Heating points: structure, operation, diagram, equipment

A heating point is a complex of technological equipment that is used in the process of heat supply, ventilation and hot water supply to consumers (residential and industrial buildings, construction sites, social facilities). The main purpose of heating points is the distribution of thermal energy from the heating network between end consumers.

Advantages of installing heating points in the heat supply system for consumers

Among the advantages of heating points are the following:

• minimizing heat losses
• relatively low operating costs, economical
• ability to select heat supply and heat consumption modes depending on the time of day and season
• silent operation, small dimensions (compared to other heat supply system equipment)
• automation and dispatching of the operation process
• Possibility of custom production

Heating points may have different thermal circuits, types of heat consumption systems and characteristics of the equipment used, which depends on the individual requirements of the Customer. The configuration of the transformer substations is determined based on the technical parameters of the heating network:

• thermal loads on the network
• temperature conditions of cold and hot water
• pressure of heat and water supply systems
• possible pressure loss
• climatic conditions etc.

Types of heating points

The type of heating point required depends on its purpose, the number of heating supply systems, the number of consumers, the method of placement and installation and the functions performed by the point. Depending on the type of heating point, its technological scheme and equipment are selected.

Heating points are of the following types:

• customized thermal ITP points
• central heating points central heating stations
• block heating substations BTP

Open and closed systems of heating points. Dependent and independent connection diagrams for heating points

IN open heating system Water for the operation of the heating point comes directly from heating networks. Water intake can be complete or partial. The volume of water withdrawn for the needs of the heating point is replenished by the flow of water into the heating network. It should be noted that water treatment in such systems is carried out only at the entrance to the heating network. Because of this, the quality of water supplied to the consumer leaves much to be desired.

Open systems, in turn, can be dependent and independent.

IN dependent connection diagram of a heating point to the heating network, the coolant from the heating networks enters directly into the heating system. This system is quite simple, since there is no need to install additional equipment. Although this same feature leads to a significant drawback, namely, the impossibility of regulating the heat supply to the consumer.

Independent heating point connection diagrams are characterized by economic benefits (up to 40%), since heat exchangers of heating points are installed between the equipment of end consumers and the heat source, which regulate the amount of heat supplied. Another undeniable advantage is the improvement in the quality of the supplied water.

Due to energy efficiency independent systems Many heating companies are reconstructing and upgrading their equipment from dependent systems to independent ones.

Closed heating system is completely isolated system and uses circulating water in the pipeline without taking it from heating networks. This system uses water only as a coolant. A coolant leak is possible, but the water is replenished automatically using the make-up regulator.

The amount of coolant in a closed system remains constant, and the production and distribution of heat to the consumer is regulated by the temperature of the coolant. A closed system is characterized high quality water treatment and high energy efficiency.

Methods of providing consumers with thermal energy

Based on the method of providing consumers with thermal energy, a distinction is made between single-stage and multi-stage heating points.

Single stage system characterized by direct connection of consumers to heating networks. The connection point is called the subscriber input. Each heat consuming facility must have its own technological equipment (heaters, elevators, pumps, fittings, instrumentation equipment, etc.).

The disadvantage of a single-stage connection system is the limitation of the permissible maximum pressure in heating networks due to the danger high pressure for heating radiators. In this regard, such systems are mainly used for non- large quantity consumers and for short-length heating networks.

Multistage systems connections are characterized by the presence of thermal points between the heat source and the consumer.

Individual heating points

Individual heating points serve one small consumer (house, small building or building), which is already connected to the central heating system. The task of such an ITP is to provide the consumer with hot water and heating (up to 40 kW). There are large individual items, the power of which can reach 2 MW. Traditionally, ITPs are placed in the basement or technical room of a building, less often they are located in separate rooms. Only the coolant is connected to the IHP and tap water is supplied.

ITPs consist of two circuits: the first circuit is a heating circuit for maintaining a set temperature in a heated room using a temperature sensor; the second circuit is the hot water supply circuit.

Central heating points

Central heating points of central heating stations are used to supply heat to a group of buildings and structures. Central heating stations perform the function of providing consumers with hot water supply, hot water supply and heat. The degree of automation and dispatch of central heating points (only control of parameters or control/management of central heating points parameters) is determined by the Customer and technological needs. TsTP can have both dependent and independent scheme connections to the heating network. With a dependent connection scheme, the coolant at the heating point itself is divided into a heating system and a hot water supply system. In an independent connection scheme, the coolant is heated in the second circuit of the heating point by incoming water from the heating network.

They are delivered to the installation site in full factory readiness. At the site of subsequent operation, only connection to the heating networks and configuration of the equipment is carried out.

The equipment of the central heating point (CHS) includes the following elements:

• heaters (heat exchangers) - sectional, multi-pass, block type, plate - depending on the project, for hot water supply, maintaining the required temperature and water pressure at water points
• circulation utility, fire-fighting, heating and backup pumps
• mixing devices
• thermal and water meter units
• instrumentation and automation instruments
• shut-off and control valves
• membrane expansion tank

Block heating points (modular heating points)

The block (modular) heat station BTP has a block design. The BTP can consist of more than one block (module), often mounted on one integrated frame. Each module is an independent and complete item. At the same time, work regulation is general. Blosnche heating points can have both local system control and regulation, as well as remote control and dispatching.

A block heating point can include both individual heating points and central heating points.

Basic heat supply systems for consumers as part of a heating point

• hot water supply system (open or closed circuit connections)
• heating system (dependent or independent connection diagram)
• ventilation system

Typical connection diagrams for systems in heating points

Typical DHW system connection diagram
Typical heating system connection diagram
Typical connection diagram for a hot water supply and heating system
Typical connection diagram for hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems

The heating point also includes a cold water supply system, but it is not a consumer of thermal energy.

Operating principle of heating points

Thermal energy is supplied to heating points from heat generating enterprises through heating networks - primary main heating networks. Secondary, or distribution, heating networks connect the transformer substation with the end consumer.

Main heating networks usually have a large length, connecting the heat source and the heating point itself, and have a diameter (up to 1400 mm). Often, main heating networks can unite several heat generating enterprises, which increases the reliability of energy supply to consumers.

Before entering the main networks, water undergoes water treatment, which brings the chemical parameters of water (hardness, pH, oxygen content, iron) in accordance with regulatory requirements. This is necessary in order to reduce the level of corrosive influence of water on inner surface pipes

Distribution pipelines have a relatively short length (up to 500 m), connecting the heating point and the end consumer.

The coolant (cold water) flows through the supply pipeline to the heating point, where it passes through the pumps of the cold water supply system. Next, it (the coolant) uses the primary hot water heaters and is supplied to the circulation circuit of the hot water supply system, from where it goes to the end consumer and back to the heating substation, constantly circulating. To maintain the required coolant temperature, it is constantly heated in the second stage DHW heater.

The heating system is the same closed circuit as the hot water supply system. In the event of coolant leaks, its volume is replenished from the heating point make-up system.

Then the coolant enters the return pipeline and goes back to the heat generating enterprise through the main pipelines.

Typical configuration of heating points

To ensure reliable operation of heating points, they are supplied with the following minimum technological equipment:

• two plate heat exchangers (brazed or collapsible) for the heating system and DHW system
• pumping station for pumping coolant to the consumer, namely to the heating devices of a building or structure
• automatic control system for the amount and temperature of the coolant (sensors, controllers, flow meters) to control coolant parameters, take into account thermal loads and regulate flow
• water treatment system
• technological equipment - shut-off valves, check valves, instrumentation, regulators

It should be noted that the supply of technological equipment to a heating point largely depends on the connection diagram of the hot water supply system and the connection diagram of the heating system.

For example, in closed systems heat exchangers, pumps and water treatment equipment are installed for further distribution of coolant between the hot water supply system and the heating system. And in open systems mixing pumps are installed (for mixing hot and cold water in the required proportion) and temperature controllers.

Our specialists provide a full range of services, from design, production, delivery, and ending with installation and commissioning of heating units of various configurations.

The heating point is called a structure that serves to connect local heat consumption systems to heating networks. Heating points are divided into central (CHP) and individual (ITP). Central heating substations are used to supply heat to two or more buildings, and ITPs are used to supply heat to one building. If there is a central heating point in each individual building, it is necessary to install an ITP, which performs only those functions that are not provided for in the central heating point and are necessary for the heat consumption system of a given building. If you have your own heat source (boiler room), the heating point is usually located in the boiler room.

Heating points house equipment, pipelines, fittings, monitoring, control and automation devices, through which the following is carried out:

Conversion of coolant parameters, for example, to reduce the temperature of network water in the design mode from 150 to 95 0 C;

Control of coolant parameters (temperature and pressure);

Regulation of coolant flow and its distribution among heat consumption systems;

Disabling heat consumption systems;

Protection of local systems from emergency increases in coolant parameters (pressure and temperature);

Filling and recharging heat consumption systems;

Accounting for heat flows and coolant costs, etc.

In Fig. 8 is given one of the possible circuit diagrams individual heating point with an elevator for heating the building. The heating system is connected through the elevator if it is necessary to reduce the water temperature for the heating system, for example, from 150 to 95 0 C (in design mode). In this case, the available pressure in front of the elevator, sufficient for its operation, must be at least 12-20 m of water. Art., and the pressure loss does not exceed 1.5 m of water. Art. As a rule, one system or several small systems with similar hydraulic characteristics and with a total load of no more than 0.3 Gcal/h are connected to one elevator. For large required pressures and heat consumption, mixing pumps are used, which are also used to automatically regulate the operation of the heat consumption system.

ITP connection to the heating network is carried out by valve 1. The water is cleared of suspended particles in the sump 2 and enters the elevator. From the elevator, water with a design temperature of 95 0 C is sent to the heating system 5. Water cooled in heating devices is returned to the ITP with a design temperature of 70 0 C. Part return water is used in the elevator, and the rest of the water is purified in the mud tank 2 and enters the return pipeline of the heating network.

Constant flow hot network water provides automatic regulator RR consumption. The PP regulator receives an impulse for regulation from pressure sensors installed on the supply and return pipelines of the ITP, i.e. it reacts to the pressure difference (pressure) of water in the specified pipelines. Water pressure may change due to an increase or decrease in water pressure in the heating network, which is usually associated with open networks c change in water consumption for domestic hot water needs.

For example, if the water pressure increases, then the water flow in the system increases. To avoid overheating of the air in the rooms, the regulator will reduce its flow area, thereby restoring the previous water flow.

The constant water pressure in the return pipeline of the heating system is automatically ensured by the pressure regulator RD. A drop in pressure may be due to water leaks in the system. In this case, the regulator will reduce the flow area, the water flow will decrease by the amount of the leak, and the pressure will be restored.

Water (heat) consumption is measured by a water meter (heat meter) 7. Water pressure and temperature are controlled, respectively, by pressure gauges and thermometers. Valves 1, 4, 6 and 8 are used to turn the substation and heating system on or off.

Depending on the hydraulic features of the heating network and the local heating system, the following can also be installed at the heating point:

A booster pump on the return pipeline of the IHP, if the available pressure in the heating network is insufficient to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the pipelines, ITP equipment and heat consumption systems. If the pressure in the return pipeline is lower than the static pressure in these systems, then the booster pump is installed on the supply pipeline of the ITP;

A booster pump on the ITP supply pipeline, if the network water pressure is insufficient to prevent water from boiling at the upper points of heat consumption systems;

A shut-off valve on the supply pipeline at the inlet and a booster pump with a safety valve on the return pipeline at the outlet, if the pressure in the return pipeline of the IHP may exceed the permissible pressure for the heat consumption system;

A shut-off valve on the supply pipeline at the inlet to the ITP, as well as safety and check valves on the return pipeline at the exit from the ITP, if static pressure in the heating network exceeds the permissible pressure for the heat consumption system, etc.

Figure 8. Diagram of an individual heating point with an elevator for heating a building:

1, 4, 6, 8 - valves; T - thermometers; M - pressure gauges; 2 - mud trap; 3 - elevator; 5 - radiators of the heating system; 7 - water meter (heat meter); PP - flow regulator; RD - pressure regulator

As shown in Fig. 5 and 6, DHW systems are connected in the ITP to the supply and return pipelines through water heaters or directly through a mixing temperature regulator of the TRZh type.

With direct water tapping, water is supplied to the TRW from the supply or from the return or from both pipelines together, depending on the temperature of the return water (Fig. 9). For example, in the summer, when the network water is 70 0 C, and the heating is turned off, in DHW system Only water comes from the supply pipe. The check valve is used to prevent water from flowing from the supply pipeline to the return pipeline in the absence of water intake.

Rice. 9. Diagram of the connection point for the hot water supply system for direct water supply:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - valves; 7 - check valve; 8 - mixing temperature regulator; 9 - water mixture temperature sensor; 15 - water taps; 18 - mud trap; 19 - water meter; 20 - air vent; Ш - fitting; T - thermometer; RD - pressure (pressure) regulator

Rice. 10. Two-stage scheme for sequential connection of DHW water heaters:

1,2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 - valves; 8 - check valve; 16 - circulation pump; 17 - device for selecting a pressure pulse; 18 - mud trap; 19 - water meter; 20 - air vent; T - thermometer; M - pressure gauge; RT - temperature controller with sensor

For residential and public buildings The scheme of two-stage sequential connection of DHW water heaters is also widely used (Fig. 10). In this scheme, tap water is first heated in the first stage heater, and then in the second stage heater. In this case, tap water passes through the heater tubes. In the first stage heater, tap water is heated by return network water, which, after cooling, goes into the return pipeline. In the second stage heater, tap water is heated by hot network water from the supply pipeline. Cooled network water enters the heating system. IN summer period this water is supplied to the return pipeline through a jumper (to the bypass of the heating system).

The flow of hot network water to the second stage heater is controlled by a temperature controller (thermal relay valve) depending on the water temperature behind the second stage heater.

An individual heating point is designed to save heat and regulate supply parameters. This is a complex located in a separate room. Can be used privately or apartment building. ITP (individual heating point), what it is, how it works and functions, let’s take a closer look.

ITP: tasks, functions, purpose

By definition, an IHP is a heating point that heats buildings completely or partially. The complex receives energy from the network (central heating station, central heating point or boiler house) and distributes it to consumers:

• DHW (hot water supply);
• heating;
• ventilation.

At the same time, it is possible to regulate, since the heating mode in the living room, basement, and warehouse is different. The ITP is assigned the following main tasks.

• Heat consumption accounting.
• Protection against accidents, control of parameters for safety.
• Disabling the consumption system.
• Even heat distribution.
• Adjustment of characteristics, control of temperature and other parameters.
• Coolant conversion.

To install ITP, buildings are modernized, which is not cheap, but brings benefits. The item is located in a separate technical or basement, an extension to the house or a separate building located nearby.

Benefits of having an ITP

Significant costs for the creation of an ITP are allowed in connection with the benefits that follow from the presence of a point in the building.

• Cost-effective (in terms of consumption - by 30%).
• Reduce operating costs by up to 60%.
• Heat consumption is controlled and taken into account.
• Optimization of modes reduces losses by up to 15%. The time of day, weekends, and weather are taken into account.
• Heat is distributed according to consumption conditions.
• Consumption can be adjusted.
• The type of coolant is subject to change if necessary.
• Low accident rate, high operational safety.
• Full automation of the process.
• Silence.
• Compactness, dependence of dimensions on load. The item can be placed in the basement.
• Maintenance of heating points does not require numerous personnel.
• Provides comfort.
• The equipment is completed to order.

Controlled heat consumption and the ability to influence performance are attractive in terms of savings and rational resource consumption. Therefore, it is believed that the costs are recouped within an acceptable period.

Types of TP

The difference between TPs is in the number and types of consumption systems. Features of the type of consumer predetermine the design and characteristics of the required equipment. The method of installation and placement of the complex in the room differs. The following types are distinguished.

• ITP for a single building or part thereof, located in the basement, technical room or nearby structure.
• Central heating center - the central heating center serves a group of buildings or objects. Located in one of the basements or a separate building.
• BTP - block heating point. Includes one or more units manufactured and supplied in a factory. It features compact installation and is used to save space. Can perform the function of ITP or TsTP.

Principle of operation

The design scheme depends on the energy source and specific consumption. The most popular is independent, for a closed hot water system. The operating principle of ITP is as follows.

1. The heat carrier arrives at the point through a pipeline, giving the temperature to the heating, hot water and ventilation heaters.
2. The coolant goes into the return pipeline to the heat generating enterprise. Reusable, but some may be used by the consumer.
3. Heat losses are replenished by make-up available in thermal power plants and boiler houses (water treatment).
4. Tap water enters the heating installation, passing through a cold water pump. Part of it goes to the consumer, the rest is heated by the 1st stage heater, sent to the DHW circuit.
5. The DHW pump moves water in a circle, passing through the consumer's TP, and returns with partial flow.
6. The 2nd stage heater operates regularly when the liquid loses heat.

The coolant (in this case, water) moves along the circuit, which is facilitated by 2 circulation pumps. Its leaks are possible, which are replenished by replenishment from the primary heating network.

Schematic diagram

This or that ITP scheme has features that depend on the consumer. A central heat supplier is important. The most common option is a closed hot water system with independent connection heating. A heat carrier enters the TP through a pipeline, is sold when heating water for the systems, and is returned. For return, there is a return pipeline going to the main line to the central point - the heat generation enterprise.

Heating and hot water supply are arranged in the form of circuits through which the coolant moves with the help of pumps. The first is usually designed as a closed cycle with possible leaks replenished from the primary network. And the second circuit is circular, equipped with pumps for hot water supply, supplying water to the consumer for consumption. When heat is lost, heating is carried out by the second heating stage.

ITP for different consumption purposes

Being equipped for heating, the IHP has an independent circuit in which a plate heat exchanger with 100% load is installed. Pressure loss is prevented by installing a double pump. Make-up is carried out from the return pipeline in the heating networks. Additionally, the TP is equipped with metering devices, a DHW unit if other necessary components are available.


ITP intended for hot water supply is an independent circuit. In addition, it is parallel and single-stage, equipped with two plate heat exchangers loaded at 50%. There are pumps that compensate for the decrease in pressure, and metering devices. The presence of other nodes is assumed. Such heat points operate according to an independent scheme.

This is interesting! The principle of implementation of district heating for heating system can be based on a plate heat exchanger with 100% load. And the DHW has a two-stage circuit with two similar devices, each loaded by 1/2. Pumps for various purposes compensate for the decreasing pressure and recharge the system from the pipeline.

For ventilation, a plate heat exchanger with 100% load is used. DHW is provided to two such devices loaded at 50%. Through the operation of several pumps, the pressure level is compensated and replenishment is provided. Addition - accounting device.

Installation steps

During installation, the TP of a building or facility undergoes a step-by-step procedure. Only one desire of the residents in apartment building not enough.

• Obtaining consent from the owners of premises in a residential building.
• Application to heat supply companies for design in a specific house, development of technical specifications.
• Issuance of technical specifications.
• Inspection of a residential or other facility for the project, determining the presence and condition of equipment.
• The automatic TP will be designed, developed and approved.
• An agreement is concluded.
• The ITP project for a residential building or other facility is being implemented and tests are being carried out.

Attention! All stages can be completed in a couple of months. The responsibility is entrusted to the responsible specialized organization. To be successful, a company must be well established.

Operational safety

The automatic heating point is serviced by properly qualified workers. The staff is introduced to the rules. There are also prohibitions: the automation does not start if there is no water in the system, pumps are not turned on if the shut-off valves at the inlet are closed.
Requires control:

• pressure parameters;
• noises;
• vibration level;
• engine heating.

The control valve must not be subjected to excessive force. If the system is under pressure, the regulators are not disassembled. Before starting, the pipelines are flushed.

Permission to use

The operation of AITP complexes (automated ITP) requires obtaining permission, for which documentation is provided to Energonadzor. These are technical connection conditions and a certificate of their implementation. Needed:

• agreed upon design documentation;
• act of responsibility for operation, balance of ownership from the parties;
• act of readiness;
• heating points must have a passport with heat supply parameters;
• readiness of the thermal energy metering device - document;
• certificate of existence of an agreement with the energy company for the provision of heat supply;
• work acceptance certificate from the installation company;
• An order appointing someone responsible for the maintenance, serviceability, repair and safety of the ATP (automated heating point);
• list of persons responsible for maintenance of AITP installations and their repair;
• a copy of the welder’s qualification document, certificates for electrodes and pipes;
• acts on other actions, as-built diagram of an automated heating point facility, including pipelines, fittings;
• certificate for pressure testing, flushing of heating, hot water supply, which includes an automated point;
• briefing

An admission certificate is drawn up, logs are kept: operational, on instructions, issuance of work orders, detection of defects.

ITP of an apartment building

An automated individual heating point in a multi-storey residential building transports heat from central heating stations, boiler houses or combined heat and power plants (CHP) to heating, hot water supply and ventilation. Such innovations (automatic heating point) save up to 40% or more of thermal energy.

Attention! The system uses a source - the heating networks to which it is connected. The need for coordination with these organizations.

A lot of data is required to calculate modes, loads and savings results for payments in housing and communal services. Without this information, the project will not be completed. Without approval, the ITP will not issue permission to operate. Residents receive the following benefits.

• Greater accuracy of temperature maintenance devices.
• Heating is carried out with a calculation that includes the state of the outside air.
• The amounts for services on housing and communal services bills are being reduced.
• Automation simplifies facility maintenance.
• Reduced repair costs and personnel numbers.
• Finances are saved on the consumption of thermal energy from a centralized supplier (boiler houses, combined heat and power plants, central heating stations).

Bottom line: how the savings happen

The heating point of the heating system is equipped with a metering unit upon commissioning, which is a guarantee of savings. Heat consumption readings are taken from the devices. Accounting itself does not reduce costs. The source of savings is the possibility of changing modes and the absence of overestimation of indicators by energy supply companies, their exact definition. It will be impossible to attribute additional costs, leakages, and expenses to such a consumer. Payback occurs within 5 months, as an average, with savings of up to 30%.

The supply of coolant from a centralized supplier - the heating main - is automated. Installation of a modern heating and ventilation unit allows you to take into account seasonal and daily temperature changes during operation. Correction mode is automatic. Heat consumption is reduced by 30% with a payback period of 2 to 5 years.

An automated heating point is an important component in the heating system. It is thanks to it that heat from central networks enters residential buildings. There are individual heating points (ITP), serving apartment buildings and central ones. From the latter, heat flows to entire microdistricts, villages or various groups of objects. In the article we will dwell in detail on the principle of operation of heating points, tell how they are installed, and dwell on the subtleties in the functioning of the devices.

How does an automated central heating unit work?

What do heating points do? First of all, they receive electricity from the central network and distribute it among facilities. As noted above, there is an automated central heating point, the principle of which is to distribute thermal energy in the required ratio. This is necessary to ensure that all objects receive water. optimal temperature with enough pressure. As for individual heating points, they, first of all, rationally distribute heat between apartments in apartment buildings.

Why do we need ITP if the heat supply system already provides for district heating units? If we consider MKD, where there are quite a lot of users utilities, low pressure and low temperature water in them is not uncommon. Individual heating points successfully solve these problems. To ensure the comfort of residents of the apartment complex, heat exchangers, additional pumps and other equipment are installed.

The central network is the source of water supply. It is from there, through an inlet pipeline with a steel valve, that hot water flows under a certain pressure. The inlet water pressure is much higher than necessary internal system. In this regard, a special device must be installed at the heating point - a pressure regulator. To ensure that the consumer receives clean water optimal temperature and with the required level of pressure, heating points are equipped with all kinds of devices:

• automation and temperature sensors;
• pressure gauges and thermometers;
• actuators and control valves;
• pumps with frequency regulation;
• safety valves.

The automated central heating unit operates according to similar scheme. Central heating stations can be equipped with the most powerful equipment, additional regulators and pumps, which is explained by the volumes of energy they process. The automated central heating unit should also include modern automatic control and regulation systems for efficient heat supply to facilities.

The heating station passes the treated water through itself, after which it again goes into the system, but along the path of another pipeline. Automated systems of heating points with competent installed equipment heat is supplied stably, there are no emergency situations, and energy consumption becomes more efficient.

Heat sources for TP are enterprises that generate heat. We are talking about thermal power plants and boiler houses. Heating points are connected to sources and consumers of heat energy using heating networks. They, in turn, are primary (main), which unite TPs and enterprises that generate heat, and secondary (distribution), which unite heating points and end consumers. The heat input is a section of the heating network that connects heating points and main heating networks.

Heating points include a number of systems through which users receive heat energy.

• DHW system. It is necessary for subscribers to receive hot tap water. Often, consumers use heat from the hot water supply system to partially heat rooms, for example, bathrooms in apartment buildings.
• Heating system needed to heat rooms and maintain a given temperature in them. Connection diagrams for heating systems can be dependent or independent.
• Ventilation system required to heat the air that enters the ventilation of objects from the outside. The system can also be used to connect dependent heating systems of users to each other.
• HVS system. It is not part of systems that consume heat energy. Moreover, the system is available in all heating points that serve apartment buildings. The cold water supply system exists to provide the required level of pressure in the water supply system.

The layout of an automated heating point depends both on the characteristics of the heat energy users served by the heating point, and on the characteristics of the source that supplies the heating station with thermal energy. The most common is an automated heating point, which has a closed hot water supply system and an independent connection circuit for the heating system.

The heat carrier (for example, water from temperature chart 150/70), entering the heating point through the heat input supply pipe, gives off heat in the heaters of hot water supply systems, where the temperature curve is 60/40, and heating systems with a temperature curve of 95/70, and also enters the users’ ventilation system. Next, the coolant returns to the return pipeline of the heat input and is sent through the main networks back to the heat generating enterprise, where it is used again. A certain percentage of the thermal fluid can be consumed by the consumer. To make up for losses in the primary heating networks at boiler houses and thermal power plants, specialists use make-up systems, the sources of heat carrier for which are the water treatment systems of these enterprises.

Tap water entering the heating point bypasses the cold water pumps. After the pumps, consumers receive a certain share of cold water, and the other part is heated by the first stage DHW heater. Next, the water is sent to the circulation circuit of the DHW system.

Circulators operate in the circulation circuit DHW pumps, which make water move in a circle: from heating points to users and back. Users take water from the circuit when necessary. During circulation through the circuit, the water gradually cools, and in order for its temperature to always be optimal, it needs to be constantly heated in the second stage DHW heater.

The heating system is a closed loop through which the coolant moves from heating points to the heating system of buildings and in the opposite direction. This movement is facilitated by heating circulation pumps. Over time, coolant leaks from the heating system circuit cannot be ruled out. To make up for losses, specialists use a heating point replenishment system, in which they use primary heating networks as sources of heat carrier.

What are the advantages of an automated heating point?

• The length of heating network pipes as a whole is reduced by half.
• Financial investments in heating networks and costs for materials for construction and thermal insulation are reduced by 20–25%.
• Electrical energy for pumping coolant requires 20–40% less.
• Up to 15% savings in thermal energy for heating are observed, since the supply of heat to a specific subscriber is regulated automatically.
• The loss of thermal energy during transportation of hot water is reduced by 2 times.
• Network breakdowns are significantly reduced, especially due to the exclusion of DHW pipes from the heating network.
• Since the operation of automated heating units does not require continuously staffed personnel, there is no need to attract a large number of qualified specialists.
• Maintaining comfortable living conditions by monitoring the parameters of thermal media occurs automatically. In particular, the temperature and pressure of network water, water in the heating system, water from the water supply system, as well as air in heated rooms are maintained.
• Each building pays for the heat it actually consumes. It is convenient to keep track of used resources thanks to counters.
• It is possible to save heat, and thanks to full factory execution, installation costs are reduced.

Expert opinion

Benefits of automatic heat supply control

K. E. Loginova,

Enerdgy Transfer specialist

Almost any centralized heating system has a main problem associated with setting up and adjusting the hydraulic mode. If you do not pay attention to these options, the room either does not heat up completely or overheats. To solve the problem, you can use an automated individual heating point (AITP), which provides the user with heat energy in the quantity required.

An automated individual heating point limits the consumption of network water in the heating systems of users located next to the central heating point. Thanks to AITP, this network water is redistributed to remote consumers. In addition, due to AITP, energy is consumed in the optimal amount, and the temperature in the apartments always remains comfortable, regardless of weather conditions.

An automated individual heating point makes it possible to reduce the amount of payment for heat and hot water consumption by about 25%. If the temperature outside exceeds minus 3 degrees, owners of apartments in apartment buildings begin to face overpayment for heating. Only thanks to AITP, thermal energy is consumed in the house in the amount needed to maintain a comfortable environment. It is in this regard that many “cold” houses install automated individual heating units in order to avoid low, uncomfortable temperatures.

The figure shows how the two dormitory buildings consume heat energy. An automated individual heating point is installed in building 1, but there is none in building 2.

Thermal energy consumption of two dormitory buildings with AITP (building 1) and without it (building 2)

AITP is installed at the input of the building's heat supply system, in the basement. Heat generation is not a function of heating points, unlike boiler houses. Heating points operate with a heated coolant supplied by a centralized heating network.

It is worth noting that AITP uses frequency control pumps Thanks to the system, the equipment operates more reliably, failures and water hammers do not occur, and the level of consumption electrical energy decreases significantly.

What do automated heating points include? Savings in water and heat in the AITP are achieved due to the fact that the parameters of the coolant in the heat supply system quickly change taking into account changing weather conditions or the consumption of a certain service, for example, hot water. This is achieved by using compact, cost-effective equipment. In this case we are talking about low-noise circulation pumps, compact heat exchangers, modern electronic devices for automatically adjusting the supply and metering of thermal energy and other auxiliary elements (photo).

Main and auxiliary elements of AITP:

1 - control panel; 2 - storage tank; 3 - pressure gauge; 4 - bimetallic thermometer; 5 - manifold of the heating system supply pipeline; 6 - collector of the return pipeline of the heating system; 7 - heat exchanger; 8 - circulation pumps; 9 - pressure sensor; 10 - mechanical filter

Maintenance of automated heating points must be carried out every day, every week, once a month or once a year. It all depends on the regulations.

As part of daily maintenance, the equipment and components of the heating station are carefully inspected, identifying problems and promptly eliminating them; control how the heating system and hot water supply work; check if the readings are correct control devices regime cards, reflect the operating parameters in the AITP log.

Servicing automated heating points once a week involves carrying out certain activities. In particular, specialists inspect measuring and automatic control devices, identifying possible problems; check how the automation works, look at backup power, bearings, shut-off and control valves of pumping equipment, oil level in thermometer sleeves; clean pump equipment.

As part of monthly maintenance, specialists check how pumping equipment works, simulating accidents; check how the pumps are secured, the condition of the electric motors, contactors, magnetic starters, contacts and fuses; they blow and check pressure gauges, control the automation of heat supply units for heating and hot water supply, test operation in different modes, control the heating make-up unit, take readings of thermal energy consumption from the meter in order to transfer them to the organization supplying heat.

Maintenance of automated heating points once a year involves their inspection and diagnostics. Specialists check exposed electrical wiring, fuses, insulation, grounding, and circuit breakers; inspect and change the thermal insulation of pipelines and water heaters, lubricate bearings of electric motors, pumps, gears, control valves, pressure gauge sleeves; check how tight the connections and pipelines are; look at bolted connections, the heating station is equipped with equipment, broken components are replaced, the sump tank is washed, strainers are cleaned or replaced, the hot water heating surfaces and heating systems are cleaned, pressure testing is performed; hand over an automated individual heating unit prepared for the season, drawing up a statement of suitability for its use in the winter.

The main equipment can be used for 5–7 years. After this period, it is fulfilled major renovation or change some elements. The main parts of the AITP do not require verification. It is subject to instrumentation, metering units, and sensors. Verification is usually carried out every 3 years.

On average, the market price of a control valve is from 50 to 75 thousand rubles, a pump - from 30 to 100 thousand rubles, a heat exchanger - from 70 to 250 thousand rubles, thermal automation - from 75 to 200 thousand rubles.

Automated block heating units

Automated block heat substations, or BTPs, are manufactured in factories. For installation work they are supplied in ready-made blocks. To create a heating point of this type one block or several can be used. Modular equipment is mounted compactly, usually on one frame. As a rule, it is used to save space if the conditions are quite cramped.

Automated block heating units simplify the solution of even complex economic and production problems. If we are talking about a sector of the economy, the following points should be touched upon:

• equipment begins to work more reliably, accordingly, accidents occur less frequently, and less money is required for liquidation;
• regulate heating network succeeds as accurately as possible;
• water treatment costs are reduced;
• repair areas are reduced;
• A high degree of archiving and dispatching can be achieved.

In the areas of housing and communal services, municipal unitary enterprises, management organizations (management organizations):

• Fewer service personnel are required;
• payment for heat energy used is carried out without financial costs;
• losses for recharging the system are reduced;
• free space is released;
• it is possible to achieve durability and a high level of maintainability;
• managing the heat load becomes more comfortable and easier;
• no constant operator or plumbing intervention in the operation of the heating unit is required.

Concerning design organizations, here we can talk about:

• strict compliance with technical specifications;
• wide choice of circuit solutions;
• high level automation;
• large selection engineering equipment for completing heating points;
• high energy efficiency.

For companies operating in the industrial sector, this is:

• redundancy to a high degree, which is especially important if technological processes are carried out continuously;
• strict adherence to high-tech processes and their accounting;
• the ability to use condensate, if available, process steam;
• temperature control in workshops;
• adjustment of hot water supply and steam;
• reduction in recharge, etc.

Most facilities typically have shell-and-tube heat exchangers and hydraulic direct pressure regulators. Most often the resources are of this equipment have already been exhausted, in addition, it operates in modes that do not correspond to the calculated ones. The last point is due to the fact that heat loads are now being maintained at a level significantly lower than provided for by the project. The control equipment has its own functions, which, however, in the event of significant deviations from the design mode, it does not perform.

If automated systems heating points are subject to reconstruction, it is better to use modern compact equipment that allows you to operate automatically and save about 30% of energy in comparison with the equipment that was used in the 60–70s. IN this moment Heating points are equipped, as a rule, with an independent connection diagram for heating systems and hot water supply, the basis for which are collapsible plate heat exchangers.

To control thermal processes, specialized controllers and electronic regulators are usually used. The weight and dimensions of modern plate heat exchangers are significantly smaller than shell-and-tube heat exchangers with the corresponding power. Plate heat exchangers are compact and lightweight, which means they are easy to install, easy to maintain and repair.

Important!

The basis for the calculation of plate-type heat exchangers is a system of criterion controls. Before calculating the heat exchanger, the optimal distribution of the DHW load between the stages of the heaters and the temperature regime of all stages separately are carried out, taking into account the method of adjusting the heat supply from heat source and connection diagrams for DHW heaters.

Individual automated heating point

ITP is a whole complex of devices, which is located in a separate room and consists, among other things, of heating equipment elements. Thanks to individual ATP, these installations are connected to the heating network, transformed, heat consumption modes are controlled, operability is ensured, distribution is carried out according to types of heat carrier consumption, and its parameters are adjusted.

A thermal installation serving an object or its individual parts is an ITP, or individual heating point. The installation is necessary to supply domestic hot water, ventilation and heat to houses, housing and communal services facilities and industrial complexes. For the ITP to work, it is necessary to connect it to the water, heat and electricity supply system in order to activate the circulation pumping equipment.

Small-sized ITP can be successfully used in a single-family home. This option is also suitable for small buildings directly connected to the centralized heating network. Equipment of this type is designed to heat rooms and heat water. Large-sized ITPs with a capacity of 50 kW–2 MW serve large or multi-apartment buildings.

Classic scheme of an automated heating point individual type consists of the following nodes:

• heating network input;
• counter;
• connection of the ventilation system;
• heating connection;
• DHW connection;
• coordination of pressures between heat consumption and heat supply systems;
• replenishment of heating and ventilation systems connected according to an independent circuit.

When developing a TP project, it should be remembered that the required components are:

• counter;
• pressure matching;
• heating network input.

The heating unit can be equipped with other components. Their number is determined design solution in each individual case.

Permission to operate ITP

To prepare ITP for use in MKD, the following documentation must be submitted to Energonadzor:

• Technical conditions for connection that are currently in effect, and a certificate that they have been met. The certificate is issued by the energy supply company.
• Project documents containing all the necessary approvals.
• An act on the responsibility of the parties for the use and division of balance sheet assets, which was drawn up by the consumer and a representative of the energy supply company.
• An act stating that the subscriber branch of the TP is ready for permanent or temporary use.
• Passport of an individual heating point, which briefly lists the characteristics of heat supply systems.
• Certificate stating that the heat energy meter is ready for operation.
• Certificate that a contract for the supply of thermal energy has been concluded with the energy supply company.
• Certificate of acceptance of work performed between the user and the installation company. The document must indicate the license number and the date it was issued.
• Order on the appointment of a responsible specialist for the safe use and normal technical condition of heating networks and heating installations.
• A list that reflects operational and operational-repair responsible persons for servicing heating networks and heating installations.
• A copy of the welder's certificate.
• Certificates for pipelines and electrodes used in work.
• Acts for carrying out hidden work, an executive diagram of a heating point, where the numbering of the fittings is indicated, as well as diagrams shut-off valves and pipelines.
• Certificate for flushing and pressure testing of systems (heating networks, heating, hot water supply).
• Job Descriptions, as well as safety instructions and rules of conduct in case of fire.
• Operating Instructions.
• An act stating that networks and installations are approved for use.
• Journal of instrumentation and automation, issuance of work permits, operational recording of defects discovered during the inspection of installations and networks, inspection of buildings and instructions.
• Order from heating networks for connection.

Specialists servicing automated heating points must have appropriate qualifications. In addition, responsible persons are required to immediately familiarize themselves with technical documents that indicate how to use the TP.

Types of ITP

Scheme ITP for heating independent. In accordance with it, a plate heat exchanger is installed, designed for one hundred percent load. There is also provision for the installation of a double pump, which compensates for pressure level losses. The heating system is fed by the return pipeline of the heating network. A TP of this type can be equipped with a DHW unit, a meter and other necessary components and blocks.

Scheme of an automated heating point individual type for DHW also independent. It can be parallel or single-stage. Such an IHP contains 2 plate heat exchangers, and each must operate at 50% load. The heating unit also includes a group of pumps that are designed to compensate for the drop in pressure. A heating system unit, a meter and other blocks and components are also sometimes installed in the TP.

ITP for heating and hot water supply. The organization of an automated heating point in this case is organized according to an independent scheme. The heating system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger designed for 100% load. The DHW circuit is two-stage, independent. It has two plate heat exchangers. To compensate for the decrease in pressure level, the automated heating point scheme involves installing a group of pumps. To recharge the heating system, appropriate pumping equipment is provided from the return pipeline of the heating networks. DHW is fed by the cold water system.

In addition, the ITP (individual heating point) has a meter.

ITP for heating, hot water supply and ventilation. The thermal installation is connected according to an independent circuit. For the heating and ventilation system, a plate heat exchanger is used that can withstand a load of 100%. DHW scheme can be designated as single-stage, independent and parallel. It has two plate heat exchangers, each designed for a 50% load.

The decrease in pressure level is compensated by a group of pumps. The heating system is fed by the return pipeline of the heating network. DHW is fed from cold water supply. ITP in MKD can be additionally equipped with a meter.

Calculation of building thermal loads to select equipment for an automated heating point

Thermal load for heating is the amount of heat that is given off by all heating devices installed in a house or on the territory of another facility. Please note that before installing all technical equipment, you must carefully calculate everything in order to protect yourself from unforeseen situations and unnecessary financial expenses. If you correctly calculate the thermal loads on the heating system, you can achieve efficient and uninterrupted operation of the heating system of a residential building or other building. The calculation facilitates the prompt implementation of absolutely all tasks related to heat supply and ensuring their operation in accordance with the requirements and standards of SNiP.

The total thermal load on a modern heating system includes certain load parameters:

• to a common central heating system;
• for an underfloor heating system (if there is one in the room) - underfloor heating;
• ventilation system (natural and forced);
• DHW system;
• for various technological needs: swimming pools, baths and other similar structures.

• Type and purpose of buildings. When making calculations, it is important to take into account what type of property it is - an apartment, an administrative building or a non-residential building. In addition, the type of building affects the load rate, which, in turn, is determined by the organizations supplying heat. The amount of payment for heating services also depends on this.
• Architectural component. When making calculations, it is important to know the dimensions of various external structures, which include walls, floors, roofs and other fences; the scale of openings - balconies, loggias, windows and doors. They also take into account how many floors there are in the building, whether it has basements or attics, and what features they have.
• Temperature for all objects in the building, taking into account the requirements. Here we're talking about about temperature conditions for all rooms in a residential building or areas of an administrative building.
• Design and features of fencing outside, including the type of materials, thickness and presence of layers for insulation.
• Purpose of the object. Typically applied to production facilities where certain temperature conditions are expected to be created in a workshop or area.
• Availability and characteristics of premises special purpose (we are talking about swimming pools, saunas and other objects).
• Maintenance level(is there hot water supply, ventilation systems and air conditioning in the room, what kind of central heating is there).
• Total number of points from which hot water is drawn. This parameter is worth looking at first. The more intake points, the more heat load falls on the entire heating system.
• The number of residents of the house or people staying on the premises. The indicator affects the requirements for temperature and humidity. These parameters are factors that are included in the formula for calculating the thermal load.
• Other indicators. If we are talking about an industrial facility, the number of shifts, workers per shift and working days per year is important here. In relation to private households, it is important how many residents there are, the number of bathrooms, rooms, etc.

Methods for determining thermal loads

1. Enlarged calculation method for the heating system are used in the absence of information about projects or inconsistency of such information with real indicators. The enlarged calculation of the thermal load of the heating system is made using a fairly simple formula:

Qmax from. = α*V*q0*(tв-tн.р.)*10 – 6,

where α is a correction factor that takes into account the climate in the region in which the object is located (it is used if the calculated temperature differs from minus 30 degrees); q0 is specific characteristic heating system, which is selected depending on the temperature of the coldest week of the year; V is the external volume of the building.

2. Within the framework of a complex thermotechnical method surveys must thermograph all structures - walls, doors, ceilings, windows. It should be noted that thanks to such procedures it is possible to determine and record factors that significantly influence heat losses at the facility.

The results of thermal imaging diagnostics will allow you to get an idea of ​​the real temperature difference when a certain amount of heat passes through 1 m2 of fencing structures. In addition, this makes it possible to find out about the consumption of thermal energy in the event of a certain temperature difference.

When calculating Special attention pay attention to practical measurements, which are an integral part of the work. Thanks to them, you can find out about the thermal load and heat losses that will occur at a specific facility over a certain period. Thanks to practical calculations, they receive information about indicators that are not covered by theory, or more precisely, they learn about the “bottlenecks” of each of the structures.

Installation of an automated heating point

Suppose, within general meeting The owners of premises in an apartment building decided that the organization of an automated heating unit was still needed. Today, such equipment is presented in a wide range, but not every automated heating unit may be suitable for your household.

This is interesting!

99% of users have no idea that the main thing is the initial feasibility study in the MKD. Only after the examination you need to select an automated individual heating unit, consisting either of blocks and modules directly from the factory, or assemble the equipment in the basement of your house, using separate spare parts.

AITP produced at the factory are easier and faster to install. All that is required is to fasten the modular blocks to the flanges and then connect the device to the outlet. In this regard, most installation companies give preference to such automated heating points.

If an automated heating unit is assembled at a factory, the price is always higher, but this is compensated good quality. Automated heating units are produced by factories of two categories. The first includes large enterprises where serial assembly of heating substations is carried out, the second includes medium- and large-scale companies that manufacture heating substations from blocks in accordance with individual projects.

Only a few companies in Russia are engaged in serial production of automated heating points. Such TPs are assembled of very high quality, from reliable parts. However, mass production also has a significant drawback - the impossibility of changing overall dimensions blocks. Replacing one spare parts manufacturer with another is impossible. Technology system An automated heating point is also not changeable, and it cannot be adapted to your needs.

The automated block heating units for which they are being developed do not have these disadvantages. individual projects. Such heating points are produced in every metropolis. However, there are risks here. In particular, you may encounter an unscrupulous manufacturer who assembles the TP, roughly speaking, “in the garage,” or you may stumble upon design errors.

During the dismantling of door openings and reconstruction of walls, there is often an increase in installation work by 2–3 times. At the same time, no one can guarantee that manufacturers did not accidentally make a mistake when measuring openings and sent the correct dimensions to production.

Organization of an automated heating point prefabricated type always possible in the house, even if there is a lack of space in the basement. Such a TP may include blocks similar to factory ones. An automated heating point, the price of which is much lower, also has disadvantages.

Factories always cooperate with trusted suppliers and purchase spare parts from them. In addition, there is a factory warranty. Automated block heating units undergo a pressure testing procedure, that is, they are immediately checked for leaks even in the factory. High quality paint is used to paint their pipes.

Monitoring teams of workers performing installation is a rather complex undertaking. Where and how are pressure gauges purchased? Ball Valves? These parts are successfully counterfeited in Asian countries, and if these components are inexpensive, it is only because low-quality steel was used in their manufacture. In addition, you need to look at the welds and their quality. UK apartment buildings, as a rule, do not have the necessary equipment. You should definitely demand installation guarantees from contractors, and, of course, it is better to cooperate with time-tested companies. Specialized enterprises always have the necessary equipment in stock. These organizations have ultrasonic and x-ray flaw detectors.

The installation company must be a member of the SRO. The amount of insurance payments is no less important. Saving on insurance premiums is not a distinctive feature of large enterprises, since it is important for them to advertise their services and be sure that the client is calm. You should definitely look at how much authorized capital at the installation company. The minimum amount is 10 thousand rubles. If you come across an organization with approximately this kind of capital, most likely you have stumbled upon covens.

Key technical solutions used in AITP can be divided into two groups:

• the connection diagram with the heating network is independent - in this case, the coolant of the heating circuit in the house is separated from the heating network by a boiler (heat exchanger) and circulates in a closed cycle directly inside the facility;
• The connection diagram with the heating network is dependent - the heat carrier of the district heating network is used in heating radiators of several objects.

The figures below show the most common connection diagrams for heating networks and heating points.

For independent connection schemes, plate or shell-and-tube heat exchange units are used. They are different types, with its pros and cons. In dependent connection schemes with the heating network, mixing units or elevators with a controlled nozzle are used. If we talk about the most optimal option, these are automated heating points, the connection scheme of which is dependent. Such an automated heating point, the price of which is significantly lower, is more reliable. The service of automated heating points of this type can also be called high-quality.

Alas, if it is necessary to organize heat supply in facilities with many floors, they use exclusively an independent connection scheme to comply with the relevant technological rules.

There are many ways to assemble an automated heating unit for a specific facility using high-quality spare parts produced by global or domestic manufacturers. Management companies are forced to rely on designers, but they are usually affiliated with a specific TP manufacturer or installation company.

Expert opinion

Russia lacks energy service companies - consumer advocates

A. I. Markelov,

General Director of Energy Transfer Company

There is currently no balance in the market for heat-saving technologies. There is no mechanism through which the consumer can competently and competently choose specialists in design, installation, as well as companies producing AITP. All this leads to the fact that the organization of an automated heating point does not bring the desired results.

As a rule, during the installation of AITP, adjustment (hydraulic balancing) of the heating system of the facility is not performed. However, it is needed because the quality of heating in the entrances varies. It can be very cold in one entrance of the house, hot in another.

When installing an automated heating substation, you can use facade regulation, when the adjustment of one side of the MKD does not depend on the other. Thanks to all these procedures, installation of AITP becomes more efficient.

Developed European countries are quite successful in using energy services. Energy service companies exist to protect the interests of consumers. Thanks to them, users never have to deal directly with sellers. In the absence of savings sufficient to cover the costs, the energy service company may face bankruptcy, since its profit depends on the user's savings.

We can only hope that adequate legal mechanisms will appear in Russia, through which it will be possible to achieve savings when paying for utility bills.

Central heating point (later central heating point) is one of the elements of the heating network located in urban settlements. It acts as a link between the main network and heat distribution networks that go directly to consumers of thermal energy (residential buildings, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.).

Typically, central heating points are located in separate buildings and serve several consumers. These are the so-called quarterly central heating centers. But sometimes such points are located in the technical (attic) or basement of a building and are intended to serve only this building. Such heating points are called individual heating points (ITP).

The main tasks of heating points are the distribution of coolant and the protection of heating networks from water hammer and leaks. Also in the TP the temperature and pressure of the coolant are controlled and regulated. The temperature of the water entering the heating devices must be adjusted relative to the outside air temperature. That is, the colder it is outside, the higher the temperature supplied to the heating distribution networks.

Features of the operation of central heating stations, installation of heating points

Central heating points can operate according to a dependent scheme, when the coolant from the main network flows directly to consumers. In this case, the central heating station acts as a distribution unit - the coolant is divided for the hot water supply system (DHW) and the heating system. But the quality of hot water flowing from our taps with a dependent connection scheme often causes complaints from consumers.

In independent operating mode, the building The central heating station is equipped special heaters - boilers. In this case, superheated water (from the main pipeline) heats the water passing through the secondary circuit, which subsequently goes to consumers.

The dependent scheme is economically beneficial for thermal power plants. It does not require the constant presence of personnel in the central heating center building. With this scheme, they are mounted automatic systems, which allow you to remotely control the equipment of central heating points and regulate the main parameters of the coolant (temperature, pressure).

Central heating stations are equipped with various devices and units. Shut-off and control valves, hot water pumps and heating pumps, control and automation devices (temperature regulators, pressure regulators), water-water heaters and other devices.

In addition to working heating and hot water pumps, backup pumps must be present. The operation scheme of all equipment in the central heating center is thought out in such a way that work does not stop even in emergency situations. In the event of a prolonged power outage or in the event of an emergency, residents will not be left without hot water and heating for long. In this case, emergency coolant supply lines will be activated.

Only qualified workers are allowed to service equipment directly connected to heating networks.

The block-type central heating point will have reliable equipment. The reason and differences from the notorious TsTP? Thermal units from a Western manufacturer have almost no spare elements. As a rule, such heating points are equipped with soldered heat exchangers, which are at least one and a half, or even two times cheaper than collapsible ones. But it is important to say that thermal central points of this type will have a relatively small mass and dimensions. ITP elements are cleaned chemically - in fact, this main reason, according to which such heat exchangers can last about a decade.

Main stages of central heating station design

An integral part of the capital construction or reconstruction of a central heating unit is its design. It refers to complex step-by-step actions aimed at calculating and creating an accurate diagram of a heating point, obtaining the necessary approvals from supplying organization. Also, the design of a central heating station includes consideration of all issues directly related to the configuration, operation and maintenance of equipment for a heating substation.

At the initial stage of designing a central heating station, the necessary information is collected, which is subsequently necessary to carry out calculations of equipment parameters. To do this, first determine the total length of pipeline communications. This information is of particular value to the designer. In addition, the collection of information includes information about the temperature conditions of the building. This information is subsequently necessary for correct settings equipment.

When designing central heating stations, it is necessary to indicate safety measures for the operation of equipment. To do this, you need information about the structure of the entire building - the location of the premises, their area and other necessary information.

Coordination with the relevant authorities.

All documents that include the design of a central heating point must be agreed upon with municipal operating authorities. To quickly obtain a positive result, it is important to correctly draw up all project documentation. Since the implementation of the project and the construction of a central heating point is carried out only after the approval procedure is completed. Otherwise, the project will need to be revised.

The documentation for the design of the central heating station, in addition to the project itself, must contain an explanatory note. It contains the necessary information and valuable instructions for installers who will install the central heating unit. The explanatory note indicates the order of work, their sequence and the necessary tools for installation.

Drawing up an explanatory note - The final stage. This document ends the design of the central heating station. In their work, installers must follow the instructions set out in the explanatory note.

With a careful approach to the development of a central heating station project and the correct calculation of the necessary parameters and operating modes, it is possible to achieve safe operation of the equipment and its long-term trouble-free operation. Therefore, it is important to consider not only the nominal values, but also the power reserve.

This is extremely important aspect, since it is the power reserve that will keep the heat supply point in working order after an accident or a sudden overload. The normal functioning of a heating point directly depends on correctly drawn up documents.

Installation manual for central heating unit

Besides the drafting a central heating point The design documentation must also contain an explanatory note that contains instructions for installers on the use of various technologies when installing a heating unit; this document indicates the sequence of work, the type of tools, etc.

An explanatory note is a document, the drafting of which ends the design of a central heating substation, and which must be followed by installers when installation work. Strict adherence to the recommendations written in this important document will guarantee the normal functioning of the equipment of the central heating unit in accordance with the intended design characteristics.

The design of central heating stations also includes the development of instructions for routine and service maintenance. central heating equipment. Careful development of this part of the design documentation allows you to extend the life of the equipment, as well as increase the safety of its use.

Central heating point - installation

When installing a central heating substation, certain stages of the work performed remain constant. The first step is to draw up a project. It takes into account the main features of the operation of the central heating station, such as the amount of area served, the distance for laying pipes, and, accordingly, the minimum capacity of the future boiler house. Afterwards, an in-depth analysis of the project and the product supplied with it is carried out. technical documentation to exclude everyone possible errors and inaccuracies to ensure the normal functionality of the installed central heating stations for a long time. An estimate is drawn up, then all the necessary equipment is purchased. The next step is the installation of the heating main. It directly includes the laying of the pipeline and installation of equipment.

What is a heating point?

Heating point- this is a special room where a complex of technical devices that are elements of thermal power plants is located. Thanks to these elements, the connection of power plants to the heating network, operability, and controllability are ensured different modes heat consumption, regulation, transformation of coolant parameters, as well as distribution of coolant according to types of consumption.

An individual - only a heating point, unlike a central one, can also be installed in a cottage. Please note that such heating points do not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel. Once again, it compares favorably with the central heating point. And in general, ITP maintenance, in fact, consists only of checking for leaks. The heat exchanger of the heating point is capable of independently cleaning itself from the scale that appears here - this is the merit of the lightning-fast temperature drop during the analysis of hot water.