heat rooms, for example, bathrooms in apartment buildings.
• Heating system needed to heat rooms and maintain a given temperature in them. Connection diagrams for heating systems can be dependent or independent.
• Ventilation system required to heat the air that enters the ventilation of objects from the outside. The system can also be used to connect dependent heating systems of users to each other.
• HVS system. It is not part of systems that consume heat energy. Moreover, the system is available in all heating points that serve apartment buildings. The cold water supply system exists to provide the required level of pressure in the water supply system.

The layout of an automated heating point depends both on the characteristics of the heat energy users served by the heating point, and on the characteristics of the source that supplies the heating station with thermal energy. The most common is an automated heating point, which has closed system DHW and independent connection scheme heating system.

The heat carrier (for example, water from temperature chart 150/70), entering the heating point through the heat input supply pipe, gives off heat in the heaters of hot water supply systems, where the temperature curve is 60/40, and heating systems with a temperature curve of 95/70, and also enters the users’ ventilation system. Next, the coolant returns to the return pipeline of the heat input and is sent through the main networks back to the heat generating enterprise, where it is used again. A certain percentage of the thermal fluid can be consumed by the consumer. To make up for losses in primary heating networks at boiler houses and thermal power plants, specialists use make-up systems, the sources of heat carrier for which are the water treatment systems of these enterprises.

Tap water entering the heating point bypasses the cold water pumps. After the pumps, consumers receive a certain portion of cold water, and the other portion is heated by the first stage DHW heater. Next, the water is sent to the circulation circuit of the DHW system.

Circulators operate in the circulation circuit DHW pumps, which make water move in a circle: from heating points to users and back. Users take water from the circuit when necessary. During circulation through the circuit, the water gradually cools, and in order for its temperature to always be optimal, it needs to be constantly heated in the second stage DHW heater.

The heating system is a closed loop through which the coolant moves from heating points to the heating system of buildings and in the opposite direction. This movement is facilitated by heating circulation pumps. Over time, coolant leaks from the heating system circuit cannot be ruled out. To make up for losses, specialists use a heating point replenishment system, in which they use primary heating networks as sources of heat carrier.

What are the advantages of an automated heating point?

• The length of heating network pipes as a whole is reduced by half.
• Financial investments in heating networks and costs for materials for construction and thermal insulation are reduced by 20–25%.
• Electrical energy for pumping coolant requires 20–40% less.
• Up to 15% savings in thermal energy for heating are observed, since the supply of heat to a specific subscriber is regulated automatically.
• The loss of thermal energy during transportation of hot water is reduced by 2 times.
• Network breakdowns are significantly reduced, especially due to the exclusion of hot water pipes from the heating network.
• Since the operation of automated heat points does not require continuously staffed personnel, there is no need to attract a large number of qualified specialists.
• Maintenance comfortable conditions thanks to control of the parameters of thermal media, the residence occurs automatically. In particular, the temperature and pressure of network water, water in the heating system, water from the water supply, as well as air in heated rooms are maintained.
• Each building pays for the heat it actually consumes. It is convenient to keep track of used resources thanks to counters.
• It is possible to save heat, and thanks to full factory execution, installation costs are reduced.

Expert opinion

Benefits of automatic heat supply control

K. E. Loginova,

Enerdgy Transfer specialist

Almost any centralized heating system has a main problem associated with setting up and adjusting the hydraulic mode. If you do not pay attention to these options, the room either does not heat up completely or overheats. To solve the problem, you can use an automated individual heating point (AITP), which provides the user with heat energy in the quantity required.

An automated individual heating point limits the consumption of network water in the heating systems of users located next to the central heating point. Thanks to AITP, this network water is redistributed to remote consumers. In addition, due to AITP, energy is consumed in the optimal amount, and the temperature in the apartments always remains comfortable, regardless of weather conditions.

An automated individual heating point makes it possible to reduce the amount of payment for heat and hot water consumption by about 25%. If the temperature outside exceeds minus 3 degrees, owners of apartments in apartment buildings begin to face overpayment for heating. Only thanks to AITP, thermal energy is consumed in the house in the amount needed to maintain a comfortable environment. It is in this regard that many “cold” houses install automated individual heating units in order to avoid low, uncomfortable temperatures.

The figure shows how the two dormitory buildings consume heat energy. An automated individual heating point is installed in building 1, but there is none in building 2.

Thermal energy consumption of two dormitory buildings with AITP (building 1) and without it (building 2)

AITP is installed at the input of the building's heat supply system, in the basement. Heat generation is not a function of heating points, unlike boiler houses. Heating points operate with a heated coolant supplied by a centralized heating network.

It is worth noting that AITP uses frequency control pumps Thanks to the system, the equipment operates more reliably, failures and water hammers do not occur, and the level of consumption electrical energy decreases significantly.

What do automated heating points include? Savings in water and heat in the AITP are achieved due to the fact that the parameters of the coolant in the heat supply system quickly change taking into account changing weather conditions or the consumption of a certain service, for example, hot water. This is achieved by using compact, cost-effective equipment. Speech in in this case We are talking about circulation pumps with low noise levels, compact heat exchangers, modern electronic devices for automatically adjusting the supply and metering of thermal energy and other auxiliary elements (photo).

Basic and auxiliary elements AITP:

1 - control panel; 2 - storage tank; 3 - pressure gauge; 4 - bimetallic thermometer; 5 - manifold of the heating system supply pipeline; 6 - collector of the return pipeline of the heating system; 7 - heat exchanger; 8 - circulation pumps; 9 - pressure sensor; 10 - mechanical filter

Maintenance of automated heating points must be carried out every day, every week, once a month or once a year. It all depends on the regulations.

As part of daily maintenance, the equipment and components of the heating station are carefully inspected, identifying problems and promptly eliminating them; control how the heating system and hot water supply work; check if the readings are correct control devices regime cards, reflect the operating parameters in the AITP log.

Servicing automated heating points once a week involves carrying out certain activities. In particular, specialists inspect measuring and automatic control devices, identifying possible problems; check how the automation works, look at backup power, bearings, shut-off and control valves of pumping equipment, oil level in thermometer sleeves; clean pumping equipment.

As part of monthly maintenance, specialists check how pumping equipment works, simulating accidents; check how the pumps are secured, the condition of the electric motors, contactors, magnetic starters, contacts and fuses; they blow and check pressure gauges, control the automation of heat supply units for heating and hot water supply, test operation in different modes, control the heating make-up unit, take readings of thermal energy consumption from the meter in order to transfer them to the organization supplying heat.

Maintenance of automated heating points once a year involves their inspection and diagnostics. Experts check open electrical wiring, fuses, insulation, grounding, circuit breakers; inspect and change the thermal insulation of pipelines and water heaters, lubricate bearings of electric motors, pumps, gears, control valves, pressure gauge sleeves; check how tight the connections and pipelines are; look at the bolted connections, whether the heating station is equipped with equipment, replace broken components, wash the mud trap, clean or replace mesh filters, clean the heating surfaces of the hot water supply and heating systems, pressurize them; hand over an automated individual heating unit prepared for the season, drawing up a statement of suitability for its use in the winter.

The main equipment can be used for 5–7 years. After this period expires, it is fulfilled major renovation or change some elements. The main parts of the AITP do not require verification. It is subject to instrumentation, metering units, and sensors. Verification is usually carried out every 3 years.

On average, the price of a control valve on the market is from 50 to 75 thousand rubles, a pump - from 30 to 100 thousand rubles, a heat exchanger - from 70 to 250 thousand rubles, thermal automation - from 75 to 200 thousand rubles.

Automated block heating units

Automated block heat substations, or BTPs, are manufactured in factories. For installation work they are supplied in ready-made blocks. To create a heating point of this type, one block or several can be used. Modular equipment is mounted compactly, usually on one frame. As a rule, it is used to save space if the conditions are quite cramped.

Automated block heating units simplify the solution of even complex economic and production problems. If we are talking about a sector of the economy, the following points should be touched upon:

• equipment begins to work more reliably, accordingly, accidents occur less frequently, and less money is required for liquidation;
• regulate heating network succeeds as accurately as possible;
• water treatment costs are reduced;
• repair areas are reduced;
• A high degree of archiving and dispatching can be achieved.

In the areas of housing and communal services, municipal unitary enterprises, management organizations (management organizations):

• Fewer service personnel are required;
• payment for heat energy actually used is carried out without financial costs;
• losses for recharging the system are reduced;
• free space is released;
• it is possible to achieve durability and a high level of maintainability;
• managing the heat load becomes more comfortable and easier;
• no constant operator or plumbing intervention in the operation of the heating unit is required.

Regarding design organizations, here we can talk about:

• strict compliance with technical specifications;
• wide choice of circuit solutions;
• high level of automation;
• large selection engineering equipment for completing heating points;
• high energy efficiency.

For companies operating in the industrial sector, this is:

• redundancy to a high degree, which is especially important if technological processes are carried out continuously;
• strict adherence to high-tech processes and their accounting;
• the ability to use condensate, if available, process steam;
• temperature control in workshops;
• adjustment of hot water supply and steam;
• reduction in recharge, etc.

Most facilities typically have shell-and-tube heat exchangers and hydraulic direct pressure regulators. Most often the resources are of this equipment have already been exhausted, in addition, it operates in modes that do not correspond to the calculated ones. The last point is due to the fact that heat loads are now being maintained at a level significantly lower than provided for by the project. The control equipment has its own functions, which, however, in the event of significant deviations from the design mode, it does not perform.

If automated systems heating points are subject to reconstruction, it is better to use modern compact equipment that allows you to operate automatically and save about 30% of energy in comparison with the equipment that was used in the 60–70s. IN at the moment Heating points are equipped, as a rule, with an independent connection diagram for heating systems and hot water supply, the basis for which are collapsible plate heat exchangers.

To control thermal processes, specialized controllers and electronic regulators are usually used. The weight and dimensions of modern plate heat exchangers are significantly smaller than shell-and-tube heat exchangers with the corresponding power. Plate heat exchangers are compact and lightweight, which means they are easy to install, easy to maintain and repair.

Important!

The basis for the calculation of plate-type heat exchangers is a system of criterion controls. Before calculating the heat exchanger, the optimal distribution of the DHW load between the stages of the heaters and the temperature regime of all stages separately are carried out, taking into account the method of adjusting the heat supply from heat source and connection diagrams for DHW heaters.

Individual automated heating point

ITP is a whole complex of devices, which is located in a separate room and consists, among other things, of heating equipment elements. Thanks to individual ATP, these installations are connected to the heating network, transformed, heat consumption modes are controlled, operability is ensured, distribution is carried out according to types of heat carrier consumption, and its parameters are adjusted.

Thermal installation servicing the facility or its individual parts is an ITP, or individual heating point. The installation is necessary to supply domestic hot water, ventilation and heat to houses, housing and communal services facilities and industrial complexes. For ITP work it is necessary to connect it to the water, heat and electricity supply system in order to activate the circulation pumping equipment.

Small-sized ITP can be successfully used in a single-family home. This option is also suitable for small buildings directly connected to the centralized heating network. Equipment of this type is designed to heat rooms and heat water. Large-sized ITPs with a capacity of 50 kW–2 MW serve large or multi-apartment buildings.

Classic scheme of an automated heating point individual type consists of the following nodes:

• heating network input;
• counter;
• connection of the ventilation system;
• heating connection;
• DHW connection;
• coordination of pressures between heat consumption and heat supply systems;
• replenishment of heating and ventilation systems connected according to an independent circuit.

When developing a TP project, it should be remembered that the required components are:

• counter;
• pressure matching;
• heating network input.

The heating unit can be equipped with other components. Their number is determined by the design decision in each individual case.

Permission to operate ITP

To prepare ITP for use in MKD, the following documentation must be submitted to Energonadzor:

• Technical conditions for connection that are currently in effect, and a certificate that they have been met. The certificate is issued by the energy supply company.
• Project documents containing all the necessary approvals.
• Statement of Parties' Responsibility for Use and Sharing balance sheet, which was compiled by the consumer and a representative of the energy supply company.
• An act stating that the subscriber branch of the TP is ready for permanent or temporary use.
• Passport of an individual heating point, which briefly lists the characteristics of heat supply systems.
• Certificate stating that the heat energy meter is ready for operation.
• Certificate that a contract for the supply of thermal energy has been concluded with the energy supply company.
• Certificate of acceptance of work performed between the user and the installation company. The document must indicate the license number and the date it was issued.
• Order appointing a responsible specialist for safe use and normal technical condition heating networks and thermal installations.
• List of operational and operational repairs responsible persons I service heating networks and heating installations.
• A copy of the welder's certificate.
• Certificates for pipelines and electrodes used in work.
• Acts for carrying out hidden work, an executive diagram of a heating point, where the numbering of the fittings is indicated, as well as diagrams of shut-off valves and pipelines.
• Certificate for flushing and pressure testing of systems (heating networks, heating, hot water supply).
• Job Descriptions, as well as safety instructions and rules of conduct in case of fire.
• Operating instructions.
• An act stating that networks and installations are approved for use.
• Journal of instrumentation and automation, issuance of work permits, operational recording of defects discovered during the inspection of installations and networks, inspection of buildings and instructions.
• Order from heating networks for connection.

Specialists servicing automated heating points must have appropriate qualifications. In addition, responsible persons are required to immediately familiarize themselves with technical documents that indicate how to use the TP.

Types of ITP

Scheme ITP for heating independent. In accordance with it, a plate heat exchanger is installed, designed for one hundred percent load. There is also provision for the installation of a double pump, which compensates for the loss of pressure level. The heating system is fed by the return pipeline of the heating networks. A TP of this type can be equipped with a DHW unit, a meter and other necessary components and blocks.

Scheme of an automated heating point individual type for DHW also independent. It can be parallel or single-stage. Such an IHP contains 2 plate heat exchangers, and each must operate at 50% load. The heating unit also includes a group of pumps that are designed to compensate for the drop in pressure. A heating system unit, a meter and other blocks and components are also sometimes installed in the TP.

ITP for heating and hot water supply. The organization of an automated heating point in this case is organized according to an independent scheme. The heating system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger designed for 100% load. The DHW circuit is two-stage, independent. It has two plate heat exchangers. To compensate for the decrease in pressure level, the automated heating point scheme involves installing a group of pumps. To recharge the heating system, appropriate pumping equipment is provided from the return pipeline of the heating networks. DHW is fed by the cold water system.

In addition, the ITP (individual heating point) has a meter.

ITP for heating, hot water supply and ventilation. The thermal installation is connected according to an independent circuit. For the heating and ventilation system, a plate heat exchanger is used that can withstand a load of 100%. DHW diagram can be designated as single-stage, independent and parallel. It has two plate heat exchangers, each designed for a 50% load.

The decrease in pressure level is compensated by a group of pumps. The heating system is fed by the return pipeline of the heating network. DHW is fed from cold water supply. ITP in MKD can be additionally equipped with a meter.

Calculation of building thermal loads to select equipment for an automated heating point

Thermal load for heating is the amount of heat that is given off by all heating devices installed in a house or on the territory of another facility. Please note that before installing all technical equipment, you must carefully calculate everything in order to protect yourself from unforeseen situations and unnecessary financial expenses. If you correctly calculate the thermal loads on the heating system, you can achieve efficient and uninterrupted operation of the heating system of a residential building or other building. The calculation facilitates the prompt implementation of absolutely all tasks related to heat supply and ensuring their operation in accordance with the requirements and standards of SNiP.

To the general thermal load A modern heating system includes certain load parameters:

• to a common central heating system;
• for an underfloor heating system (if there is one in the room) - underfloor heating;
• ventilation system (natural and forced);
• DHW system;
• for various technological needs: swimming pools, baths and other similar structures.

• Type and purpose of buildings. When making calculations, it is important to take into account what type of property it is - an apartment, an administrative building or a non-residential building. In addition, the type of building affects the load rate, which, in turn, is determined by the organizations supplying heat. The amount of payment for heating services also depends on this.
• Architectural component. When making calculations, it is important to know the dimensions of various external structures, which include walls, floors, roofs and other fences; the scale of openings - balconies, loggias, windows and doors. They also take into account how many floors there are in the building, whether it has basements, attics, and what features they have.
• Temperature for all objects in the building, taking into account the requirements. Here we're talking about O temperature conditions in relation to all rooms in a residential building or areas of an administrative building.
• Design and features of fencing outside, including the type of materials, thickness and presence of layers for insulation.
• Purpose of the object. Typically applied to production facilities where certain temperature conditions are expected to be created in a workshop or area.
• Availability and characteristics of premises special purpose (we are talking about swimming pools, saunas and other objects).
• Maintenance level(is there hot water supply in the room, ventilation systems and air conditioning, what kind of central heating is there).
• Total number of points from which hot water is drawn. This parameter is worth looking at first. The more intake points, the more heat load falls on the entire heating system.
• The number of residents of the house or people staying on the premises. The indicator affects the requirements for temperature and humidity. These parameters are factors that are included in the formula for calculating the thermal load.
• Other indicators. If we are talking about an industrial facility, the number of shifts, workers per shift and working days per year is important here. In relation to private households, it is important how many residents there are, the number of bathrooms, rooms, etc.

Methods for determining thermal loads

1. Enlarged calculation method for the heating system are used in the absence of information about projects or inconsistency of such information with real indicators. The enlarged calculation of the thermal load of the heating system is made using a fairly simple formula:

Qmax from. = α*V*q0*(tв-tн.р.)*10 – 6,

where α is a correction factor that takes into account the climate in the region in which the object is located (it is used if design temperature different from minus 30 degrees); q0 is specific characteristic heating system, which is selected depending on the temperature of the coldest week of the year; V is the external volume of the building.

2. Within the framework of a complex thermotechnical method surveys must thermograph all structures - walls, doors, ceilings, windows. Let us note that thanks to such procedures it is possible to identify and record factors that significantly influence heat losses on site.

The results of thermal imaging diagnostics will allow you to get an idea of ​​​​the real temperature difference when a certain amount of heat passes through 1 m 2 of fencing structures. In addition, this makes it possible to find out about the consumption of thermal energy in the event of a certain temperature difference.

When making calculations, special attention is paid to practical measurements, which are an integral part of the work. Thanks to them, you can find out about the thermal load and heat losses that will occur at a specific facility over a certain period. Thanks to practical calculations, they receive information about indicators that are not covered by theory, or more precisely, they learn about the “bottlenecks” of each of the structures.

Installation of an automated heating point

Suppose, as part of a general meeting, the owners of premises in an apartment building decided that the organization of an automated heating unit is still needed. Today such equipment is presented in wide range, however, not every automated heating point may be suitable for your household.

This is interesting!

99% of users have no idea that the main thing is the initial feasibility study in the MKD. Only after the examination you need to select an automated individual heating unit, consisting either of blocks and modules directly from the factory, or assemble the equipment in the basement of your house, using separate spare parts.

AITP produced at the factory are easier and faster to install. All that is required is to fasten the modular blocks to the flanges and then connect the device to the outlet. In this regard, most installation companies give preference to such automated heating units.

If an automated heating unit is assembled at a factory, the price is always higher, but this is compensated good quality. Automated heating units are produced by factories of two categories. The first includes large enterprises where serial assembly of heating substations is carried out, the second includes medium- and large-scale companies that manufacture heating substations from blocks in accordance with individual projects.

Only a few companies in Russia are engaged in serial production of automated heating points. Such TPs are assembled of very high quality, from reliable parts. However, mass production also has a significant drawback - the impossibility of changing overall dimensions blocks. Replacing one spare parts manufacturer with another is impossible. Technological diagram An automated heating point is also not changeable, and it cannot be adapted to your needs.

Automated block heating units, for which individual projects are developed, do not have these disadvantages. Such heating points are produced in every metropolis. However, there are risks here. In particular, you may encounter an unscrupulous manufacturer who assembles the TP, roughly speaking, “in the garage,” or you may stumble upon design errors.

During the dismantling of door openings and reconstruction of walls, there is often an increase in installation work by 2–3 times. At the same time, no one can guarantee that manufacturers did not accidentally make a mistake when measuring openings and sent the correct dimensions to production.

Organization of an automated heating point prefabricated type always possible in the house, even if there is a lack of space in the basement. Such a TP may include blocks similar to factory ones. An automated heating point, the price of which is much lower, also has disadvantages.

Factories always cooperate with trusted suppliers and purchase spare parts from them. In addition, there is a factory warranty. Automated block heating units undergo a pressure testing procedure, that is, they are immediately checked for leaks even in the factory. High quality paint is used to paint their pipes.

Controlling teams of workers performing installation is a rather complex undertaking. Where and how are pressure gauges purchased? ball valves? These parts are successfully counterfeited in Asian countries, and if these components are inexpensive, it is only because low-quality steel was used in their manufacture. In addition, you need to look at the welds and their quality. Management companies of apartment buildings, as a rule, do not have the necessary equipment. You should definitely demand installation guarantees from contractors, and, of course, it is better to cooperate with time-tested companies. Specialized enterprises always have the necessary equipment in stock. These organizations have ultrasonic and x-ray flaw detectors.

The installation company must be a member of the SRO. The amount of insurance payments is no less important. Savings on insurance premiums are not distinctive feature large enterprises, since it is important for them to advertise their services and be sure that the client is calm. You should definitely look at how much authorized capital at the installation company. Minimum size- 10 thousand rubles. If you come across an organization with approximately this kind of capital, most likely you have stumbled upon covens.

Key technical solutions, used in AITP, can be divided into two groups:

• the connection diagram with the heating network is independent - in this case, the coolant of the heating circuit in the house is separated from the heating network by a boiler (heat exchanger) and circulates in a closed cycle directly inside the facility;
• The connection diagram with the heating network is dependent - the heat carrier of the district heating network is used in heating radiators of several objects.

The figures below show the most common connection diagrams for heating networks and heating points.

For independent connection schemes, plate or shell-and-tube heat exchange units are used. They happen different types, with its pros and cons. In dependent connection schemes with the heating network, mixing units or elevators with a controlled nozzle are used. If we talk about the most optimal option, these are automated heating points, the connection scheme of which is dependent. Such an automated heating point, the price of which is significantly lower, is more reliable. The service of automated heating points of this type can also be called high-quality.

Alas, if it is necessary to organize heat supply in facilities with many floors, they use exclusively an independent connection scheme to comply with the relevant technological rules.

There are many ways to assemble an automated heating unit for a specific facility using high-quality spare parts produced by world or domestic producers. Management companies are forced to rely on designers, but they are usually affiliated with a specific TP manufacturer or installation company.

Expert opinion

Russia lacks energy service companies - consumer advocates

A. I. Markelov,

General Director of Energy Transfer Company

There is currently no balance in the market for heat-saving technologies. There is no mechanism through which the consumer can competently and competently choose specialists in design, installation, as well as companies producing AITP. All this leads to the fact that the organization of an automated heating point does not bring the desired results.

As a rule, during the installation of AITP, adjustment (hydraulic balancing) of the heating system of the facility is not performed. However, it is needed because the quality of heating in the entrances varies. It can be very cold in one entrance of the house, hot in another.

When installing an automated heating substation, you can use facade regulation, when the adjustment of one side of the MKD does not depend on the other. Thanks to all these procedures, installation of AITP becomes more efficient.

Developed European countries use energy services quite successfully. Energy service companies exist to protect the interests of consumers. Thanks to them, users never have to deal directly with sellers. In the absence of savings sufficient to cover the costs, the energy service company may face bankruptcy, since its profit depends on the user's savings.

We can only hope that adequate legal mechanisms will appear in Russia, through which it will be possible to achieve savings when paying for utility bills.