Monarda is a beautiful perennial herbaceous plant. Thanks to its attractive appearance, as well as its unpretentiousness, the flower is loved by gardeners and is found in flower beds and small fragrant gardens. In its homeland, North America (especially Mexico), the plant's population is so high that it is considered a weed. But not only for its beauty the monarda is so popular, it is relatively for a long time used as a spice. Today we will talk about the beneficial properties of monarda and its use for healing from ailments.
The first mentions of the properties of monarda, dating back to the mid-16th century, are found in the works of Nicholas Monardes, who called it “virginian soul” and “canadian oregana”. A couple of centuries later, the Swedish physician and naturalist Carl Lineus, working on his fundamental work “Species of Plants”, describing this plant, named it monarda in honor of the pioneer researcher.
Monarda: composition
The inflorescences, stems and leaves of monarda are considered valuable; they are characterized not only by their unusual pleasant aroma, but also an amazing composition. The plant contains a large amount of beneficial essential oils (their main components are thymol and carvacrol), vitamins (in particular B2, B1, C) and much more.
Properties
Monarda is widely used not only in folk medicine, its effectiveness was recognized officially.
Preparations based on Monarda have:
pronounced antimicrobial,
anthelmintic,
bactericidal,
antibiotic,
immunomodulatory actions.
Monarda is also used for:
vaginitis,
cystitis,
otitis media,
sinusitis,
runny nose,
impetigo,
psoriasis,
pneumonia,
bronchitis,
tuberculosis,
atherosclerosis,
anemia,
stress.
Monarda is used for disorders of the digestive system, for inhalation for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, in the treatment of burns, eczema, poorly healing wounds. In addition, monarda is recommended as a preventative against acute respiratory infections and influenza.
Contraindications
Monarda, as you have already seen for yourself, is extremely useful. However, when consuming it, it is recommended to follow the norm; remember that reckless use of the spice and essential oil of monarda can cause harm to health.
Pregnant and lactating women should not use monarda (including inhaling the vapor from an aroma lamp with essential oil); the plant is also contraindicated for children under 5 years of age. For malignant tumors, you should consult your doctor before using Monarda.
Monarda: application
Currently, the leaves, stems and flowers of monarda are used as a remedy that can cure the ailments indicated in the “Properties” paragraph. The plant is added to preparations, brewed like an herb, made into tinctures and oils; freshly squeezed juice of the plant is also famous for its healing properties.
Monarda for foot or nail fungus
Apply a small amount of monarda essential oil to the fungus-affected areas. After a couple of hours, wash off.
The juice of the plant is also effective for long-healing wounds, just lubricate them with the product several times a day.
Monarda for poorly healing wounds
Pour 5 teaspoons of chopped monarda (stems, leaves and flowers) with a glass of boiling water. Cover with a lid and let sit for a quarter of an hour, then strain and cool. Use the liquid to create compresses or lubricate the skin around the wound with it; the pulp should not be thrown away; it should be applied to the wound for speedy healing.
Monarda for wounds and fractures
Place 2 tablespoons of chopped monarda into a thermos. Pour a glass of boiling water. Leave to infuse for half an hour. Strain the finished infusion, add a little sugar to it and take 1/4 cup 3 times a day.
The drink prepared according to this recipe has a positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract; it has been proven that it also activates the activity of the liver and gall bladder and improves digestion.
Monarda for relieving nervous disorders
Pour a glass of boiling water over a teaspoon of crushed raw materials. After 10 minutes, strain the infusion. Take several tablespoons throughout the day.
Monarda for colds
For colds, coughs and other respiratory diseases, inhalation is recommended. To prepare a solution, pour 3 tablespoons of crushed flowers and leaves of dry or fresh monarda into 500 ml of water, put on fire and boil for 8-10 minutes. Breathe healing vapors for 10-15 minutes.
It is not forbidden to take monarda decoction prepared according to the recipe suggested above orally, warm, 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day.
Widely applied essential oil in cosmetology. The extract of this plant is very often found in anti-aging creams. For problem skin, it is recommended to wipe your face with a solution prepared from 20 drops of monarda essential oil and a liter warm water.
As a preventive measure, fresh monarda greens are used when preparing salads and first courses. It is added to jelly, compotes, jam and fruit jelly. Monarda becomes a spicy note in meat or fish dishes. The spice goes well with mint, basil, oregano, tarragon and fennel; to create desserts, monarda can be combined with orange zest, lemon balm, cloves and cinnamon.
A perennial plant of the Lamiaceae family, monarda, is used in medicinal purposes and in cooking, due to its decorative properties, it is popular among gardeners. Thanks to the rich color palette of inflorescences - it contains white, lilac, scarlet, purple, pink color, and wine shades of red, flower beds and with monarda are spectacular.
In the title photo is Monarda Dydima, variety “Pardon my purple”.
Basic information
Monarda is an essential oil flower, the stems of the bush are straight, with jagged green leaves; during flowering, many small inflorescences appear on the bush, and the smell from the plant intensifies, attracting bees.
For your information. The plant is known as an essential oil plant, its green parts have a bergamot aroma (for which Monarda is called bergamot) and are used for brewing herbal tea.
A drink made from the leaves has a minty flavor and a citrusy bergamot aroma, the herbal tea is known as Oswego tea. Like many ornamental plants, monarda came to Europe from North America. In the New World, the Indians prepared antipyretic drugs from medicinal herbs, applied them to wounds as an antiseptic, and used aqueous solutions prepared from the leaves to care for the oral cavity.
And now, on occasion, gardeners remember the healing properties of the plant, use its green parts, adding leaves to salads and meat dishes.
Historical reference. In Europe, they learned about Monarda from a book by Nicholas Monardes, in which the botanist described new plants found in America. In the book, this flower is called “Origanum canadiana”, “Origanum vergina”. The name Monarda was given to the flower genus by Carl Linnaeus in honor of the author of the book N. Monardes, a doctor and botanist.
The essential oil flower spreads its aroma around itself throughout its growth; its citrus notes are liked by people, butterflies, and bees. The smell repels harmful insects.
The useful fragrant plant is grown in pots and open ground in flower beds. The perennial reaches its greatest decorative value by the 5th year of growth, when lush bush About 100 flower stalks bloom at the same time. 
Types and varieties
Today there are about 2 dozen species of monarda. Of these, the most widespread in gardening are:
- Lemon monarda (Monarda citriodora). fragrant plant, rich in essential oils, is used by gardeners as a crop for cooking spicy seasonings for salads, meat dishes. Fragrant leaves and flowers with a lemon-resinous scent and mint shade added to tea, jam, kvass. The entire above-ground part of the bush is used in the production of wines; the essential oil obtained from the plant is added for aromatization. cosmetical tools. The perennial monarda citrus bergamot is often grown as an annual flower - the delicate leaves are good for tea, seasonings, and dishes.
Thanks to its decorative properties, flowers with beautiful inflorescences decorate garden plots.
- Double Monarda (Monarda didyma). Gardeners also get a two-in-one effect when growing this most popular type of flower. Herbal tea prepared from above-ground parts has antipyretic and analgesic properties. A flower with bright inflorescences of dark and light shades red, white and violet-lilac in color with a pointed, fluffy cap, the plant is used as an ornamental plant.
- Monarda fistulosa has a pronounced citrus aroma and is valued as an essential oil plant with medicinal properties. The plant is used for bactericidal effects, stimulating appetite, and improving digestion. Young greens of the plant are added to salads, soups, tea, sauces, and seasonings for meat; the above-ground parts of the bush are used to flavor wine (vermouth), prepare spicy seasonings, and in cosmetology. Dwarf varieties of this species are popular.
In gardens, the flower is grown as an ornamental and honey plant, used to make bouquets. Monarda fistula blooms in the 2-3rd year of growth with inflorescences of a delicate lilac color. The bush of an adult plant stretches up to 120 cm.
The flower is known as wild bergamot, horsemint.
Monarda varieties are widespread and in demand:
- Citrodera Harlequin. This is a compact annual plant with a delicate bergamot aroma and an original peduncle made up of densely spaced inflorescences.
- Mona Lisa. annual plant with dark violet-lilac inflorescences and a strong lemon aroma. It is recommended to be grown for preparing spicy seasonings and for flavoring drinks and canned foods.
- Diana (Monarda citriodora). This perennial planted as a medicinal plant decorative culture and for making seasonings, herbal tea, and flavoring drinks. Varietal monarda blooms with beautiful pink-purple flowers, 5-6 inflorescences on each branch of the bush. The formed bush stretches up to 45 cm in height, its shoots are strong, with lanceolate leaves.
- Hybrid Monarda (Monarda lambada) represented by varieties bred in Germany and the Netherlands. They exude a strong aroma and are less demanding on growing conditions.
For your information. Breeding work is aimed at improving the decorative properties of the flower and obtaining green mass with a high content of essential oils. Her in industrial scale They are used, in addition to cooking and cosmetology, for the preparation of homeopathic compositions.
Remedies in homeopathic doses with monarda help in the treatment of otitis media, cystitis, pneumonia, psoriasis, and bronchitis.
Due to its antibacterial properties, the plant is used to prevent the formation of black mold.
Popular varieties of hybrid monarda are with white flowers Schneewittchen, with red flowers Cambridge Scarlet, Balance. The variety with violet-purple inflorescences Blaustrumpi, pink Cratly Pink, lilac Elsieys Lavender, and burgundy Praerienachr are in demand.
Variety Schneewittchen
- Panorama Mix. The variety is obtained from the double moranda. Popular because it retains its decorative effect for a long time, its flower stalks are made from small inflorescences different shades red and purple delight during flowering. In place of faded inflorescences, nut-shaped boxes with seeds are formed, which enliven the autumn, and sometimes winter, landscape. Flowers are grown for cutting and used in landscape design.
- Terry "Fairy Tale". Winter-hardy variety valued as an ornamental plant with inflorescences of a rare soft amethyst color and a delicate honey-mint aroma emanating from the entire bush. The perennial grows quickly, bushes well, blooms in the second half of summer, and blooms profusely.
The variety is also grown for its healing, taste, and melliferous properties.
Growing from seeds
IN open ground Monarda seeds are planted at the end of spring, when it has already established itself stably warm weather(the optimal temperature for seed germination is +20°C) and no frost is expected, to a depth of 2 cm. To sow the seed evenly, sand is mixed with the seeds.
The emerged plants grow slowly, when leaves appear on the plant, the sowing is thinned out, leaving the plants at a distance of 10 cm. During the next thinning, the interval between developing bushes is doubled. When planted with seeds, the bush does not bloom in the first year of life.
Can at the end of March, in April sow seeds for seedlings. After 2 weeks of development, seedlings should be pruned. After stable warmth has been established, the seedlings are planted, keeping a distance of 30 cm between plants, and up to 70 cm between rows.
Landing
For planting, monardas choose a sunny place or with light partial shade, protected from the wind. The soil must be fertile and retain moisture well.
The flower is moisture-loving, so it needs regular watering. To retain moisture in areas with dry, hot summers, it is recommended to mulch the soil.
Care during the growing season
The low-maintenance plant needs to be watered and fed with complex nitrogen-containing fertilizers to quickly gain green mass. Monarda should also be fed during flowering. The bush should be watered regularly every 2 weeks with the mixture diluted in water.
Autumn care and preparation for winter
IN autumn period the bush is fed with potassium and phosphorus fertilizers prolonged action. Dry granules are placed shallowly in the soil under the bush, they are slowly dissolved by water. By spring, the nutritional composition accumulates in the roots and stimulates the rapid development of the plant with abundant flowering next year.
Diseases, pests, problems
Flower winter-hardy, unpretentious to growing conditions, resistant to diseases. Thanks to the essential oils of the root system, it repels pests living in the soil, and the aromas of the ground part repel insects that feed on the green mass.
Rarely the bush can be affected fungal rust, virus tobacco mosaic, weevil. When a flower is susceptible to downy mildew disease, this can be seen on the leaves. Their green, cloudy appearance indicates disease. This often happens during dry, hot days due to lack of moisture.
In order for a flower to maintain its high decorative properties, it is necessary to maintain soil moisture that is comfortable for the plant and provide prevention against diseases and pests.
In the spring, before intensive growth of the bush, and in the fall before wintering, it is good to spray the plant with a solution of copper sulfate or foundation.
Application in landscape design
Disease-resistant monarda is used in flower beds garden plots, in landscape design park areas. The flower tolerates harsh conditions well winter conditions Russia without or with light cover. Monarda is decorated with flowers, used in decoration, and grown for cutting.
With monarda, the flower garden acquires bright accent and becomes fragrant. In mixborders, the combination of a North American beauty with:
Bright mixborder with monarda. One can argue whether these two bright shades are appropriate here.
Very good option mixed border.
Monarda and rudbeckia.
Monarda goes well with astilbe.
The highlight of this flowerbed is the combination of vertical and horizontal spots, sharp lines of bulbous flowers and grasses, and soft surfaces created by sedum.
Where to buy seeds
Monarda seeds are not uncommon and are widely available in online stores; seed material can be ordered and purchased with mail delivery.
Video review
About the decorative and taste properties of the plant - in the video review from the Dacha TV channel.
Monarda is a representative of the Lamiaceae family, which received its name in honor of the botanist and doctor from Spain Nicolas Monardes. This Spanish scientist first described the monarda plant and told Europeans about it in his books “Medical History of Western India” and “Good News from the New World,” calling it Virginian oregano canada.
The lemon aroma of monarda has many benefits. With it, a person feels in a fresh and clean environment. Very attractive for any gardener is the fact that many plants that are not citrus fruits can fill his flower garden with this smell. These include lemon balm, lemongrass, some varieties of thyme and basil.
However, the aroma of monarda has the most pronounced resemblance to citrus; moreover, it contains various shades. This is why in England it is called bergamot, and the official name of one of the species is pronounced “lemon monarda”.
Varieties and types of monrada
It has a size of 70-90 cm, although rare specimens can reach 100 cm in height. The stem is tetrahedral, erect, and has branches. The leaves of the plant are oval, elongated, and have teeth. Plant flowers can have a variety of color palette: these are bright red flowers, and snow-white, and deep purple, and bright pink. The inflorescences have a diameter of 6-7 cm. They grow on the stem one after the other.
A herbaceous perennial plant that reaches a size of 0.7-1.5 m. The root is long and horizontal. The stem is tetrahedral, straight, and has small hairs. The leaves are pale green with pink veins, oblong, and have large teeth. The flowers are collected in a capitate inflorescence and have a lilac or violet hue.
The plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The plant has a strong root and resistance to all diseases and pests. It is used as a seasoning for meat and salads. Also as a flavoring agent for making jam and many desserts.
This name connects all hybrids of double and tubular varieties. This is a perennial with a height of up to 100 cm. The colors of the flowers can be very diverse: from white to purple. Also, the size of flowers varies: from small, collected in inflorescences, to large, single ones. Among the varieties of this hybrid there are a large number of subvarieties that differ in the density of flowering, the shade of leaves, and flowers.
This plant is also a perennial. Belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has a large number of branched stems, the height of which reaches 60-120 cm. The leaves have teeth. The flowers are lilac and look like small balls, the diameter of which is approximately 6 cm.
The plant is a hybrid. Perennial, reaches a size of 80-100 cm. It has a long horizontal root and a straight stem. The leaves are pale green, located opposite each other, and have short petioles. The flowers have a rich red color, collected in a capitate inflorescence. All parts of the plant have a lemon-mint tart aroma. The plant is used both for medicinal purposes and as a seasoning. The variety is resistant to cold, as well as diseases and pests.
A herbaceous perennial that has unique flowers. Belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The height of the bush ranges from 700-900 cm, some specimens can reach up to 120 cm. The leaves are oblong with pointed tips. They have a green color and a pleasant aroma. On the stem they are located opposite each other in pairs. The flowers are small, have a pleasant aroma, and are collected in capitate inflorescences.
A compact plant with pink, rather large flowers, collected in capitate inflorescences. The bush is low-growing, only 40 cm tall. The plant is compact and suitable for growing in containers. All parts of the plant have pleasant smell. Its leaves are used to make tea.
Herbaceous perennial plant. The stems are tetrahedral, the height of the bush is up to 150 cm. The flowers can be of different shades, but they are all collected in capitate inflorescences.
This small plant, which reaches a size of 30-35 cm, has flowers collected in a thick plume. It has a pronounced aroma of bergamot. Used for growing in flower beds. The leaves are used as a spice.
If you look at the plant from afar, it may seem that huge spiders with furry legs are sitting on the plant. Such a plant has flowers. All parts of the plant exude an extraordinary aroma, which is why they are used as a spice. Among other things, the flower looks gorgeous in bouquets.
A perennial that has a long root, the stems of the plant are tetrahedral, reaching a height of 150 cm. The flowers are white, collected in dense whorled inflorescences. Used for group plantings in flower beds, and also looks great in bouquets.
Herbaceous perennial. The plant has the shape of a bush with numerous straight stems. It has long and abundant flowering. The large capitate inflorescences have a much ruffled appearance. The colors range from pale pink to deep red. Gardeners value the plant not only for its beauty, but also for its medicinal and taste qualities. It is used to make tea. In the flowerbed it looks gorgeous in group plantings.
Reaches a height of approximately 100 cm, the flowers are red in color. Used to decorate flower beds in group plantings, looks great in bouquets.
The plant has the shape of a bush with a straight stem, the height of which is 70-120 cm, the stem is tetrahedral, the leaves have a pleasant smell.
This herbaceous perennial, having silvery-green leaves and two violet-purple flowers. The height of the bush is approximately 100 cm.
A herbaceous perennial plant with a pleasant lemon scent. Forms bushes with a diameter of up to 45 cm. Small purple flowers collected in whorled inflorescences. Their appearance resembles candelabra. A distinctive feature of the hybrid is long and abundant flowering.
Belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Flowers have nice color and attractive shape. The plant reaches a height of up to 110 cm. A distinctive feature of the hybrid is its powerful stem and small dark green leaves. The flowers are bright red and have a fairly strong aroma.
Perennial quite unpretentious plants. The flowers have a dense spherical shape and an unusual wine-red hue.
Monarda planting and care in open ground
This flower grows best in full sun, but can also grow in partial shade. True, in this case its bushes will be lower and the flowering will be less abundant.
It is necessary to select a place for planting plants that will be well protected from the effects of winds, since the stems can bend and bend, losing their beauty.
On hot days, you should water the monarda moderately, in no case allowing the soil to become waterlogged. The plant also does not like overly dry soil.
To prevent the appearance of powdery mildew, it is necessary to water the plant in dry weather. If the summer is hot and dry, it is recommended to mulch the soil with peat.
Garden bergamot is one of the monarda varieties. It is grown during planting and care without much hassle, subject to the rules of agricultural technology. All necessary recommendations You can find information on growing and care in this article.
Soil for monarda
Monarda is not particularly demanding on soils, but still prefers light calcareous soils. fertile soils. Does not do particularly well in heavy, acidic and marshy soils. It can also grow on poor soils provided that it is constantly fertilized.
The soil for the future growth of the flower is prepared in the fall. The soil is dug up, weeds are removed and compost, manure or peat is added in the amount of 2-3 kilograms per 1 m2, superphosphate - 50 grams and potassium salt - 30 grams.
If the soil is acidic, then it is necessary to add an additional 40 grams of lime for each square meter. In spring, the soil is enriched with nitrogen fertilizer. Plants are planted at a distance of 60-70 centimeters between rows to ensure sufficient quantity free space for nutrition and growth.
Fertilizer for monarda
Plant feeding is carried out during active growth and flowering. Monarda also needs additional feeding during the formation of new shoots and during the transition to the dormant period.
- In spring, the plant should be fed with the complex mineral fertilizers. 12 days after this, repeat the procedure.
- In autumn, monarda is fed with potassium and phosphorus compounds.
- During active growth it is allowed to use foliar feeding. The leaves are sprayed with mineral fertilizers and microelements.
- If the air temperature is excessively high, the plant is treated with Epin solution.
Monarda in winter
In winter, the above-ground part of the plant must be completely cut off, and in the spring it will grow back.
The roots of the plant are frost-resistant and survive winters well without additional shelter.
Monarda growing from seeds
When growing monarda from seeds, they are sown in open ground in May to a depth of 1-2 centimeters. The consumption per square meter should be no more than 0.5 grams. In order to disperse the seeds more evenly, they are mixed with sand.
The seed germination temperature is 20 degrees. Monarda seedlings grow very slowly at first. It is necessary to constantly weed them to prevent them from being drowned out by weeds. Young plants are transplanted first at a distance of 10 centimeters from each other, and then at 20. Grown from seeds, monarda does not bloom in the first year.
If desired, you can sow seeds in March to obtain seedlings. The ascended monards, after two weeks, dive according to the 3x3 centimeter pattern. Planting in open ground can only be done once the threat of frost has passed. The distance between plants in one row is 30 centimeters, and between rows is 60 centimeters. Be sure to water when planting plants.
Reproduction of monarda by dividing the bush
To propagate by dividing the bush, you need to select healthy plant, aged 3-4 years. The bush is dug up and divided in the fall.
Each of the formed parts should have 3-4 shoots and roots. The cuttings are planted, just like seedlings, and watered several times.
They also practice propagation of monarda by cuttings of roots, considering this method to be the most effective.
Diseases and pests
When growing in a place that is too dry or over-fertilized, the plant is affected by powdery mildew. Rust damage can also occur.
Copper-based preparations are used for treatment. They are suitable only for growing monarda for bouquets.
If the plant is used for food, then the processing is carried out natural means– infusions of onion, garlic or tansy. In general, the flower is quite resistant to both diseases and pests.
Monarda medicinal properties and contraindications
Monarda essential oil is very valuable medicinally, especially if we're talking about about Monarda fistula, although official and folk medicine successfully use almost all types and varieties of this plant.
Almost all of its zones - flowers, foliage, shoots - are endowed with healing qualities. These include strengthening the immune system, toning the central nervous system, helping to improve well-being in case of weakness and fatigue, relieve stress, and get rid of depression.
At the same time, the substances contained in the oil (in particular, thymol) help the body resist aging, strengthen the strength of capillary walls, stimulate the diuretic apparatus, favor the expansion of coronary vessels and lower blood pressure.
Monarda has long been used as a fragrant and healthy spice, improving digestive function. In summer and autumn, when canning takes place, its stems are placed in jars to prevent spoilage of the products contained in them.
Lemon monarda is an excellent seasoning for salads, but, for the most part, it is used as a flavoring for tea, fruit drink or kvass in order to give drinks a subtle lemon-resinous aroma.
Of the 20 species of the Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae) family, annual and perennial herbs, which trace their origins to the North American continent and are widespread from Mexico to Canada, the Monarda plant attracts attention. Carl Linnaeus, in the name of the flower, immortalized the name of the Spaniard Nicholas Monardes, who devoted his life to healing and botany, and in 1574 published a book about the plants of America.
In his book, Monardes mentioned another name for monarda: the plant was then known as virginiana or Canadian oregano. Once on the territory of the Old World, monarda attracted attention primarily as an essential oil plant and since the 19th century has become better known as bergamot, American lemon balm or lemon balm.
Description of the monarda
Perennial and annual monarda belongs to rhizomatous plants. Its branched or straight stems rise to a height of up to 1.5 meters. Monarda leaves are fragrant, have an oblong-lanceolate shape with a straight or serrated edge. Quite small, two-lipped flowers with a pleasant smell are collected in dense, up to 7 cm in diameter, racemose or capitate inflorescences. White, yellow, red, speckled flowers are located one above the other along the entire length of the stem. The fruit of the monarda is a nut containing seeds.
When ripening, the seeds do not lose their viability for 3 years. You can use one area for planting plants for up to 7 years. Monarda is valued not only for the attractive shade of the flower, but also for its unique aroma, which has found its use in cooking as a spice and as an additive to tea. Its qualities as a honey plant are also undeniable.
How to plant monarda seeds in the ground
Sowing monarda in spring
If Monarda is cultivated in southern regions, then its seeds are sown directly into the ground. They do this in February, choosing a sunny, warm day. The next couple of still cool months will contribute to the natural stratification of the seeds. And only in the month of April can we expect the appearance of strong and friendly shoots, which after some time should be thinned out.
If there is snow on the ground at the time of sowing, you should clear the area and cover it with film. The soil under the film will warm up well and will be ready for loosening. Before planting seeds in it, the top layer of soil is mixed with sand. Seeds are sown to a depth not exceeding 2.5 cm. It is better to sprinkle the seeds on top with sand rather than soil.
Sowing monarda before winter
Many people practice autumn monarda after the seeds have been collected. We need to wait until it gets colder, with night frosts down to 5°C. Each region has its own climate, but around the time of winter you can sow as early as the end of October, when there is no risk of seed germination in warm weather.
The bed is prepared in advance so that the soil settles and furrows are made at a distance of 20-25 cm. They are also sown as rarely as possible and not deep, up to 2.5 cm.
With the arrival of spring, the grown seedlings dive to get beautiful and strong bushes. It should be noted that the flower grows slowly.
Growing monarda from seeds for seedlings at home
This method of growing monarda is preferred above all.
- In order for the seedlings to be ready by April, they begin to sow them in January. To do this, use boxes or containers with drainage, into which special soil is poured for growing flowering plants.
- Seed placement depth 1.5-2 cm
- With the help of a stretched cling film or bags maintain the temperature at 20 ºC.
The first shoots should be expected after 3-4 weeks. It will take another 3 weeks for the grown seedlings to produce their first true leaves. When 2-3 leaves appear, plants should be picked into individual cups or spacious containers to increase the feeding area according to the scheme: 4x4 or 3x3.
Water moderately so as not to flood the seedlings and provoke the development of rot. They provide a lot of light and do not allow temperatures to be too high so that the seedlings do not stretch. If this happens, carefully add soil to the level of the leaves so that the plants do not become deformed.
When the first two pairs of true leaves appear, the monarda seedlings need to begin to be hardened: take the boxes outside or onto the balcony. Starting with an hour or two, increase the time to a full day. One to two weeks of hardening is enough to prepare the plants for transplanting to permanent place in open ground.
Optimal conditions for planting monarda in the ground
Monarda will please the eye only if the conditions necessary for plant growth are created, although they are not particularly complex. The flower loves sunny, sheltered from the wind places. Semi-shaded areas of the garden do not frighten him either. Prefers light, lime-rich soil. Waterlogged acidic soil negatively affects plant growth.
Spring is the most favorable time for the crop, although the planting site is prepared in advance, in the fall. To do this, destroy the weeds and dig up the area along with peat, manure (at the rate of 2-3 kg per 1 m²) and a complex of mineral fertilizers, which includes potassium salt (30 g / m²), superphosphate (50 g / m²), lime (40 g / m² ). Before boarding spring period added to the soil nitrogen fertilizers(30g / 1m²).
Planting monarda
When the seedlings have 3 pairs of leaves, and this will happen a couple of months after the first shoot appears, they are transferred to open prepared soil.
When planting, maintain a distance between bushes of 60 cm. After planting is completed, the monarda must be watered abundantly. It is not afraid of spring frosts down to -5 ºС and easily tolerates them. When planting seeds, flowering of monarda can only be observed after a year. If monarda is planted using seedlings, then some of its specimens can delight you with their flowering even in the year of planting.
How to care for monarda in the garden
The main thing is to ensure frequent but moderate watering of the plant in summer period. If the heat persists for a long time, then the monarda should be watered daily. A hot season with a lack of watering can bring a dangerous disease for the plant - powdery mildew. During this period, it will be good to mulch the soil under the monarda with peat and constantly loosen it.
To feed the crop, granular Agricola or Kemira is used twice a month throughout the growing season. Mullein, diluted in a ratio of 1 to 10, will not interfere with it. To prevent insects, treat the plant with Fundazol or Bordeaux mixture in the spring and autumn.
How to propagate monarda by dividing a bush
Unfortunately, during seed propagation there is no need to talk about preserving varietal characteristics if you are growing beautiful hybrid forms.
To preserve, you will have to divide a bush that is 3-4 years old. When to replant monarda? This can be done twice a year: in April, if the soil is well warmed up, or with the onset of autumn. To do this, the roots of the dug up bush are freed from the ground and divided by eye.
Ready new bushes are planted at the same level as before division, in pre-prepared holes. Since the transplanted bushes will grow greatly in just a couple of years (up to 1 m in diameter), this plant will need to be replanted by dividing the bush quite often.
Reproduction of monarda by cuttings
You can use the cutting method when propagating the plant.
- To do this, choose 7-10 centimeter cuttings, which are formed from green shoots of monarda that have grown but have not yet begun to bloom.
- The leaves in the lower part of the cutting are completely torn off, the upper ones are cut by 1/3.
- The cuttings are planted in a previously prepared box or pots with loose nutrient substrate and put away in a dark place.
- You can simply put the cuttings in water.
- After 2-3 weeks, the monarda cuttings will form root system and they will be ready to be transplanted into open ground. It is better to do this in August.
Possible diseases and pests of monarda
Monarda has paradoxical resistance to both diseases and numerous plant pests. Scientists attribute this phenomenon to the presence of essential oils in the roots of the plant. Despite this, with insufficient abundant watering, when the heat is unbearably hot, monarda can strike powdery mildew. A adjusted watering regime and mulching the soil will help get rid of it. Very rarely, a plant can be attacked by the tobacco mosaic virus or rust and a weevil can take over.
How to collect monarda seeds
Seed ripening occurs at the end of August and early September. When the plant fades, you need to be careful. To prevent the seeds from spilling out, you need to cut off the dried seeds and place them in a shady place until they are completely ripe and dry. When the baskets dry well, the seeds easily fall out of the tubular seed stalks.
You can deal with the collected ones in different ways. Firstly, they can be sown immediately. The resulting seedlings will only find their permanent habitat in the spring. Secondly, the seeds are well stored and do not lose their viability for 3 years. If there is no need to update the monarda, then you can use them later. It is important to remember that monarda grown from the seeds of hybrid plants will never retain its parental properties. The seed method is used only for growing varietal plants.
Preparing Monarda for winter
If you leave the seeds that you don't need on the bushes, they will become an excellent feed for hungry birds in the fall. What remains of annual crop, in late autumn they are removed from the flowerbed. In the spring, self-seeding seedlings will appear in the same place.
As for perennial monarda, it is frost-resistant (it can easily withstand temperatures of 25ºC). If the frosts in your region are much stronger, you need shelter for the winter:
- Make a hilling 20-25 cm high.
- Cover the top with a layer of straw or hay 10-15 cm thick.
- To prevent the shelter from being blown away by the wind, press down the mulch with boards and bricks.
In winter, it will be good to put a layer of snow on top. In the spring, when it gets warmer, remove the cover and remove the pile of earth so that the plant wakes up early.
Monarda varieties with photos and names
Annual crop types:
Citrus monarda or lemon Monarda citriodora
It is almost the only one that reaches a height of 15 - 95 cm. Its narrow lanceolate leaves, stem and small lilac flowers contain essential oil, which is not inferior in composition to the essential oil of basil and mint. Therefore, citrus monarda is cultivated and how decorative flower, and as a spice.
Hybrid Monarda Lambada Monarda lambada
It is the brainchild of Dutch breeders. Several groups of Citriodora have been used in crossbreeding, the aroma of the young leaves being very lemon-like.
Monarda punctata
It is also called horsemint. The attractiveness of this look is given by bright orange leaves, located around the inflorescence. The flower can reach 80 cm in height.
Types of perennial monarda:
Double Monarda Monarda didyma
IN growing wild found near the Great Lakes, first described in 1656. Grows up to 80 cm tall. It is a herbaceous perennial whose erect stems are tetrahedron shaped. Opposite, with an edge, the leaves are oval, jagged, and pointed at the end. They grow up to 12 cm long and have reddish stipules. The petiole is almost absent.
The rhizome of the plant grows horizontally. Shallow lilac or purple flowers collected in dense, up to 5 cm in diameter, capitate-type inflorescences. The leaf-shaped bracts, matching the color of the flowers, add elegance to this species.
Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot
It grows naturally in forests in the East of the North American continent. In Europe it is cultivated to produce spices. This multi-stemmed perennial grows to 0.6 - 1.20 m in height. Its simple, toothed leaves are covered with hairs.
Small lilacs are connected in whorls of a false type. The flowers are surrounded by red stipules, which are collected in spherical capitate inflorescences. On a single peduncle there are 5 - 9 inflorescences, each of which has a diameter of 5-7 cm. Known since 1637. The dwarf-shaped Victoria monarda was bred in Russia.
Hybrid Monarda x hybrida
This name combines the varieties obtained by breeders in Great Britain, Germany and the USA by combining the double and fluted monarda. The height of hybrids reaches 1 meter.
Quantity color shades amazes with its diversity. Here are some of them:
- white: Snow White, Snow Maiden, Schneewittchen
- burgundy shade: Burgundy Moldova, Prairenacht
- red: Adam, Balance, Cambridge Scarlet, Petite Delight, Makhogeni
- lavender: Elsiz Lavende
- purple shade: Cardinal, Prairie Glow, Sunset
- purple: Zinta-Zinta, Pony, Fisheye
- Violet-purple shade: Blaustrumpf, Blue Stocking.
The Panorama variety combines monarda in a variety of color shades from snow-white, pink to crimson, purple and burgundy.
Medicinal properties of monarda
Homeopathy widely uses monarda as a source of essential oil, vitamins C, B1, B2 and other active biological components. Of course, the most valuable thing in monarda is its essential oil, known for its bactericidal properties, which have antianemic, antioxidant, anti-stress, and reproductive effects.
Systematic use of this oil cleanses the aorta of sclerotic plaques, helps cope with radiation sickness, viral flu, and strengthens weak immunity. It is recommended to use monarda for the following diseases: pneumonia, otitis media, cystitis, digestive disorders, diseases oral cavity. It relieves headaches, fungal infections of the nails and feet.
Cosmetologists include monarda in preparations intended for oily (acne-prone) skin and use it as a component of cream for the age category 45+.
Seasonings for fish and fish are prepared from monarda leaves. vegetable dishes. They are brewed as tea and added to soups and salads.
To whom is Monarda contraindicated in any form?
Of course, monarda is useful, but its excessive use is harmful to the body. First of all, Monarda is contraindicated for pregnant women and nursing mothers, as well as children under 5 years of age. Not only the use of monarda internally, but also as a raw material for aroma lamps is excluded.
Monarda is one of the herbaceous plants, healing properties which were known in ancient times. The flower was often used as medicine, and also added to food as a spice. Monarda emigrated to our country in the 19th century, and for a long time had a decorative purpose. Today the plant is widely used to treat various ailments, strengthen the immune system, and solve cosmetic problems. Let's get to know useful plant closer.
Description, history, varieties
The flower belongs to the Lamiaceae family and grows in fields and meadows. The plant was given wide popularity and its name by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. Monarda was named in honor of Nicholas Monardes, who in the 16th century wrote a work on new flowers and plants of America.
Monarda has the following appearance: straight stems, lanceolate-shaped leaves of light green color, basket-shaped inflorescences, flowers presented in the form of funnel-shaped tubes, can be painted in various shades of lilac. The plant bears fruit in the form of dry nuts.
Today there are about 20 plant varieties, including both perennial and annual flowers. The most popular are the following:
- double monarda– distributed throughout America, Asia, and Europe. It is a perennial plant type;
- Monarda fistulata– has a special pronounced citrus aroma. The flower is not only decorative, but also medicinal;
- lemon monarda– also has a pronounced citrus aroma, which is reflected in the name of the plant. Blooms well in bright places;
- dwarf monarda– in most cases used for the production of spices.
Medicinal properties and contraindications
The plant is a real storehouse of useful substances; it contains healing essential oils, biologically active compounds, and groups of vitamins. Thanks to this, the flower has a wide range of beneficial properties:
- bactericidal effect;
- antiviral effect;
- immunomodulatory effect;
- antioxidant properties;
- anti-sclerotic agent;
- antispasmodic effect;
- radioprotective effect;
- eliminates depressed emotional state, helps fight depression;
- anticarcinogenic agent.
Depending on the purpose, monarda can be used in dry form, in the form of a decoction, or in the form of essential oil. Monarda oil is a remedy that can fight radiation sickness and protect the body from radiation effects. Eating the plant also helps people restore their body after chemotherapy.
Areas of application of the flower
In most cases, the plant is used to treat respiratory diseases. Monarda has an anti-inflammatory effect, eliminates the symptoms of the disease, and accelerates recovery. IN in this case treatment occurs through inhalation or aromatherapy.
The flower accelerates regeneration processes in the body, which is why it is used for burns, ulcers and fractures. The wounds must be washed with drops of oil, and compresses are applied to the fractures.
Monarda is widely known as an anthelmintic. Apply the oil to your stomach and rub in well. This will get rid of worms. Effective plant It will also help fight foot fungus.
Other uses:
- mouth rinse to treat inflammatory processes;
- elimination of eating disorders;
- treatment of abscesses;
- eye wash;
- elimination of inflammation in gynecological ailments;
- elimination bacterial diseases legs;
- with pneumonia;
- tuberculosis;
- anemia;
- to eliminate chronic fatigue syndrome - an excellent tonic, allows you to restore vigor and strength.
The flower can also be useful in everyday matters. A solution of plant oil with water can effectively combat mold, a common problem in living quarters with high humidity.
The flower is also widely used in cosmetology. It has been scientifically proven that monarda inhibits the aging process and rejuvenates the body's cells. Therefore, the flower has become a frequent ingredient in masks, creams and tonics. The oil can be used to care for the entire body. It is often applied during massage.
Monarda is effective in combating problem skin. Using the plant allows you to eliminate pimples, acne, narrow pores and normalize the activity of the sebaceous glands.
Contraindications
The flower has a lot of useful properties and is safe. However, as with other types of herb, care must be taken with the dosage of monarda and how it is used. When taking large doses, you may experience side effects. Use by pregnant women is not recommended, since the effect of the herb on the body of the expectant mother has not yet been fully studied. Don't give weed to small children.
Healthy recipes
In cooking, the herb is most often used in dry form. It is added as an ingredient for pickles and preservation, used as greens for salads, and added to teas. To prepare a hot drink, you need to chop the inflorescences and leaves of the plant, add lemon and, pour boiling water and let it brew for about 20 minutes.
Monarda can be used as a dressing for first courses. Leaves, stems and even inflorescences of the plant are suitable for this. The flower can also be used dry.
The plant fits well into light salad recipes. For example, a spring salad: lemon balm branches with leaves, green onions, sour cream, boiled eggs, monarda leaves. The ingredients are crushed and mixed together. Monarda together with green onions sprinkles on top.
IN summer time A healthy and extremely tasty cocktail would be a buttermilk cocktail. To do this, dilute 4 cups of buttermilk with one glass of water, add a tablespoon of chopped herbs, and you can add vanillin to taste. Shake the contents and refrigerate for 20 minutes.
Use in medicine - simple recipes
- for foot fungus - apply the plant oil to a cotton swab and make a compress on the affected area. Wash off after an hour;
- for wound healing - pour boiling water over 100 g of chopped herb, let it brew, strain. Apply the liquid to areas near the wounds. The boiled pulp should not be thrown away; it can be applied to a bandage and applied to the wound;
- to relieve stress - pour a tablespoon of the herb into a glass of boiling water, let it brew, take a spoonful before meals;
- for colds - pour boiling water over the crushed flowers and leaves of the plant and inhale;
- for problem skin – dilute 15 drops of oil in 500 mg of warm water and wipe your face.
We have reviewed beneficial features and contraindications of monarda, and finally - interesting facts about the plant:
- monarda and have similar odors, so they are often confused with each other. Although the flowers are not similar in appearance;
- Monarda was often used among Indian tribes. Teas were made from it and added to food. The Indians noticed its positive effect on the body and actively used it in cooking;
- Monarda has a lot of names - lemon balm, fragrant balm, Indian feather, Oswego tea, American lemon balm;
- The root of the plant releases essential oil, which repels underground pests. Therefore, the plant is often planted in their gardens and vegetable gardens near other crops.