The common pear, along with Apple and Cherry, is one of the three most common fruit crops in horticulture. The first mentions of the plant are found in ancient Greek literature. It is likely that Pear has been grown since time immemorial. However, the geographically precise place of origin of the species is unknown.
The tree has a taproot system. The roots tend to penetrate into the deeper layers of the soil; in the upper layers the branching is weak. The common pear has a strong and thick trunk. As they mature, the smooth bark darkens and wrinkles. Prostrate and erect thorny branches covered with dense foliage form a round or pyramidal crown.
The leaves are arranged in several rows in a spiral. They sit on short petioles and are covered with light fluff when blooming. The leaf blades have a rounded-ovate or oval shape. The dark green color of the foliage changes to yellow-red in autumn.
Common pear blossoms early spring before the leaves appear. Small flowers with white petals are collected in umbrellas. Flowering lasts up to two weeks. This plant is one of the honey plants.
Elongated fruits with an expanded lower part appear from August to October. The colors are in green, yellow and red tones. Soft, juicy, tasty and very healthy pears are actively used in cooking and folk medicine.
The common pear is a plant for the southern regions. Over the years, many frosts have been bred resistant varieties, due to which the growing area expanded to the Urals and Western Siberia. The decorative value of the tree cannot be neglected - tapeworms and group plantings look spectacular during flowering.
Growing
The common pear is a long-lasting and high-yielding crop. With proper care, a tree can live for more than a hundred years. It is necessary to take into account the stages of development programmed by nature.
In the first years of life, the plant grows roots and aerial parts. It reaches fruiting age only at the age of 5–10 years. 20–40 year old trees produce maximum fruiting. Then, due to natural aging, the number of fruits decreases and the branches dry out. Then the trees are either uprooted and new ones are planted, or anti-aging pruning is carried out. It should be mentioned that the Pear tree needs much less sanitary pruning than the Apple tree. Basically, cutting comes down to amputation of broken branches and shoots growing steeply upward.
The plant is propagated in culture most often by grafting. It is interesting that not only representatives of the species can be used as a rootstock, but also hawthorn, shadberry, and rowan. In such a “symbiosis”, fruiting begins within a couple of years.
Some varieties of Common Pear are capable of setting fruit without pollination and fertilization. Most require partners - other varieties with the same flowering period.
Diseases and pests
Scab, powdery mildew, fruit rot, pear gall mite, hawthorn.
Reproduction
Seeds, cuttings, grafting.
First steps after purchase
When purchasing common pear seedlings with an open root system, it is advisable to choose one-year-old specimens. Plants in a container can be older, but not older than three years. Otherwise, the seedlings take root long and difficult.
Plants are planted in the spring, having prepared the planting hole in the fall. Autumn planting is also possible - the hole is dug in 3-4 weeks. A support is driven into the hole, and the excavated soil is mixed with fertilizers. Lime must be added to acidic soil in advance.
The seedling is buried in such a way that the root collar remains 5 cm above ground level. The plant is watered abundantly, the tree trunk circle is mulched. The tree is loosely tied to the stake.
Secrets of success
The common pear is light- and heat-loving. It is best to grow it in southern or southwestern areas, protected from the winds.
Young plants are watered frequently and abundantly. Adults themselves extract moisture from the deep layers of the soil. They are moistened only in dry summers. The best way sprinkling is considered. Let's assume another method - pouring water into a ditch dug around the tree. Water-recharging autumn watering is required, which is carried out after leaf fall.
It is necessary to remove weeds and loosen the soil to prevent crust formation. The procedure is carried out after natural or artificial water procedures.
The plant receives its first feeding when planting. IN later in the spring nitrogen fertilizers are applied, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in summer. Once every three years it is recommended to feed the tree with organic matter.
Possible difficulties
When choosing a variety, it is necessary to take into account climatic conditions. “Southern” Pears can take root in cold regions with great difficulty, but in this case one cannot expect either flowering or fruiting.
At a young age, even the most frost-resistant varieties need shelter for the winter. Tree trunk circle it is necessary to mulch and wrap the trunks with non-woven material.
Many varieties of Common Pear require cross-pollination. It is advisable to plant several different varieties. If the area of the site does not allow for marking out additional specimens, it is recommended to graft other varieties onto an already growing tree.
Diseases and pests cause serious damage to the tree. Sections of the site provide information to help make a diagnosis and choose a treatment method.
A woody plant with a powerful root system and dense crown. Ancestor cultivars, widely grown throughout the globe as a valuable fruit plant. The fruits have important nutritional and medicinal value; they have tonic, strengthening, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and astringent properties.
Ask the experts a question
Flower formula
Common pear flower formula: CH5L5T∞P∞.
In medicine
The medicinal properties of the fruits of the common pear have been known for a long time (1958, G. Racz). The high virus-neutralizing effect of polyphenols of the common pear was proven by studies by L. V. Goryunova and S. V. Vitkanova in 1971. In addition, scientific research by Professor N. Z. Umikov showed the effectiveness of pear fruits as a diuretic for bacteriuria and kidney stones. With all this, the common pear is widely used in official medicine I haven't found it until now. Perhaps, oatmeal decoction with dried pear fruits and jelly from it is recommended in pediatrics for severe diarrhea and diseases of the digestive system in children.
More wide application the fruits of the common pear have been found in therapeutic dietetics as a valuable multivitamin product that promotes digestion and normal operation intestinal peristalsis. Juice from pear fruits is considered a source of many biologically active substances(vitamin P, C, flavonoids, catechin, leukoanthocyanin, carotenoids, fiber, micro and macroelements). Therefore, pear fruits and juice from them are recommended to be included in dietary food patients with diabetes, and also as a preventive and therapeutic agent for strengthening blood vessels and capillaries. The fruits of the common pear are a hypoallergenic product; experts recommend including it in the diet of children under one year of age. Baked pear fruits are especially useful for allergic diseases in kids. The fruits of the common pear are no less useful in the diet of women during pregnancy or breastfeeding for the full development of the baby.
Contraindications and side effects
Despite a fairly wide range of beneficial properties, the fruits of the common pear should not be abused. It is not recommended to use them on an empty stomach (only 0.5-1 hour after eating), if you have problems with the digestive system, especially with chronic constipation. It is not recommended to drink after eating pear fruits raw water, and also eat dense, heavy foods, including meat.
In cooking
The fruits of the common pear are wonderful dietary product. They are eaten both fresh and dried and canned. Pear fruits are used to make jam, candied fruits, marmalade, marshmallows, compotes, jelly, kvass, soft drinks, essences, and juices. A drink that replaces coffee is prepared from dried pear seeds. In some countries (Switzerland), “pear honey” is made from the fruits of the common pear.
In cosmetology
The ripe fruits of the common pear, rich in biologically active substances, are also intensively used for cosmetic purposes. In spa salons, pear pulp pulp is widely used for masks against wrinkles and for dry skin of the face, neck, and hands. The pulp of pear fruits reduces inflammation, rejuvenates and refreshes the skin. A decoction of pear leaves and fruits is used as a tonic, anti-inflammatory and bactericidal agent for oily facial seborrhea and seborrheic dermatitis. In dermatology, the juice and pulp of pear fruits, as well as their decoction, are used for baldness and dermatoses as a multivitamin rich in potassium salts and iron.
In other areas
Pear wood is used in construction; it is elastic, fine-grained, has a pleasant reddish-brown color, and can be polished well. The common pear is often used as an ornamental plant.
Classification
Common pear (lat. Pyrus communis) - belongs to the genus Pear (lat. Pyrus) of the apple subfamily (lat. Maloideae, or Pomoideae) of the rose family (lat. Rosaceae). The genus contains 50 species woody plants, growing mainly in the subtropical and temperate zones of Eurasia and the Caucasus.
Botanical description
Tree 5-15 m tall. It has a powerful root system and a dense crown. The branches are usually thorny. There are two types of shoots: elongated vegetative ones and shortened generative ones, which bear flowers and then fruits. The leaves are simple, alternate, round or oval, entire or serrated, with a thick waxy coating, leathery, shiny on top, with a long petiole. The flowers are bisexual, white or pink, regular (actinomorphic), collected in corymbose inflorescences. The perianth is double, 5-membered. There are many stamens. The gynoecium is syncarpous. Ovary inferior. The formula of the common pear flower is CH5L5T∞P∞.
The fruit is an apple, pear-shaped or spherical, characterized by the presence of numerous stony cells in the pericarp. Blooms in April-May. Fruits from August to October.
Spreading
It grows wild in the southern and central regions of the European part of Russia, especially in the black soil zone and the Caucasus. Grows on forest edges, hillsides and steppe ravines. Widely cultivated in gardens as a fruit plant.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
The raw materials are fruits, dried and fresh. They are harvested when ripe, dried in dryers or ovens at a temperature of 70-85 ° C, and also in the sun. Store in boxes in a well-ventilated area. The shelf life of raw materials is 1 year.
Chemical composition
Common pear fruits are characterized by a high sugar content, organic acids(lemon, coffee, boric, apple), tannins, starch, fiber, enzymes, pectin, essential oil, vitamins: B1, C, A, PP, rutin, as well as minerals (such as potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, iodine) and quinine. Phenolcarboxylic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and nitrogen-containing compounds were found in pear leaves.
Pharmacological properties
The fruits of the common pear have diuretic, antifebrile, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipyretic and astringent properties. Kissels and compotes from dried fruits Pears strengthen blood vessels, remove excess salt, water, toxic substances, heavy metals from the body, and cleanse the digestive tract. Pear fruits - best prevention sclerosis. Pear seeds have an anthelmintic effect. In experiments, quinine exhibits acaricidal activity (Lee H., 2007). Pear fruits have a tonic effect, they have a positive effect on the heart and central nervous system under stress.
Use in folk medicine
Use in folk medicine medicinal properties(painkillers, antiseptic, diuretic, consolidating, etc.) pears have been known for many diseases for a long time. For example, a decoction of dried fruits of the common pear is used for feverish conditions, diarrhea, headaches (in the form of lotions), and gastric disorders. The use of boiled and baked pear fruits is effective for severe and suffocating cough, consumption, tuberculosis and pneumonia. In folk medicine, fresh pear fruits and liqueur (with sugar) are used for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract as an astringent. A decoction of dried pear fruits is very useful for diseases of the upper respiratory tract and colds. Juice from the fruit of the common pear is used for urolithiasis as a diuretic. It is also recommended to be included in the diet of patients with diabetes. Pear fruits are used for preventive purposes, as well as in the treatment of prostatitis, kidneys, to restore the functioning of the intestines and stomach, strengthen blood vessels and stop bleeding, as well as for inflammatory processes in the biliary and urinary systems. In folk medicine, pear fruits are used for vitiligo.
Historical background
The common pear has been known as a medicinal plant since the Middle Ages, but its homeland has not yet been precisely established.
The common pear is the ancestor of numerous cultivated varieties. Cultivation, according to some sources, comes from Ancient Greece(1000 years BC). At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e in Homer's Odyssey there is already mention of a pear. Descriptions of wild and cultivated pears are also found in the writings of Theophrastus in the 3rd century BC. He already distinguished 4 forms of cultivated pear and described some techniques for growing them.
From Hellas, the cultivated pear tree spread to Italy, France and Belgium. In the 19th century, there were up to 900 varieties in France.
On the territory of Russia, the pear has been cultivated since time immemorial; it probably came to us from Byzantium and was initially bred in monastery gardens. In the royal garden in Izmailovo, 16 varieties of pears were grown. On the instructions of Peter I, seedlings of new varieties of pears were imported from Western Europe.
Currently, pears are cultivated almost all over the world. In terms of area, it ranks first among pome trees. About 5,000 varieties are known, differing in fruit ripening time, taste, color, shape, size, etc.
In Russian sources, the word pear has been found since the 12th century in the form hrush. Instead of the word “pear” in the 17th century, “dula” was used, borrowed from Polish language from "dula".
Literature
1. Biological encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov) 2nd ed., corrected. M.: Sov. Encyclopedia. 1989.
2. Pear // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
3. Plant life (edited by A.L. Takhtadzhyan). M. Enlightenment. 1978. T.5 (2). 454 pp.
4. Elenevsky A.G., M.P. Solovyova, V.N. Tikhomirov // Botany. Systematics of higher or terrestrial plants. M. 2004. 420 p.
5. Peshkova G.I., Shreter A.I. Plants in home cosmetology and dermatology. M. 2001. 684 p.
6. Lee H., 2007. Acaricidal effects of quinone and congeners and color alteration of Dermatophagoides spp. With quinone // J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 17, N 8. P. 1394-1398.
Rosaceae family
The name of the pear in Latin “pyrus” apparently comes from the Greek word “fire”, and indeed, the crowns of some types of pear, wide at the base with the ends of the branches directed upward, resemble flames in shape.
There are two types of pears: European and the so-called Far Eastern, or Chinese.
The ancestor of the European pear is the ordinary wild pear. Its inconspicuous, smallish fruits become edible only after some aging. And still, it’s a stretch to call them edible.
Pear is one of the most ancient fruit trees and, as fossil remains show, it was known to people in prehistoric times. The ancient Greeks ate wild pears. Peloponnese is a historical region in southern Greece in the 2nd century BC. - called “the country of pears.” Homer sings of the pears planted in the gardens of Alcinous in the Odyssey; Theophrastus, in his scientific treatise, dwells on the differences between wild and cultivated varieties of pears, and describes in detail the technological methods of cultivating the pear tree. Pears were also well known to the ancient Romans; images of the fruit were found on the frescoes of the palaces of Pompeii. Cato the Elder (III-II centuries BC) gives characteristics of six varieties and outlines the agricultural technology for their cultivation.
Blooming pear branch
The pear moved to other European countries a little later. In England it began to be cultivated in the 12th century, in Germany - earlier - in the 9th century and was more widespread than the apple tree. In France, according to descriptions in 1628, there were already 260 varieties of pears. The French consider the pear their national fruit, giving it preference over all other fruit trees.
Pears have grown on the territory of the Russian state since time immemorial. It is known that in Taurida this plant was cultivated by Greek colonists a thousand years BC. Pear is often mentioned in folk tales and epics from ancient times. The pear came to Kievan Rus thanks to extensive connections with Byzantium and other states. The most obvious centers of origin of wild pears were Central Asia and the Caucasus, from there many cultivated varieties with high taste qualities. The Caucasian pear also had a strong influence on the formation of assortment in many adjacent areas.
The Caucasus, the homeland of the wild Caucasian pear, is also distinguished by its amazing variety of pear varieties. In Kievan Rus, the pear, together with the apple tree, occupied a dominant place among fruit and berry plants in the vast monastery and private gardens. Then this culture gradually moved to more eastern and northern regions. In the royal garden of Alexei Mikhailovich there were 16 varieties of pears, exported from abroad the best varieties and Peter the Great.
Description
The pear tree reaches a height of 15-20 m, sometimes up to 30 meters, belongs to the Rosaceae family. The crown is pyramidal, with shoots elongated upwards, in at a young age narrower, becomes spreading over time. The bark of young trees is smooth, but with age it becomes uneven, cracks and separates from the trunk in entire sections.
The leaves are varied in shape and size, most are round, broadly ovate or elongated, the edges are finely toothed or serrated with pointed teeth (may be irregularly serrated), the upper side leaf blade glabrous, shiny, dark green, the lower part is light green, sometimes pubescent, the tip of the leaf can be with varying degrees of pointedness (elongated or short, tapering gradually or suddenly).
The flowers are five-petaled, white, sometimes with pink tint, sit on pedicels singly or in groups in the form of a shield or umbrella. According to the timing of flowering, pears are divided into early, medium and late flowering, the flowering time depends on the place of growth and weather conditions, the duration of flowering, like the apple tree, is from 3-4 to 8-12 days.
The fruits are pear-shaped (tapering towards the top), spherical (resembling an apple), oval, elongated or cubic, color green, yellow, yellowish with a pink blush, sometimes with a touch of rust of different shades, different sizes, sweet and sour, inside the pulp in in the immature state, there are stony cells around the seed nest, which disappear as they mature; the walls of the seed chambers are membranous, soft, the seeds are round or pointed, most are brown. In the southern regions, the pear begins to bear fruit in the 10-12th year; in the middle zone of the European part of the country it begins to bear fruit later.
It blooms in April-May, the fruits ripen in late September-October.
Spreading
Wild pear on the territory Russian Federation There are five species: Russian (forest, wild), Ussuri, steppe, oleaster, Chinese. The most widespread is the wild pear.
It grows in the southern and middle zones of the European part of our country, and in the wild it is distributed in the North Caucasus, Crimea, the steppes of Ukraine (steppe pear), and is often adjacent to the wild apple tree. It is found in the undergrowth of deciduous forests, sometimes along river banks and slopes of ravines in the form of large single trees dotted with sweet small fruits. In the south of the country, pear trees are more powerful than apple trees, and in the middle zone, on the contrary, apple trees are larger in size than pear trees. Singles large trees, probably, were able to grow from an accidentally thrown seed of a cultivated pear fruit that found itself in favorable soil and climatic conditions.
A wild pear tree lives 50-80 years, and individual specimens live up to 300 years. In the southern steppes you can find such giant pears on free spaces or on the side of the road.
Cultivated, highly valuable varieties of pears are grown mainly in the south, but many varieties have been bred that are resistant to colder climates (back in the 19th century, up to 70 cultivated varieties were cultivated in Russia); currently they grow in large quantities in the regions of the Black Earth and Central Russia. V.I. Michurin developed such cold-resistant varieties as Bere winter Michurina, Bere Oktyabrya and others. In the fruit growing of our country, the pear is increasingly mastering the northern regions of the European part, the Urals and Western Siberia in amateur gardening. In total, more than 100 varieties of pears have been zoned.
Wild forest and Caucasian pears grow in areas provided with heat, and therefore the varieties derived from them are characterized by reduced winter hardiness - they are bred in the southern regions. In the middle zone, the share of pears in gardens does not exceed 2-5 percent, and you won’t find varieties as great in taste as in the south. Creating new varieties for this zone is a very difficult matter. It is no coincidence that centuries-old folk selection, which left Russian garden numerous varieties apple trees did not produce completely stable pear varieties with fruits of high taste.
The first who began targeted selection of pears in the middle zone was I.V. Michurin. Now in scientific institutions, and above all at the place of his work, in the Central State Library, as well as in the TSHA and NIISS (Orel), new varieties have already been bred, which are beginning to occupy their proper place in horticulture in the central regions of Russia.
Far Eastern pears originate from three wild species, and including from our wild Ussuri. This is the most frost-resistant type of pear: it is not afraid of temperatures even at -40-45 ° C. From crossing the Ussuri pear with European varieties, the breeder from Khabarovsk A. M. Lukashov at the beginning of the century received highly winter-hardy varieties, widely known as Lukashovki: Tyoma, Polya, Olga, Granddaughter. But, unfortunately, along with high winter hardiness, the Ussuri pear inherits excessively tart and sour taste. Therefore, the quality of onion fruits leaves much to be desired. The most delicious variety of onions is Vnuchka, the most winter-hardy and large-fruited (average fruit weight is 80 grams, individual ones - 250 grams or more) - Tema.
Shuranovka pears are also common in the Far East. They were obtained by breeder P. G. Shurinov from seeds sent to him by I. V. Michurin with an accompanying note that “grown especially for the North.” Some of the Shuranovkas are superior to the Lukashovkas in terms of shelf life of fruits or higher taste, but are inferior to them in winter hardiness.
Lukashovkas are zoned in Siberia and the Far East, some Shuranovkas (Shuranovka 3 and 5) are zoned in the Far East. Lukashovki is the basis of breeding work to create winter-hardy pears.
Far Eastern pears are widely distributed in China. Among them there are varieties with sour and even salty fruits, which are grown specifically for salads.
Growing
Choosing a landing site
For pears, protected areas with deep, fertile, well-cultivated soil are selected. The pear root system penetrates deeply into the soil and is able to use groundwater. However, the pear is much more demanding of climatic and soil conditions than the apple tree, which is the main reason for its insufficient distribution in the more northern regions of the country. Most pear varieties also enter fruiting time later than apple trees. The crown of the pear is predominantly broad-pyramidal and pyramidal in shape. The pear tree blooms earlier than the apple tree. Most pear varieties, like apple trees, are self-sterile, that is, they are not fertilized by their own pollen. In this regard, pollinating varieties are selected for the main varieties. In a collective or home garden the issue of mutual pollination is resolved by the presence of various varieties nearby (in the neighboring area).
Preparing the soil for planting
Landing
Reproduction
The pear tree, like the apple tree, reproduces by grafting. In the central regions of Russia, winter-hardy forms of European pear and Tonkovetka seedlings serve as rootstocks; in Siberia - seedlings of Ussuri pear or serviceberry; in the south - seedlings of the Caucasian wild pear. In southern conditions, vegetative dwarf rootstocks are also used for pears: quince A (Angerskaya), quince C. In a creative garden it is interesting to test the possibility of using Ussuri pear, mountain ash, serviceberry and hawthorn as rootstocks for local varieties.
For the successful cultivation of pears in the central and more northern regions of Russia, it is necessary to introduce new valuable varieties and agricultural techniques that can increase its early fruiting and the resistance of trees to frost.
Pear care
Pruning and crown formation
A pear is shaped in the same way as an apple tree. It should be borne in mind that most of its varieties have a pyramidal crown type and sharp branch angles. Therefore, when growing skeletal branches, you need to give them an angle of 45-50° from a young age, and pruning should be carried out on the outer branches, expanding the crown for better illumination. In varieties with drooping crowns (Bere Giffard), pruning after the first years of fruiting should be carried out on rising branches.
Varieties with a pronounced ringed type of fruiting (Williams, Kieffer) with good annual growth require shortening of branches even after completion of formation.
After rejuvenating pruning of mature trees, much attention is paid to fatty shoots. Wen that grew at the base of the skeletal branches and on the conductor are removed to the ring, others are transferred to overgrowing branches by tilting or pruning. They must first be thinned out so that they are placed at a distance of 15-20 cm from each other. A pear on a quince is formed in the same way as an apple tree on low-growing rootstocks.
Watering
Fertilizers
Harvest
The rules for collecting, packaging and storing pears are similar to those for apples. Summer varieties are harvested in July-August and are stored for only 2-3 weeks; autumn varieties are harvested during September at a removable stage of ripeness, their consumer maturity occurs in 1-2 months, some varieties can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 5 months. Winter varieties of pears at the removable stage of ripeness are so hard and astringent that they are almost inedible; they are harvested in late September - early October, consumer ripeness occurs in 3-5 months, and the shelf life extends to 5-8 months.
Pears are well preserved at a storage temperature of about 0°C and relative humidity 90%. Delicious varieties of pears are wrapped in thin paper for long-term storage.
Cultivated varieties of pears inherited from their wild ancestors the ability to improve taste only after some “aging” and also the ability of summer and autumn varieties to quickly overripe on the tree, becoming mealy, dry, rough, tasteless, and sometimes even bitter. Therefore, for pears, unlike apple trees and other fruit crops, it is very important to correctly determine the time for picking the fruits, and before consumption, place them in a room with a moderate temperature. Only then do the fruits become juicy and soft, acquiring the characteristic taste and aroma of the variety.
The harvesting maturity of summer varieties almost coincides with the consumer (edible) maturity. But still, their fruits are harvested 3-5 days earlier, especially if they are to be transported. A sign of removable ripeness in summer varieties is the typical color of the skin and the easy separation of the stalk from the tree. Browning of seeds in the fruits of summer varieties is not considered a sufficiently reliable sign of harvest ripeness. The shelf life of summer varieties is insignificant - from 4 to 12 days.
Autumn varieties are harvested when the skin of the fruit loses its grassy color and acquires the outer color typical of the variety, and when pressed with a finger, it turns out to be a little softer at the stalk. Some or all of the seeds turn brown by this time. The fruits hold on to the tree weakly, and under the tree, among the carrion, fallen fruits begin to appear as if by themselves, without wind or other visible reasons. Consumer maturity in autumn varieties occurs approximately 2-3 weeks after harvesting. They are stored in a naturally cooled basement until October-November.
Winter pear varieties are especially valued, the fruits of which are transportable and suitable for long-term storage. Mainly varieties of the southern type have these properties. In the conditions of the fruit storage, the fruits of Vera Zimnyaya Michurina, varieties of TsGL selection - Osennyaya Yakovleva, Autumn Dream, Svetlyanka, are preserved until December-January. Consumer maturity of the first two varieties occurs in early October, Svetlyanka - in the first half of September. Fruits of the New Year variety are stored until January-February, Belarusian
late - until early March. In pears, just like in apples, as the variety moves south, the shelf life of the fruit decreases. For example, the Belarusian variety of folk selection Vera Slutskaya in the Oryol region has fruits that are stored for up to 30 days, and in the Leningrad region - up to 80-100. The storage method is also important for the pear. Thus, the fruits of the Mramornaya variety, under normal storage conditions, remain until mid-October, in refrigerators and wooden boxes- until the end of December, in plastic bags- until the end of January.
Protecting raspberries from winter damage.
Protection against pests and diseases of raspberries
Protecting raspberries from pests
Pear diseases
MAIN DISEASES OF FRUIT BREEDS
Apple and pear scab. It affects pear shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits of both species. The causative agent of the disease (microscopic fungus) overwinters on fallen leaves, and in pears, on last year’s growths. In spring, spores with air currents and drops of water fall on the green parts of trees, causing the formation of brown spots with a velvety coating on them. The affected leaves and fruits fall off, the shoots on the pear crack, and then freeze. The apple tree varieties Renet Si'mirenko, Korey, Kuban, Starkrimson, Delicious, Idared, Mekintosh, etc. are susceptible to scab. Calville snowy, Parmen winter golden, Superprekos, Welsey are relatively resistant. Susceptible pear varieties are Forest Beauty, Saint Germain, Malgorzhatka. Kieffer, Williams, and Clapp's Favorite are relatively stable.
Disease Prevention Measures
Popular pear varieties
The pear is not inferior to the apple tree in terms of varietal diversity, but the pear even surpasses it in durability. Just like the apple tree, pear varieties, depending on the ripening period, are divided into groups: summer, autumn and winter. The consumer maturity of the fruits of summer varieties coincides with their harvest maturity, and the fruits of autumn varieties winter varieties ripen in storage.
The main pear varieties suitable for individual gardens are characterized by the following features.
Summer varieties
One of the earliest varieties. Trees of this variety are less damaged by frost than others. With age they reach large sizes and give high yields. The fruiting season begins in the seventh or eighth year after planting. The fruits are beautiful and have good taste. They are consumed fresh and dried. They are very valuable for drying due to their high sugar content.
A widespread summer pear variety. The trees are vigorous, durable and highly frost-resistant. They begin to bear fruit in the eighth or ninth year after planting. They differ especially high yield. The harvest ripens around the second half of August and lasts for a month. The fruits are juicy, have a pleasant sweet taste with a slight tartness. They are consumed fresh and also dried. Dried lemon is a highly valuable product with high sugar content.
Clapp's Favorite
The variety is demanding on soil conditions and grows successfully on fertile and sufficiently moist soils. It begins to bear fruit in the seventh or eighth year after planting. Fruiting is high and regular. The fruits are large, beautiful, very juicy, with delicate pulp with a pleasant wine-sweet taste. They ripen in the first half of August and last no more than two weeks. They are consumed fresh.
Mleevskaya early
The variety was bred at the Mleevsky experimental station. The fruits are broadly pear-shaped. The main color of the skin is yellow; on the sunny side there is sometimes a faint blush. The size is medium in size, the average weight of the fruit is 77 g, the weight of the largest fruit is 113 g. The pulp is white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Ripening occurs in the second half of August, the fruits are suitable for consumption if removed from the tree in a timely manner within 7-10 days. Medium vigor, wide pyramidal shape; branching and foliage is not dense, with good annual growth; enters the fruiting season early and differs exclusively good fruiting. Recommended for breeding in forest-steppe and Polesie regions of Ukraine.
Williams summer
Dessert variety, widespread in the south and southwest of Ukraine. Winter hardiness is low and requires a significant amount of heat. It begins to bear fruit at the age of 5-6 years. Productivity is high and regular. The taste of the fruit is very good. The fruits ripen around mid-August and last for a decade. They are consumed fresh, but they are also suitable for processing.
Gliva Ukrainian
The variety is undemanding to growing conditions. It is distinguished by high winter hardiness in all regions of the republic. It begins to bear fruit in the eighth or ninth year. Productivity is very high. The fruits are of average taste, ripen in the second half of August and are stored for no more than one decade. They are consumed fresh and used for drying.
The variety is distributed mainly in the southwestern regions of Ukraine in personal plots. It is undemanding to growing conditions. Tolerates the harshest winters well. It begins to bear fruit in the ninth to twelfth year, but produces exceptionally high yields, approximately 600-800 kg per tree. The fruits ripen at the end of August. They are used mainly for drying.
Bessemyanka
An ancient summer variety, undemanding to growing conditions. The trees begin to bear fruit in the eighth or ninth year after planting. Productivity is high. The pulp of the fruit is juicy, tender, with a wine-sweet taste. The fruits do not ripen at the same time - from mid to late August - and are stored for a maximum of 8-10 days. They are consumed fresh, but they are also suitable for drying.
Dessert Mleevskaya
The variety was bred at the Mleevsky experimental station. The tree is winter-hardy and vigorous. The fruits are large, broadly pear-shaped. When ripe, the skin is light yellow with a beautiful blush. The pulp is yellowish-white, juicy, tender. The average fruit weight is 115 g, the weight of the largest fruits is 141 g. Fruit ripeness occurs at the end of August and continues until the end of September. Dessert Mleevskaya fills the gap between summer and autumn varieties pears. Recommended for cultivation in the forest-steppe part of Ukraine.
Moscow
The variety was bred at NIZISNP by V. A. Efimov from crossing Tonkovetka and Curet. The fruits are medium in size (80-100 grams), regular, elongated pear-shaped. The skin is greenish-yellow with a pink blush. The pulp is white, juicy, oily, tender sweet and sour, taste rating 4 points. The fruits are harvested at the end of August and stored for up to two weeks.
The variety is early-bearing (begins to bear fruit in the 4-5th year after planting), medium-winter hardy (at the level of Bessemyanka), resistant to scab, brown and white spot. The tree is medium-sized with a pyramidal crown.
Skorospelka from Michurinsk
The variety was obtained at the Central Library by S.P. Yakovlev from crossing the hybrid seedling Ussuri X Bere Ligel with Citron de Carm. The fruits are of medium or below-average size, yellow, ovoid. The pulp has a good sour-sweet taste. Fruit ripening is extremely early. Consumer period from mid-July, 10-12 days.
The variety is unusually early-bearing (it begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year after planting), is very winter-hardy and very productive (up to 50 kilograms from a 10-year-old tree).
Skorospelka from Michurinsk - especially interesting variety for consumer gardens. In addition, its cultivation is possible not only in the fourth, but also in the third regions. In areas favorable for gardening, or in creeping form, this variety is recommended to be tested in the second region.
Lunar. The variety was obtained by P. A. Dibrova and L. A. Kotov from pollination of the Tema variety with a mixture of pollen southern varieties. The fruits are oval-ribbed to pear-shaped, medium size (80 grams), light greenish-yellow in color. The pulp is creamy white, fine-grained, with a good sweet taste. The fruits ripen at the end of August and are stored for 2-3 weeks. In the conditions of Yekaterinburg, the winter hardiness of trees is reduced, therefore in the seventh region this variety is recommended to be grown in a creeping form.
Autumn varieties
Botanical
Early autumn variety. It was obtained at the Research Institute of Fruit Crops from Dooley's pollination with a Riga mixture of pollen from Western European varieties. The fruits are medium in size (120 grams), pear-shaped, unequal, yellowish-green with a slight tan on the side illuminated by the sun. The pulp is creamy, medium density, coarse-grained, juicy, with a pleasant sweet taste. Consumer ripeness occurs in early September and lasts almost until the end of this month. The variety is early-fruiting, productive, medium-winter-hardy (even in the conditions of the Oryol region), and practically resistant to scab. The tree is medium-sized, with a dense, wide-pyramidal crown.
Forest beauty
The variety is widespread throughout the republic, with the exception of its northern regions. Works best in warm, sheltered locations. Trees begin to bear fruit in the seventh or eighth year after planting and bear bountiful harvests. The fruits are very attractive in appearance, with juicy, delicate pulp with a wine-sweet taste, ripen in the second half of September and are stored for one month. They are consumed fresh.
Alexandrovna
One of the early autumn high-yielding varieties of local origin. It is characterized by high cold resistance in all regions of Ukraine. Trees begin to bear fruit in the seventh or eighth year after planting. The fruits ripen in mid-September and are stored for one month. They are consumed fresh.
Bere Boek.
A valuable variety, most widely distributed in the southern regions of Ukraine. The tree begins to bear fruit in the seventh or eighth year after planting and produces relatively high yield. Fruits of high dessert qualities. They are consumed mainly fresh, but are also suitable for technical processing. The fruits ripen in late September - early October and are stored for a month after harvest.
Bere Dil.
Dessert variety. Its distribution is limited to the southern regions due to insufficient frost resistance. It works well only in protected places. The fruiting period begins in the eighth or ninth year after planting. The fruits are of high taste, ripen at the end of October and are stored for a month. They are consumed fresh.
Bere yellow
The variety was bred by A. S. Tikhonova in the Central Glutton Plant from crossing the Ussuri pear with Bere Boek (probably a hybrid), but was further developed at the Ekatirinburg Experimental Horticulture Station. The fruits are round pear-shaped or ovoid, greenish, light yellow when ripe. The pulp is very juicy, without granulation, oily, good and very good sour-sweet taste, the fruits are harvested at the end of September - beginning of October, they are stored for 1-1.5 months.
In the conditions of Yekaterinburg, the variety is medium-winter-hardy, therefore, for the seventh region, its cultivation is recommended only in areas located in conditions favorable for gardening or in a creeping form.
Bere Ligel
One of the highly valuable varieties, widespread in the central part of Ukraine and moving to the northern regions, where it is grown in warm and protected places. The fruiting season begins in the sixth or seventh year after planting. Productivity is relatively high. The fruits are of high taste, ripen at the end of September and remain until approximately the end of November. They are consumed fresh.
Autumn Mleevskaya
A new variety bred at the Mleevsky experimental station. A tree of medium vigor, high-yielding, with fruits of good taste. The fruits are comparatively large size, attractive in shape and appearance, with juicy, tender, melting pulp. They ripen at the end of September and are stored until November.
Autumn Dream
The variety was obtained at the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Fruit Plants named after. I. V. Michurina. Yakovlev P.N. and Yakovlev S.P. from crossing Koperechka Michurinskaya No. 10 with Dekanka winter. The fruits are medium in size (maximum fruit weight 130 grams), from round to conical in shape. The pulp is sweet and sour, aromatic, juicy, slightly oily, taste rating 4.5 points. The fruits are harvested in early September, consumer value occurs in mid-October. The fruits last until January. They have very high technological qualities.
The variety is early-bearing (it begins to bear fruit 4-5 years after planting), the yields are high, annual (40 kg from a 10-year-old tree), and winter hardiness is good.
Collective farmer
The variety was obtained at the Belarusian Research Institute of Potato and Horticulture from crossing "Inevka with Dekanka winter." The fruits are medium-sized (80-100 grams), elongated pear-shaped, asymmetrical, lumpy. The skin is greenish-yellow, sometimes with a beautiful carmine blush. The pulp is white, near the skin greenish, dense, juicy, sweet. Fruits are harvested at the end of September, stored for up to 30 days. Fruiting begins in the 5-6th year after planting, yields are regular and relatively high, resistance to scab is sufficient, winter hardiness is average (even in the Oryol region). ).
Svetlyanka (Slavic)
The variety was obtained at the Central State Library by P. N. Yakovlev, S. P. Yakovlev and A. P. Gribanovsky from crossing the Ussuri seedling, Bere Ligel with the Lyubimitsa Klappa variety. Medium-sized fruits (80 - 100 g). The pulp is sweet, with a slight refreshing acidity, slightly aromatic, without astringency and granulation, taste rating 4.4 points. The fruits are harvested at the end of August. Customer value occurs in the first half of September. The fruits are suitable for long-term storage, transportable, and technologically valuable.
The variety is early fruiting (it begins to bear fruit 4–4 years after planting), productive (35 kilograms per 10-year-old tree), winter hardiness is satisfactory, and scab-resistant.
Isetskaya juicy
The variety was obtained by L. A. Kotov from pollination of the Polya variety with a mixture of pollen from southern varieties. The fruits are pear-shaped, medium in size (100 grams), thick creamy when ripe, with a pink blush sunny side, the pulp is very juicy, oily, sweet. They ripen in the second half of September and are stored for two weeks. In the conditions of Yekaterinburg, the variety is moderately winter-hardy. The trees are relatively tall, the branches are thorny.
Winter varieties
Curé. Early winter variety. It works relatively well in the southern and southwestern regions. The trees are vigorous and begin to bear fruit in the eighth or ninth year. In terms of yield and regularity of fruiting, it occupies one of the first places among winter pear varieties. The fruits have good taste. Consumer ripeness of the fruit occurs approximately at the end of October and persists until mid-December. They are consumed fresh and successfully used for processing.
Early winter variety. One of the best fruits in terms of yield and taste dessert variety. It is most widespread in the south of Ukraine. The trees are relatively frost-resistant. The fruits ripen only during a long growing season with high summer temperatures. It begins to bear fruit at the age of 7-8 years. The fruit consumption period begins in mid-November. The fruits are stored until January and are consumed fresh.
Josephine of Mechel. One of the high quality varieties winter period ripening, distributed mainly in the south. Trees of this variety are characterized by higher frost resistance compared to other winter varieties. Fruiting occurs in the eighth or ninth year after planting. Fruits reach ripeness at the end of November and remain until February. They are consumed fresh.
Vera winter Michurina
The Michurinsky variety is characterized by high winter hardiness in the conditions of Ukraine. Trees begin to bear fruit at the age of 5 years. Fruits regularly and abundantly. The fruits ripen at the end of September and are stored until the beginning of December. It is valuable for northern regions, where the cultivation of other winter pear varieties is significantly difficult.
Bergamot mleyevsky
A new variety bred at the Mleevsky experimental station. A tree of medium vigor, winter-hardy and productive. Medium sized fruits. The pulp is juicy, tender, aromatic, and has good taste. Fruit ripeness occurs in early October; When stored, the fruits are stored until the end of November.
Chemical composition
Organic acids and vitamins in pear
Chemical composition Pears are in many ways similar to those of apples, but there is also a different line. Sugars in pears accumulate up to 10%, mainly fructose, but there are fewer organic acids - in ripe fruits there are only 0.1-0.6%, so they seem sweeter than apples. The sweetness is even more noticeable thanks to fructose. Unripe fruits contain a lot of tannins, which give pears a very tart and astringent taste, but as the fruits ripen, the amount of tannins decreases to 0.02-0.12%.
Most wild and cultivated varieties have thick fruit skins, in which tannins and fiber accumulate (up to 2.6%). The pulp of the fruit contains pectin substances, which, unlike apple pectin, have weak gelling properties. Vitamin C in pears is about 5 mg%; there are P-active flavonoids and other vitamins in small quantities.
Application
Food use
In food consumption fresh pears cultivated varieties are one of the best desserts; it is recommended to eat pear half an hour after eating. Fruits of wild pears in fresh They do not have good taste, they are used mainly in dried form, they impart a pleasant specific taste when mixed with other dried fruits. In canning, wild meats are good for marinades, jams, and various drinks. The fruits of both wild and cultivated pear varieties are used to make marshmallows, candied fruits, jam, marmalade, pear honey (bekmes), etc.
Pear juices of southern sugary varieties are especially valuable as liquid fruits, that is, produced with pulp separated from the skin and seeds. They are also called “nectars” and retain all the beneficial properties of fresh fruits. Natural pear juice is often blended with the juices of other, more acidic fruits and berries.
Medicinal properties of raspberries
Recipes for various diseases
Common pear
Pears contain vitamins C and PP, arbutin, chlorogenic acid, large number iron, a lot of tannins, especially in wild plants. The fruits, which are collected after ripening, are used as medicine. Pears contribute normal functioning gastrointestinal tract. Boiled pears are used for coughs and to normalize urination. A decoction of pears relieves high fever. Pear decoction, together with oatmeal, is used to treat diarrhea.
DIARRHEA, ALLERGY
Take 100 g of dry crushed pears and pour 1 liter of water, put on fire and boil for 30 minutes. Leave for 2 hours, strain the broth. Take the decoction 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
Take 100 g of oatmeal or rolled oats, pour in 1.5 liters of water, boil for 20 minutes, leave for 2 hours, strain. Prepare pear decoction according to the previous recipe. Mix the decoctions. Take 1 glass 2 times a day. The mixture of decoctions also helps treat allergies.
Take 100 g of dry crushed pears and pour 1 liter of water, put on fire and boil for 30 minutes. Dissolve starch in cold water and add it to boiling pear broth. Brew, stirring. Cool, take 1 glass per day.
/GRNYA
Contraindications
General characteristics.
Pear spread.
Medicinal properties. Since ancient times, original descriptions of the medicinal properties of pears have reached us. In Mukhzan-Ul-Adwiya’s book “Treasures of Medicines” it is written: “Pears have an invigorating, refreshing and cheerful effect, improve mood, are useful for palpitations, and a burning sensation in the bladder.
Unlike apples, pears are also useful for lung disease...”
In folk medicine, infusions of pear leaves and fruits are used as a fixative for diarrhea, decoctions as an antipyretic, and fruit juice as a diuretic. Decoctions are especially effective in the treatment of renal pelvis, bladder and urinary tract. When consuming pear decoction, urine output increases, pain and unpleasant putrid odor when urinating are reduced. IN winter time Dried wild pears can be used to prepare a decoction for coughs, as an antipyretic for feverish conditions, and as a fixative for indigestion.
Decoction:
2 cups dried pears and 3 tbsp. l. Boil oatmeal with 3 glasses of water, let it brew for an hour, strain. Take 1/4-2 cups 4 times a day on an empty stomach. Pear jelly is also useful for diarrhea in children.
Pear fruits (one of the few fruits) help with mushroom poisoning. People with diabetes drink pear juice diluted with water 1:1.
Decoctions of pear leaves and fruits, due to the presence of various biologically active substances, have anti-inflammatory, bactericidal effects and are used for cosmetic purposes. The fruit pulp in the form of a paste is applied to the face as a regular mask for 15-20 minutes, then washed off with warm water. A decoction of the leaves is used for wiping and compresses for oily seborrhea and seboritic dermatitis.
Food use.
Compared to the apple tree, the pear tree begins to bear fruit later. Most Central Russian varieties begin to bear fruit in the 7-8th year, southern ones usually even later. Early fruiting, with fruiting in the 4th-6th year, in addition to those indicated in the table, include: Lukashovki, new varieties for the middle zone with their participation - Tenderness, Autumn Dream, Svetlyanka (Slavyanskaya), Skorospelka from Michurinsk, Lada, Chizhovskaya , as well as vegetatively propagated Gliva Chuguevskaya, Kompotnaya, Kollektivnaya, Novoselka.
Most pear varieties bear fruit regularly, but there are also periodically bearing fruit, for example Russian Esperen, Trubchevskaya golden, Duchess summer, Volzhanka.
Self-fertile varieties are important for sustainable harvests, independent of spring weather and, accordingly, the flight of non-insects. The pear, like the apple tree, has few of them, and even those, as a rule, are characterized by only partial self-fertility. Among the Central Russian varieties are Finlyandskaya Yellow, Severyanka, Pamyati Yakovleva and Kolkhoznitsa; Among the varieties of the southern type, self-fertile ones include Forest Beauty, Conference, Windsor, Skorospelka from Trevou. But unlike the apple tree, the pear tree has a developed tendency to parthenocarpy - the ability to set fruit without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruits are easy to identify - they have no seeds. This property allows the pear to form fruits in the complete absence of bees for one reason or another, and even if the generative organs of the flower are damaged by frost. Parthenocarpy, as a rule, is more pronounced in varieties that also have a tendency to self-fertility. A classic example of a parthenocarpic variety is Bessemyanka.
The pear is drought-resistant because, thanks to its root system extending far into the ground, it can use water from deep layers of the soil. But due to the fact that its varieties were mainly formed in a rather humid climate, it is more demanding on air humidity. To a greater extent than the apple tree, the pear is also susceptible to a fungal disease - scab.
While noting that the winter hardiness of the pear is generally lower than that of the apple tree, it is at the same time necessary to evaluate this property in a differentiated manner, taking into account the origin of its varieties. Thus, Western European varieties, as a rule, are of the southern type and can withstand frosts only down to -25°C, Central Russian ones - up to -35-37°C, Ussuri pear and varieties obtained with its participation - up to -45-52°C.
When assessing the winter hardiness of pear varieties, it is necessary to take into account their ability to recover after winter damage. Varieties with average winter hardiness but good restorative ability are especially valued: Saharnaya, Autumn Bergamot, Leningradskaya, Petrovka, Aptekarskaya, and in conditions northwest to a certain extent, even low-winter hardy: Krasnopakharskaya, Early Pavlovskaya, Trubchevskaya popular.
Severe winters limit the spread of even Central Russian pear varieties in the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Tver, and Vladimir regions. In the south of Udmurtia, in the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, it is possible to grow pears that are only derivatives of the Ussuri pear. But in the fourth region there are areas with favorable climatic conditions for growing Central Russian varieties: Bryansk, Oryol, the south of Smolensk, Tula, Kaluga and Ryazan regions. The probability of trees freezing here is only 20-30 percent, and summer warmth is sufficient even for winter varieties: the probability of their ripening in these areas is 70-80 percent.
For amateur gardening, low-growing or at least medium-sized trees are most suitable. However, even in the recent past, preference was given to varieties with powerful, durable trees. Therefore, pear varieties are characterized mainly by vigorous trees with a height of 6 meters or more. There are few varieties with medium-sized trees reaching a height of 4-6 meters, for example Bes-semyanka, Bergamot Kozlovsky, Malyaevskaya late, Mramornaya, Osennyaya Yakovleva, Tema; from southern varieties; type - Alexandrin Dulyar, Kuban Late, Clapp's Favorite, Pakgama's Triumph. The varieties whose trees do not exceed 4 meters are: only a few, in the Non-Black Earth zone; include only Moskovskaya, Pushkinskaya, Bereloshitskaya and Kolkhoznitsa.
In the south, low-growing spur-type varieties have recently appeared: from Italy - Mellina, from the USA - Williams Red, Grand Champion, Willard and a variety from France - Doctor Jules Guyot.
But, of course, pear varieties are like; any fruit crop, valued primarily for taste and attractiveness appearance. These qualities are necessary for the consumer garden and are often decisive when choosing a variety. Among the Central Russian varieties, Osennaya Yakovleva has excellent taste; its fruits are superior even to some varieties of the southern fruit-growing zone. Unfortunately, insufficient winter hardiness, mainly due to damage to the bark of the main branches and trunk, allows the cultivation of this variety
found in areas south of Michurinsk, and to the north - only on skeletal formations. The dessert taste is distinguished by the juicy, tender and aromatic pulp of the fruits of the Marble and Botanical varieties. Dessertnaya Rossoshanskaya, Bere Luts, and Duchess Summer have juicy, sweet, good-tasting fruits. The elegant Efimova is distinguished by the external attractiveness of the fruits, which are elongated pear-shaped and almost completely covered with a purple blush.
The pear, compared to the apple tree, has significantly fewer varieties. There are 360 varieties in state variety testing, but no more than 100 have been zoned on the territory of the USSR. The most common zoned varieties are presented in the table, and here we will give a description of some particularly promising varieties.
The Russian garden was enriched with new winter-hardy varieties obtained at the TSHA by S. T. Chizhov and S. P. Potapov from crossing Lukashovkas with varieties of the southern type: Lada, Chizhovskaya, Otradnenskaya, Moskvichka.
Lada and Chizhovskaya bore fruit even after harsh winter 1978/79, when trees of most Central Russian varieties (including Tonkovetka and Bessemyanka) died in many cases. This one is blooming
While the varieties are still in the nursery, they begin to bear fruit in the garden from the first years after planting. Fruiting is abundant and regular. No scab damage is observed.
The fruits of these varieties are very similar: almost the same weight (120-140 grams), yellow in color, juicy (Chizhovskaya’s is also semi-oily), sour-sweet, with a taste rating of 4 points. They differ slightly only in shape: Lada’s fruits are truncated-conical, Chizhovskaya’s are pear-shaped. The ripening period for Chizhovskaya is the second half of August, Lada is the beginning of September. The fruits are stored for 15-20 days.
The disadvantage of the varieties is possible damage to the trunk bark. It is very promising to grow them on the skeleton-forming plants of serviceberry, hawthorn, rowan, and chokeberry.
We will also give a description of new, good-tasting varieties of the Sverdlovsk Experimental Horticulture Station, promising not only for the seventh, but also the third regions. To a limited extent (mainly in conditions unfavorable for gardening), they can be recommended to gardeners in the fourth region.
Sverdlovsk skorospelka. This is still a candidate variety obtained by L.A. Kotov from crossing Bere yellow with Early Mleevskaya. The fruits are oval, medium size (65-90 grams), very good honey- sweet and sour taste. They ripen very early - in mid-August. Winter hardiness is high even in the conditions of Sverdlovsk.
The variety is especially interesting for consumer gardens. Its disadvantages are the large size of the trees and the susceptibility of the leaves to the pear gall mite.
Golden Ural. The variety was bred by L. A. Kotov from pollination of the Ussuri pear with a mixture of pollen from southern varieties.
The fruits are medium size (90 grams), oval-pear-shaped, light yellow. The pulp is juicy, tender, oily, with a very good sweet and sour taste. The fruits ripen in early September.
Even in the conditions of Sverdlovsk, the variety
Highly winter-hardy and productive. The trees are tall.
In recent years, new varieties of the Krasnoyarsk Experimental Horticulture Station have emerged in Siberia; Krasnoyarsk large and Veselinka.
In the conditions of the south, high-yielding, scab-immune, fruit-excellent-tasting varieties bred by SKNIIGPS have received recognition: Nalchikskaya, Kostyka, Kabardiniya, March, Fevralskaya.
Good afternoon, my dear readers and site guests! Today I will tell you about a tree that is widespread almost everywhere, like the common pear, which has a branched crown and a slender trunk with a diameter of 50 centimeters and a height of up to 35 meters. Sometimes found in the form of a large shrub with thorny shoots.
The bark of the tree is thin and gray, and in old trees it is longitudinally fissured. The leaves are oblong, rounded, ovate, up to 8 centimeters long, on long leathery petioles. The plant blooms with white flowers, 6-10 pieces in a corymb, with long pedicels. Blooms in April - May. Pollinated by insects.
The root system of the common pear is deep and powerful. The core character is clearly expressed. Lateral roots are sparse. The roots are weakly and long-haired, gradually thickening, without tubercles or flattening. The outer color is brown, sometimes with a reddish tint; the transition to the color of the trunk is gradual.
The water in which the roots of the plant are immersed almost does not change color and transparency after a day. The roots are difficult to break. Their smell is earthy.
The common pear is a light-loving species. In conditions of sufficient lighting, it lives up to 200 years, and in plantations - up to 150 years. When young, tolerates significant shade.
