Hot water heaters and heating heaters installed at consumer heating points require annual inspection and periodic repairs. Upon completion heating season heaters must be checked for tightness and if a drop in pressure is detected, remove the rolls and inspect the tube sheets.
Hot water heater in fig. 1 - 26 is connected to the heating network in parallel with the heating system, therefore this connection scheme is called parallel.
The hot water heater consists of a housing and a tube bundle. In steam-water heaters in top part steam enters the housing, and condensation is removed from the lower part of the housing. The heated water passes through the tubes. In water-water heaters, network water enters the housing on one side and leaves on the other. Water flowing into the hot water supply system moves towards the network water inside the tubes.
Hot water heaters can operate with water pressure in housings and tubes up to 10 atm (g), and heating - in housings 7 atm and tubes 10 atm.
The absence of a hot water supply heater greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of equipping a consumer’s heating point. The consumer receives deaerated and softened water for water collection, which eliminates corrosion processes in hot water supply systems.
Automatic control of hot water supply heaters according to the described scheme can only be operational with parallel and mixed switching circuits. It could be either a regulator direct action type RR, or an indirect acting regulator with a relay device type RD-Za or RDM. Setting up regulators in two-stage circuits is described in Chapter.
Switching hot water heaters from a sequential to a mixed circuit occurs when the outside air temperature rises, for example, for Moscow to 4 C.
When calculating hot water heaters, first of all, the permissible pressure loss for local water DY is established.
For the manufacture of hot water heaters, brass tubes 16X0 75 mm are used. The ends of the tubes are rolled into tube sheets. The heater consists of separate sections connected to each other by pipes and rolls. The number of sections and their diameter are selected depending on the heat consumption.
Currently, hot water heaters are manufactured without lens compensators. Heating heaters with brass tubes must have lens compensators, since in them hotter network water passes inside brass tubes, which have a higher coefficient of linear expansion than a steel body.
Heating units and hot water heaters must be equipped with automatic regulators, metering and control devices.
In closed systems, hot water supply heaters are connected to the heating network mainly using parallel, mixed and sequential schemes, which are used in both dependent and independent accession heating systems. The use of a particular scheme is determined by the ratio of the maximum load of hot water supply to rated heating, applied in the area temperature schedule central regulation release of heat received in subscriber consuming installations by the auto-regulation system.
Hot water supply is necessary for consumers to satisfy their household and hygienic needs (own washing, washing, washing dishes, etc.).
The quality of water supplied for hot water supply must comply with GOST 2874-82* “Drinking water”.
Temperature hot water For water taps of residential, public and industrial buildings (tg.v, °C) the following is provided:
- Not higher than 75°C, since even at this temperature a person (consumer) can get burns;
- Not lower than 50°C, for hot water supply systems connected to closed heating systems (tg.v,≥50°C). The temperature of hot water should not be less than 50°C, since at lower temperatures vegetable and animal fats do not dissolve (to remove which washing and dishwashing is done);
- Not lower than 60°C, for hot water supply systems connected to open heating systems (tg.v,≥60°C). In children's premises preschool institutions the temperature of hot water supplied to water fittings for showers and washbasins should not exceed 37°C.
In closed heat supply systems, network water circulating in the pipelines of the heating network is used only as a coolant (it is not taken from the heating network by the consumer). In closed heating systems, network water in heat exchangers cold heating is carried out tap water. Then the heated water internal water supply, is supplied to water taps of residential, public and industrial buildings.
IN open systems As for heat supply, network water circulating in the pipelines of the heating network is used not only as a coolant, but is partially (or completely) taken by the consumer from the heating network.
We only consider hot water supply systems for buildings connected to closed heating systems. The basic diagrams of such systems are presented below.
1. Schematic diagram hot water supply systems with single-stage parallel connection of hot water supply heaters
The simplest and most common is a scheme with a single-stage parallel connection of hot water heaters. Hot water heaters (at least two in number) are connected in parallel to the same heating network as the building heating systems. Water from the external water supply network (with a temperature tx. in ° C) is supplied to the hot water heaters. In them, it is heated by network water (with a temperature To1°C) coming from the supply pipeline of the heating network.
Cooled network water (with a temperature of Tg2°C) is supplied to the return pipeline of the heating network. After the hot water supply heaters, heated (hot) tap water with a temperature (tg.v +∆tg.v, °C) is sent to the water taps of the buildings. The value ∆tg.v takes into account the cooling of hot water as it passes from hot water supply heaters to the water supply fixtures of buildings. According to the value ∆tg.v. approximately assumed to be from 3 to 5 OS. If the water taps of buildings are closed, then part of the hot water, through the circulation pipeline, is again supplied to the hot water heaters.
The main disadvantage of this scheme is the significant consumption of network water for the hot water supply system (and, consequently, in the entire heating system).
This scheme with single-stage parallel connection of hot water heaters is recommended to be used if the ratio maximum flow heat for hot water supply of buildings to the maximum heat consumption for heating buildings (QРг.в / QРо) is less than 0.2 or more than 1. This scheme is used with a normal temperature schedule of network water in heating networks.
2. Schematic diagram of a hot water supply system with a two-stage sequential connection of hot water supply heaters
In the following diagram, hot water heaters are divided into two stages. Some are installed on the return pipeline of the heating network after the heating systems of buildings. These are lower (first) stage hot water heaters. Others are installed on the supply pipeline of the heating network in front of the heating (and ventilation) systems of buildings. These are hot water heaters of the upper (second) stage.
Water from the external water supply network (at temperature tх.в°С) is supplied to the lower stage hot water heaters. In them, it is heated by network water (with a temperature To2 or Tav2, °C) after the heating (and ventilation) systems of buildings. Cooled network water (with temperature T2, °C) enters the return pipeline of the warm network and is sent to the heat supply source ( boiler room or CHP). After the hot water supply heaters of the lower stage, tap water has a temperature tп, °С). Further heating of water (up to temperature tgv+∆tg.v, °C) is carried out in the upper stage hot water heaters. The heating fluid is network water (with temperature T1, °C), which is supplied from the supply pipeline of the heating network. Chilled network water (with temperature To1, °C) is sent to the heating (and ventilation) systems of buildings. Heated (hot) water, through the internal water supply system, is supplied to the water taps of the buildings. In this scheme (with closed water taps), part of the hot water is supplied through a circulation pipeline to the upper stage hot water heaters.
The advantage of this scheme is that the hot water supply system does not require special expense network water, since tap water is heated using network water from the heating (and ventilation) systems of buildings.
The disadvantage of a scheme with a two-stage serial connection of hot water heaters is mandatory installation automation systems and additional local adjustment of all types of thermal loads of buildings (heating, hot water supply, ventilation).
A scheme with a two-stage sequential connection of hot water supply heaters is recommended if the ratio of the maximum heat consumption for hot water supply of buildings to the maximum heat consumption for heating buildings (QPg.v/QPo) is in the range from 0.2 to 1. This scheme requires a slight increase in temperature graphics of network water in heating networks.
3. Schematic diagram of a hot water supply system with two-stage mixed connection of hot water supply heaters
A more universal scheme is a two-stage mixed connection of hot water heaters. This scheme can be used both at normal and at elevated temperature schedules of network water in heating networks and is applied for any ratio of the maximum heat consumption for hot water supply of buildings to the maximum heat consumption for heating buildings.
The difference between this scheme and the previous one is that the hot water heaters of the upper stage are connected to the supply pipeline of the heating network not in series, but in parallel to the heating system. Heating of tap water (from temperature tp, °C to temperature tgv+∆tg.v, °C) in these heaters is carried out by network water (with temperature To1, °C from the supply pipeline of the heating network. Cooled network water (with temperature Tg2, °C C) is supplied to the return pipeline of the heating network. There it is mixed with network water from the heating and ventilation systems of buildings and enters the lower stage hot water heaters. Otherwise, the circuit with a two-stage mixed connection of hot water supply heaters works the same as the circuit with a two-stage sequential connection of water supply heaters.
The disadvantage of this scheme, compared to the previous one, is the need for additional consumption of network water for the upper stage hot water heaters (which increases the consumption of network water in the entire heating system)
In some cases, it is necessary to install storage tanks to equalize the load of hot water supply, and also as a reserve in case of interruption in the coolant supply. Reserve tanks are installed in hotels with restaurants, bathhouses, laundries, for shower nets in factories, etc. Therefore, a parallel circuit can be without a battery, with a lower battery tank and with an upper battery tank.
Parallel circuit for switching on a hot water heater
The scheme is used when Q max DHW /Q o ?1. The consumption of network water for subscriber input is determined by the sum of heating and hot water costs. Water consumption for heating is a constant value and is maintained by the PP flow regulator. The consumption of network water for hot water supply is a variable value. The constant temperature of hot water at the outlet of the heater is maintained by the temperature regulator RT depending on its flow.
The circuit has simple switching and one temperature controller. Heater and heating network are calculated for maximum DHW consumption. In this scheme, the heat of the network water is not used rationally. The heat of return network water, which has a temperature of 40 - 60 o C, is not used, although it allows covering a significant portion of the DHW load, and therefore there is an overestimated consumption of network water for the subscriber input.
Scheme with pre-connected hot water heater
In this scheme, the heater is switched on in series with respect to the supply line of the heating network. The scheme is used when Q max DHW /Q o< 0,2 и нагрузка ГВС мала.
Dignity This scheme is a constant flow of coolant to the heating point throughout the heating season, which is maintained by the RR flow regulator. This makes the hydraulic mode of the heating network stable. Underheating of premises during periods of maximum DHW load is compensated by the supply of network water elevated temperature into the heating system during periods of minimal water withdrawal or in its absence at night. Using the heat storage capacity of buildings virtually eliminates fluctuations in indoor air temperature. Such compensation of heat for heating is possible if the heating network operates at an increased temperature chart. When the heating network is regulated according to heating schedule, underheating of the premises occurs, so the scheme is recommended for use with very small DHW loads. This scheme also does not use the heat of return network water.
For single-stage heating of hot water, a parallel circuit for switching on heaters is more often used.
Two-stage mixed hot water supply scheme
The estimated consumption of network water for hot water supply is slightly reduced compared to a parallel single-stage scheme. The 1st stage heater is switched on through the network water in series in the return line, and the 2nd stage heater is connected in parallel with respect to the heating system.
In the first stage, tap water is heated by return network water after the heating system, due to which the thermal performance of the second stage heater is reduced and the consumption of network water to cover the hot water supply load is reduced. The total consumption of network water at the heating point is the sum of the water consumption for the heating system and the consumption of network water for the second stage of the heater.
According to this scheme they join public buildings having a large ventilation load, amounting to more than 15% of the heating load. Dignity The scheme is an independent heat consumption for heating from the heat demand for hot water supply. In this case, fluctuations in the flow of network water at the subscriber input are observed, associated with uneven water consumption for hot water supply, therefore a PP flow regulator is installed, which maintains a constant water flow in the heating system.
Two-stage sequential circuit
The network water branches into two streams: one passes through the PP flow regulator, and the second through the second stage heater, then these streams are mixed and enter the heating system.
At maximum temperature return water after heating 70?C and the average load of hot water supply, tap water is almost heated to normal in the first stage, and the second stage is completely unloaded, because The RT temperature regulator closes the valve to the heater, and all network water flows through the PP flow regulator into the heating system, and the heating system receives more heat than the calculated value.
If the return water after the heating system has a temperature 30-40?С, for example, when the outside air temperature is above zero, then heating the water in the first stage is not enough, and it is heated in the second stage. Another feature of the scheme is the principle of coupled regulation. Its essence is to configure the flow regulator to maintain a constant flow of network water to the subscriber input as a whole, regardless of the hot water supply load and the position of the temperature regulator. If the load on the hot water supply increases, the temperature regulator opens and passes more network water or all the network water through the heater, while the water flow through the flow regulator decreases, as a result, the temperature of the network water at the entrance to the elevator decreases, although the coolant flow remains constant. The heat not supplied during periods of high hot water supply load is compensated during periods of low load, when a flow of increased temperature enters the elevator. There is no decrease in air temperature in the premises, because The heat-storing capacity of building envelopes is used. This is called linked regulation, which serves to level out the daily unevenness of the hot water supply load. IN summer period When the heating is turned off, the heaters are switched on in series using a special jumper. This scheme is used in residential, public and industrial buildings at the load ratio Q max DHW /Q o ? 0.6. The choice of scheme depends on the schedule of central regulation of heat supply: increased or heating.
Advantage sequential scheme compared to a two-stage mixed one is the alignment of the daily heat load schedule, best use coolant, which leads to a decrease in water consumption in the network. The return of network water at a low temperature improves the heating effect, because Low pressure steam extraction can be used to heat water. The reduction in network water consumption under this scheme is (per heating point) 40% compared to parallel and 25% compared to mixed.
Flaw– lack of possibility of complete automatic regulation heating point.
Two-stage mixed circuit with limited maximum water flow for input
It has been used and also makes it possible to use the heat storage capacity of buildings. Unlike the usual mixed circuit, the flow regulator is installed not in front of the heating system, but at the inlet to the point of supply of network water to the second stage of the heater.
It maintains flow no higher than the specified one. With an increase in water consumption, the RT temperature regulator will open, increasing the flow of network water through the second stage of the hot water supply heater, while the consumption of network water for heating is reduced, which makes this scheme equivalent to the sequential circuit in terms of the calculated flow of network water. But the second stage heater is connected in parallel, therefore maintaining a constant water flow in the heating system is ensured circulation pump(an elevator cannot be used), and the pressure regulator RD will maintain a constant flow of mixed water in the heating system.
Open heating networks
Connection diagrams DHW systems much easier. Economical and reliable operation of DHW systems can only be ensured if there is and reliable operation automatic water temperature regulator. Heating installations are connected to the heating network according to the same schemes as in closed systems.
a) Circuit with thermostat (typical)
Water from the supply and return pipelines is mixed in the thermostat. The pressure behind the thermostat is close to the pressure in the return pipeline, so the DHW circulation line is connected behind the water intake point after throttle washer. The diameter of the washer is selected based on the creation of resistance corresponding to the pressure drop in the hot water supply system. The maximum water flow in the supply pipeline, from which the calculated flow rate for the user input is determined, occurs at maximum DHW load and minimum temperature water in the heating network, i.e. in a mode where the DHW load is entirely supplied from the supply pipeline.
b) Combined scheme with water intake from return line
The scheme was proposed and implemented in Volgograd. Used to reduce vibrations variable flow water in the network and pressure fluctuations. The heater is connected to the supply line in series.
Water for hot water supply is taken from the return line and, if necessary, heated in the heater. At the same time, the adverse effect of water withdrawal from the heating network on the operation of heating systems is minimized, and the decrease in the temperature of the water entering the heating system must be compensated by an increase in the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network in relation to the heating schedule. Applicable to load ratio? av = Q av DHW /Q o > 0.3
c) Combined scheme with water extraction from the supply line
If the power of the water supply source at the boiler room is insufficient and to reduce the temperature of the return water returned to the station, this scheme is used. When the return water temperature after the heating system is approximately equal to 70?C, there is no water draw-off from the supply line, hot water supply is provided tap water. This scheme is used in the city of Yekaterinburg. According to them, the scheme allows reducing the volume of water treatment by 35 - 40% and reducing energy consumption for pumping coolant by 20%. The cost of such a heating point is higher than with the scheme A), but less than for closed system. In this case, the main advantage of open systems is lost - protection of hot water supply systems from internal corrosion.
Adding tap water will cause corrosion, so circulation line DHW systems cannot be connected to return pipeline heating network. With significant water withdrawals from the supply pipeline, the consumption of network water entering the heating system is reduced, which can lead to underheating of individual rooms. This does not happen in the circuit b), which is its advantage.
Connecting two types of load in open systems
Connecting two types of load according to the principle unrelated regulation shown in Figure A).
In the scheme unrelated regulation(Fig. A) Heating and hot water installations operate independently of each other. The flow rate of network water in the heating system is maintained constant using the PP flow regulator and does not depend on the hot water supply load. Water consumption for hot water supply varies over a very wide range from a maximum value during the hours of maximum water withdrawal to zero during the period of no water withdrawal. The RT temperature regulator regulates the ratio of water flows from the supply and return lines, maintaining constant temperature water for hot water supply. Total consumption of network water at a heating point equal to the sum water consumption for heating and hot water supply. The maximum consumption of network water occurs during periods of maximum water withdrawal and at a minimum water temperature in the supply line. In this scheme, there is an excessive consumption of water from the supply main, which leads to an increase in the diameter of the heating network, an increase in initial costs and increases the cost of heat transport. The calculated consumption can be reduced by installing hot water accumulators, but this complicates and increases the cost of subscriber input equipment. IN residential buildings batteries are usually not installed.
In the scheme related regulation(Fig. B) the flow regulator is installed before connecting the hot water supply system and maintains constant the total water flow to the user input as a whole. During hours of maximum water consumption, the supply of network water for heating is reduced, and, consequently, the heat consumption is reduced. To prevent hydraulic misadjustment heating system, on the elevator jumper turns on centrifugal pump, maintaining constant water flow in the heating system. The heat not supplied for heating is compensated during the hours of minimum water withdrawal, when most of the network water is sent to the heating system. In this scheme building structures buildings are used as a heat accumulator, leveling the heat load schedule.
With an increased hydraulic load of hot water supply, most subscribers, which is typical for new residential areas, often refuse to install flow regulators at the subscriber inputs, limiting themselves only to installing a temperature regulator at the hot water supply connection point. The role of flow regulators is performed by constant hydraulic resistance(washers) installed at the heating point during initial adjustment. These constant resistances are calculated in such a way as to obtain the same law of change in network water consumption for all subscribers when the hot water supply load changes.
There are three main schemes for connecting heat exchangers: parallel, mixed, series. The decision to apply a particular scheme is made design organization based on the requirements of SNiP and the supplier of heat coming from their energy capacities. In the diagrams, arrows show the passage of heating and heated water. In operating mode, the valves located in the heat exchanger jumpers must be closed.
1. Parallel circuit
2. Mixed scheme
3. Sequential (universal) circuit
When the DHW load significantly exceeds the heating load, hot water heaters are installed at heating point according to the so-called single-stage parallel circuit, in which the hot water heater is connected to the heating network parallel to the heating system. The constant temperature of tap water in the hot water supply system at the level of 55-60 ºС is maintained by a direct-acting RPD temperature regulator, which affects the flow of heating network water through the heater. At parallel connection network water consumption is equal to the sum of its costs for heating and hot water supply.
In a mixed two-stage scheme, the first stage of the DHW heater is connected in series with the heating system on the return line of the network water, and the second stage is connected to the heating network in parallel with the heating system. In this case, preheating of tap water occurs due to cooling of network water after the heating system, which reduces thermal load second stage and reduces the total consumption of network water for hot water supply.
In a two-stage sequential (universal) circuit, both stages of the DHW heater are connected in series with the heating system: the first stage is after the heating system, the second is before the heating system. The flow regulator, installed parallel to the second stage of the heater, maintains constant the total flow of network water to the subscriber input, regardless of the flow of network water to the second stage of the heater. During the hours maximum loads DHW, all or most of the network water passes through the second stage of the heater, is cooled in it and enters the heating system at a temperature lower than the required one. In this case, the heating system does not receive enough heat. This undersupply of heat to the heating system is compensated during hours of low hot water supply loads, when the temperature of the network water entering the heating system is higher than that required for this outside temperature. In two-stage sequential circuit the total consumption of network water is less than in a mixed scheme, due to the fact that it uses not only the heat of network water after the heating system, but also the heat storage capacity of buildings. Reducing the consumption of network water helps to reduce the unit cost of external heating networks.
The connection diagram for hot water supply water heaters in closed heating supply systems is selected depending on the ratio of the maximum heat flow for hot water supply Qh max and the maximum heat flow for heating Qo max:
| 0,2 ≥ | Qh max | ≥ 1 - single-stage scheme |
| Qo max |
| 0,2 < | Qh max | < 1 - two-stage scheme |
| Qo ma |
In the near future, residents will begin to pay for hot water according to a new principle: separately for the water itself and separately for heating it.
So far, enterprises and organizations are already using the new rules, but for residents the old accounting remains. Due to communal confusion, housing services companies are refusing to pay heat energy companies. Fontanka understood the complexities of the two-part tariff.
Earlier
Until 2014, the population and businesses paid for hot water as follows. For the calculation it was necessary to know only quantity consumed cubic meters It was multiplied by the tariff and by the figure artificially derived by officials - 0.06 Gcal. This is exactly the amount of thermal energy, according to their calculations, that is needed to heat one cubic meter of water. As Deputy Chairman of the Tariff Committee Irina Bugoslavskaya told Fontanka, the indicator “0.06 Gcal” was derived based on the following data: the temperature of the hot water provided should be 60 - 75 degrees, the temperature of the cold water used to prepare hot water should be 15 degrees in winter, 5 degrees in summer. According to Bugoslavskaya, committee officials made several thousand measurements, taking information from metering devices - the artificially derived figure was confirmed.
In connection with the use of this payment method, a problem arose with risers and heated towel rails connected to the hot water supply system. They heat the air, that is, they consume Gcal. From October to April this thermal energy is added to heating; in the summer this cannot be done. For a year now, a system has been in place in St. Petersburg according to which payments for heat supply can be charged only during the heating season. As a result, unaccounted heat is generated.
Solution
In May 2013, federal officials came up with a way out of the situation of unaccounted for heating with heated towel rails and risers. To achieve this, it was decided to introduce a two-component tariff. Its essence lies in separate payment for cold water and its heating - thermal energy.
There are two types of heating systems. One means that the pipe with hot water comes from the one intended for heating, the other means that for hot water, water is taken from the cold water supply system and heated.
If hot water is taken from the same pipe as heating, then payment for it will be calculated taking into account the costs associated with chemical treatment, staff salaries, equipment maintenance. If cold water from the State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is used for heating, then the payment for it is taken according to the tariff - now it is a little more than 20 rubles.
The heating tariff is calculated based on how many resources were spent on the production of thermal energy.
Confused housing residents
From January 1, 2014, a two-component tariff was introduced for consumers who do not belong to the “population” group, that is, for organizations and enterprises. In order for citizens to be able to pay according to the new principle, it is necessary to make changes to regulations. Pay by new system rules for the provision of public utilities prohibit. Since residents are still paying old scheme, housing organizations serving houses where there are non-residential premises, got a new headache.
Charging for hot water supply consists of two parts, or components, each of which is highlighted in a separate line on the receipt - DHW and DHW heating. This is due to the fact that in Academichesky houses, water preparation is carried out directly by the management company in individual heating points of each house. In the process of preparing hot water, two types of utility resources are used - cold water and thermal energy.
The first component, the so-called
DHW supply- this is directly the volume of water that passed through the hot water supply meter and was consumed indoors in a month. Or, if the readings were not taken, or the meter turned out to be faulty or its verification period has expired - the volume of water determined by calculation according to the average or standard for the quantity prescribed.. The procedure for calculating the volume DHW supply exactly the same as for To calculate the cost of this service, the tariff for cold water, since the supplier has in this case It is cold water that is purchased.The second component
DHW heating- this is the amount of thermal energy that was expended to heat the volume of cold water provided to the apartment to hot temperature. This amount is determined based on the readings of the common house heat energy meter.In general, the fee for hot water supply is calculated using the following formula:
P i gv = Vi gv × T hv+ (V v cr × Vi gv/ ∑ Vi gv × T v cr)
Vi Guards- the volume of hot water consumed during the billing period (month) in an apartment or non-residential premises
T xv- tariff for cold water
V v cr- the amount of thermal energy used during the billing period for heating cold water during independent production of hot water management company
∑ Vi gv- the total volume of hot water consumed during the billing period in all rooms of the house
T v cr- tariff for thermal energy
Calculation example:
Let's assume that hot water consumption in an apartment for a month is 7 m3. Hot water consumption throughout the house is 465 m3. The amount of thermal energy spent on heating hot water according to a common house meter is 33.5 Gcal
7 m 3 * 33.3 rub. + (33.5 Gcal * 7 m 3 / 465 m 3 * 1331.1 rub.) = 233.1 + 671.3 = 904.4 rub.
Of which:
233.1 rub. - payment for actual water consumption (DHW line in the receipt)
671.3 - payment for thermal energy spent on heating water to the required temperature (DHW heating line in the receipt)
IN in this example To heat one cube of hot water, 0.072 gigacalories of thermal energy were spent.
IN the value showing how many gigacalories were required to heat 1 cubic meter of water in the calculation period is called DHW heating coefficient
The heating coefficient is not the same from month to month and largely depends on the following parameters:
Cold water supply temperature. IN different times During the year, the cold water temperature ranges from +2 to +20 degrees. Accordingly, in order to heat the water to the required temperature you will have to spend different quantities thermal energy.
The total volume of water consumed per month in all areas of the house. This value is largely influenced by the number of apartments that submitted their testimony in the current month, recalculations, and, in general, the discipline of residents in submitting their testimony.
Thermal energy consumption for hot water circulation. Water circulation in the pipes occurs continuously, including during the hours of minimum water withdrawal. That is, for example, at night, hot water is practically not used by residents, but thermal energy for heating water is still spent to maintain the required temperature of hot water in heated towel rails and at the entrances to apartments. This figure is especially high in new, sparsely populated buildings and stabilizes as the number of residents increases.
The average values of DHW heating coefficients for each block are given in the section “Tariffs and calculation coefficients”
With the arrival of cold weather, many Russians are concerned about how to pay for utilities. For example, To How to calculate hot water and how often you should pay for these services. To answer all these questions, you first need to clarify whether a water meter is installed in this home. If the meter is installed, then the calculation is made according to a certain scheme.
The first thing you need to do is look at the receipt for housing and communal services that came last month. In this document you should find a column that indicates the amount of water consumed for the last month; we will need figures with indicators at the end of the last reporting period.
The first thing you need to do is look at the receipt for housing and communal services that came last month
After these readings are written out, they should be entered into a new document. In this case we're talking about on receipts for payment of housing and communal services for the next reporting period. As you can see, the answers to the questions of how to calculate the cost of hot water using a meter and how to determine its consumption are quite simple. It is necessary to take all water meter readings promptly and correctly.
By the way, many management companies themselves enter the above information into payment document. In this case, you won’t have to look for data in old receipts. You also need to remember that in situations where the water meter has just been installed and these are the first readings, the previous ones will be zeros.
The initial readings of some modern meters may contain some other numbers rather than zeros
I would also like to clarify that the initial readings of some modern meters may contain not zeros, but some other numbers. In this case, in the receipt in the column where you need to indicate the previous readings, you need to leave exactly these numbers.
The process of searching for previous meter readings is very important if you need to understand the question of how to calculate hot water according to the meter. Without this data, it will not be possible to correctly calculate how many cubic meters of water were used in a given reporting period.
So, before you start studying the question of how to calculate the cost of hot water, you should learn how to take water meter readings.
Symbols on the meter
Almost all modern meters have a scale with at least 8 digits. The first 5 of which are black, but the second 3 are red.
Important
It is important to understand that only the first 3 digits, which are black, are displayed on the receipt. Because these are the data of cubic meters, and it is from them that the cost of water is calculated. But the data that is colored red is liters. They do not need to be indicated on receipts. Although these data make it possible to estimate how many liters of water a particular family consumes over a certain reporting period. In this way, you can understand whether it is worth saving on this benefit or whether the consumption is within normal limits. And of course, you can determine how much water is spent on bathing procedures, and how much on washing dishes, and so on.
It is important to understand that the receipt displays only the first 3 digits, which are black.
To correctly understand how to calculate the tariff for hot water, you should know on what day of the month the readings of this device are taken. Here, you need to remember that water meter data must be taken at the end of each reporting period, after which it must be transferred to the appropriate authority. This can be done through phone call or via the Internet.
Note! It should be remembered that the figures are always indicated at the beginning of the reporting period (that is, those that were taken last month) and at the end (these are those that are being taken now).
This regulation is prescribed in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011, number 354.
How to calculate the service correctly?
It is no secret that the legislation of our country is constantly changing, and therefore citizens are beginning to worry about the question of how to calculate hot water or any other utility costs.
If we talk specifically about water, then we should take into account the fact that payment consists of certain components:
- indicators of a water meter, which is located in the room and controls the flow of cold water;
- indicators of the meter, which shows the consumption of hot water in a given apartment;
- indicators of a device that calculates the cold water consumption of all tenants;
- data from the meter that monitors the consumption of the residents of the house; it is installed in the basement of the house;
- the share of a specific apartment in the total expense;
- the share that corresponds to a specific apartment in this building.
The penultimate indicator is the most incomprehensible, although in fact everything is quite accessible. It is taken into account when determining the amount of resource that was spent on everyone. It is also called “general house needs”. This, by the way, also applies to the last indicator; it is calculated when general house needs are calculated.
Calculation of hot water consumption
As for the first two indicators, they are quite understandable. They depend on the residents themselves, because a person himself can choose to save costs specific resource or not. But in other cases it all depends on how often it is done wet cleaning in the entrance of the house, on the number of riser leaks, and so on.
The worst thing about this calculation system is that almost the entire part of the general household needs is fictitious. After all, in every building there are residents who incorrectly indicate their individual indicators, or, for example, one person is registered in their apartment, but five live. Then the general house needs had to be calculated based on the fact that 3 people live in apartment No. 5, and not 1. In this case, everyone else would have to pay a little less. As you can see, the question of how to calculate hot water still needs careful research.
That is why our officials are still trying to figure out how to calculate the fee for hot water and which mechanism would be the most successful.
Do everyone have the same rates?
To save money, you should always tighten the tap if at the moment no need to use water
To do this, just go to the website of the management company or just call them. Also, similar information is contained on the receipt that comes to each resident.
After this data has been found, the cost of the consumed cubic meters of resource should be calculated. Next, calculating the payment for hot water is quite simple; this is done in the same way as in the case of all other resources. You should take the number of cubic meters spent and multiply by the specific tariff.
It should be noted that today there are many ways you can save hot water consumption, thereby reducing your costs for paying for it. To do this, you can use special nozzles on the faucet; they will help you not spray water so much and control the pressure power. You should also open the tap valve not at full strength, so the stream will flow under less pressure, but the water will not fly out in all directions. And of course, you should always turn on the tap if you don’t need to use water at the moment. For example, when a person brushes his teeth or washes his hair (while his head is being soaped or his toothbrush is being lubricated, the water tap can be closed).
All these tips will help reduce the cost of paying for hot or cold water, thereby helping to correctly calculate hot water consumption.
Difference between hot and cold water calculations
Of course, this formula, as well as the one that takes into account hot water consumption, has many flaws. Due to the fact that general house indicators are taken into account, it is difficult to control where the difference went between the individual indicators of all residents and the data that was taken from the water meter installed on the house. Perhaps this is really true, and all this water was used to clean the entrance. But this is hard to believe. Of course, there are tenants who deceive the state and give incorrect data, but there are also errors in the work of the pipeline system(the drain pipes in most houses are old and can leak, so the water goes nowhere).
Hot water invoice
For a long time now, our government has been thinking about how to correctly calculate hot and cold water and how to improve the existing mechanism.
For example, in 2013, our authorities came to the conclusion that it was necessary to establish standard norms for general household needs and that this data should be taken into account when calculating the cost of one cubic meter water. This helped to slightly restrain the zeal of our management companies and help the citizens of the country. You can find out these numbers from the management company. But this only applies to those cases where residents have entered into an agreement with the management company. If we are talking about Vodokanal, then here in every locality a separate fixed minimum payment will be established. And, for example, an overpayment in a given reporting period may cover expenses in the next one.
As you can see, there is a whole diagram that makes it clear how to calculate hot water heating or how to calculate how much to pay for cold water consumption.
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2017:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub/Gcal = 43.8285 rub/sq.m.
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 14.6095 rub./sq.m
October 0.0322 * 1211.33 rubles/Gcal = 39.0048 rubles/sq.m.
November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1211.33 rub./Gcal = 44.3347 rub./sq.m
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply per person in 2017:
January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1197.50 rub./Gcal = 253.87 rub./person.
July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1211.33 rub./Gcal = 256.80 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2017:
January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 55.9233 rub./cubic. m.
July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1211.33 rub./Gcal = 56.5691 rub./cubic. m
2016
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2016:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub/Gcal = 42.8429 rub/sq.m.
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 14.2810 rub./sq.m
October 0.0322 * 1197.50 rubles/Gcal = 38.5595 rubles/sq.m.
November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 43.8285 rub./sq.m
Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2016:
January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1170.57 rub./Gcal = 248.16 rub./person.
July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1197.50 rub./Gcal = 253.87 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2016:
January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 54.6656 rub./cubic. m
July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 55.9233 rub./cubic. m
2015
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2015:
Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 36.2523 rub./sq.m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 12.0841 rub./sq.m
October 0.0322 * 1170.57 rubles/Gcal = 37.6924 rubles/sq.m.
November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 42.8429 rub./sq.m
Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2015:
DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff = cost DHW services for 1 person
An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:
January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *990.50 rub./Gcal = 209.986 rub./person.
July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1170.57 rub./Gcal = 248.1608 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2015:
The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cubic meter. m
January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 46.2564 rub./cubic. m
July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 54.6656 rub./cubic. m
2014
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2014:
Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 34.2001 rub./sq.m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 11.4000 rub./sq.m
October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 31.8941 rub./sq. m
November – December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 36.2523 rub./sq.m
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply per 1 person in 2014:
DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff = cost of DHW service per 1 person
An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:
January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 198.0991 rub./person.
July – December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 209.986 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2014:
The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cubic meter. m
January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 43.6378 rub./cubic. m
July – December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 46.2564 rub./cubic. m
2013
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2013:
Heating consumption standard
- January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 31.1477 rub./sq.m
- May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m *851.03 rub./Gcal =10.3826 rub./sq.m
- October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 30.0886 rub./sq. m
- November – December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 34.2001 rub./sq.m
Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2013:
DHW consumption standard
An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:
- January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 180.4184 rub./person.
- July – December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 198.0991 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2013:
The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water
- January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 39.7431 rub./cubic. m
- July – December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 43.6378 rub./cubic. m
2012
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2012:
Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or Mechel-Energo LLC) = The cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m
- January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 27.3578 rub./sq. m
- May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 9.1193 rub./sq. m
- October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 27.4032 rub./sq. m
- November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 31.1477 rub./sq. m
Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2012:
DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or Mechel-Energo LLC) = cost of DHW service per 1 person
An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:
- January - June 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person. per month * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 158.47 rub./person.
- July - August 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 792.47 rub./Gcal = 168.00 rub./person.
- September - December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 180.42 rub./person.
Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services using a domestic hot water meter in 2012:
The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or LLC "Mechel-Energo") = cost of service for heating 1 cubic. m
- January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 34.9073 rub./cubic. m
- July – August 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 792.47 rub./Gcal = 37.0083 rub./cubic. m
- September–December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 39.7431 rub./cubic. m