Introduction

The security of the Russian Federation is a state of protection of the vital interests of its citizens, society and the state from internal and external threats.

By security threats we mean potential threats to the political, social, economic, military, environmental and other, including spiritual and intellectual values ​​of the nation and the State. Security threats are closely related to the national interests of the country, including outside its territory. In each specific case, their elimination requires special forms and methods of activity of the State: the use of appropriate special bodies, forces and means of the state.

The main security objects include:

personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values;

state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity

A threat to the security of the Russian Federation is a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

The real and potential threat to security objects emanating from internal and external sources determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security, depending on the spheres of life of society and the state to which security threats are directed. they can be divided into political (threats to the existing constitutional order), economic, military, informational, man-made, environmental and others.

Security threats: external, internal, cross-border

Today there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groups of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of secession of certain territories from the Russian Federation; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military facilities located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on facilities and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies; actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-compliance with the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign countries

The main external threats to national security are:

1. reduction of the role of Russia in the world economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, for example the UN, OSCE;

2. reduction of economic and political influence on processes occurring in the global economy;

3. strengthening the scale and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;

4. emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;

5. widespread proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world;

6. weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;

7. creating conditions for the formation and emergence of military armed conflicts near the state borders of Russia and the CIS countries;

8. territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;

9. international terrorism;

10. weakening of Russia’s position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in a decrease in Russia’s influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;

11. intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;

12. a sharp decline in the country’s military and defense potential, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country’s defense complex.

13. intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;

Experts include internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipment, training and activities of illegal armed groups; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale organized crime activities that threaten political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

1. increasing the degree of differentiation in the standard of living and income of the population. The formation of a small group of the rich population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic upheavals;

2. deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of mineral resources creates serious structural changes;

3. increasing uneven economic development of regions. The sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of regions destroys existing connections between them and impedes interregional integration;

4. criminalization of Russian society. In society, there has been a sharp increase in the tendency to obtain unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property, which negatively affects the overall stability and sustainability of the national economy. Of great importance is the total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them;

5. a sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth - scientific and technological potential - has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass departure of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of knowledge-intensive industries, and increased scientific and technological dependence;

6. strengthening the isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure;

7. increased interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds;

8. widespread violation of a single legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with legislation;

9. decline in the physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the healthcare system;

10. demographic crisis associated with a stable tendency for the general mortality rate of the population to prevail over the birth rate.

Taken together, domestic threats to national security are closely intertwined and interconnected.

The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Its characteristic features are the depletion of natural resources, the periodic occurrence of vast zones of environmental disasters and disasters, and the degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, and transport. A real threat to Russia’s interests is the tendency to use its territory to dispose of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries of developed European countries.

Negative trends in the global social sphere are growing. There is an increase in the proportion of sick, disabled people, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, and drinking poor-quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed people remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still one of the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification of the International Labor Organization, there are more than 5 million unemployed in Russia. Approximately the same number of people work part-time or are on forced leave, and the level of material security for the population is declining. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. Indicators of physical and mental development of people are deteriorating.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of the health care and social protection systems. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. Consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol ranges from 11 to 14 liters, while the situation is assessed as dangerous at -8 liters.

Transboundary threats are manifested in the following:

Creation, equipment and training of armed formations and groups on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on Russian territory;

The activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;

Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into Russian territory or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;

Activities of international terrorist organizations.

Terrorism, having a very complex content, affects the national security of the country at all its levels - interstate, state, interethnic, national, class and group. In addition, domestic and international terrorism violates a nation's ability to self-preserve, self-reproduction and self-development.

Domestic and international terrorism pose a threat of a similar nature. In general, the border between these types of terrorism is so fluid (according to most scientists, terrorist acts committed in Russia are manifestations of international terrorism) that a clear separation of threats from them, as the author sees it, is very difficult.

Terrorism poses a threat to the country's interests in the social sphere, which include ensuring a high standard of living for the people. By destroying the economic and political systems of society, terrorism prevents the achievement of the highest value of society, which lies in its own well-being.

Terrorism violates the main inalienable right of every person - the right to life. The result of two Chechen wars and the activities of all pro- and anti-Russian administrations is a full-scale humanitarian catastrophe. Over the 12 years of the anti-terrorist war in the Chechen Republic, the total losses amounted to about 45 thousand people. Over half a million residents of Chechnya and surrounding areas were forced to leave their homes

The process of identifying sources of hazards and threats requires a clear understanding of their general and specific characteristics. Sources of danger to the security of the state are found in various spheres of society. It seems that the most significant of them are hidden in the spheres of political relations of the state, classes, social groups of society; economic relations; spiritual-ideological, ethno-national and religious, as well as in the environmental sphere and the sphere of information security, etc.

Satisfaction of national interests occurs within the framework of the processes of interaction between states in the international arena, as well as various social forces within them. These processes are in the nature of confrontation and cooperation, which in general allows us to consider them as a type of struggle for existence. The latter causes direct and indirect competition between states and forces them to take into account each other’s interests in one way or another. In the economic sphere, this competition has the nature of competition, and in non-economic spheres it has the nature of military-political and cultural-informational confrontation. The forms and direction of such confrontation and cooperation are determined by national interests. Since the resources allocated for development differ only partially for states, the clash of their interests is permanent.

It is these clashes in the course of satisfying national interests that give rise to threats to national security. National Security Threat is a danger determined by activities that interfere with the satisfaction of national interests.

On the one hand, the threat to national security is inextricably linked with one thing or another. There is no national interest - there is no threat. Outside the system of national interests, a threat is just a danger. The threat to national security is considered in the context of various dangers, the ability to cause any harm, and misfortune that accompany human activity in general. Hazards, unlike threats, can be generated not only by social forces, but also by natural phenomena, natural disasters and man-made disasters.

On the other hand, a threat as an encroachment on national interest and the intention to cause harm is always associated with the purposeful activity of some opposing social force - specific subjects pursuing their own interests, which act as a source of threat.

• affected national interests of the country, which reflects its importance;
• circumstances (one’s own vulnerability - the degree of security of the threat), which determines the potential damage when the threat is realized;
• place and time of manifestation of negative factors and conditions;
• capabilities, intentions and will of the threat actor (potential enemy or competitor).

The last two points determine the likelihood of the threat being realized.

Thus, national security threat- direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty and territorial integrity, sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.

Nature of the threat determined by the nature of the interest, the satisfaction of which a given threat counteracts. Therefore, they distinguish threats of economic, military, informational, environmental and other nature(Fig. 1).

By appearance distinguish:

A direct threat. This is a threat created by the targeted deliberate activity of an entity that is considered as a competitor, adversary or enemy.

Indirect threat. This is a threat caused by destructive changes in market conditions, or unpredictable political events that destroy established systems of economic and political interaction, or their inability to respond to a crisis.

Depending on where the threat comes from. those. where the source of the threat is located in relation to the state border, they also distinguish external, internal and transnational(not country specific) threats.

From the point of view of the “broad” interpretation of security, threats are divided into the following types: actor-centric and trend-centric. What these threats have in common is this. that the former are often, and the latter almost always, transnational in nature.

In the strategic planning systems of states, threats are usually divided into potential And immediate. The first ones are usually considered to be those that have the following characteristics:

• pose an immediate danger to the national interest within the relevant planning period;
• expressed as a certain trend in the development of the situation (for example, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the world or the deterioration of the economic situation);
• do not require immediate response.

Signs of immediate threats include:

• represent a clear danger to national interests at the current moment;
• expressed as a specific event (for example, an attack on an ally, hostage taking, etc.);
• require immediate protective measures.

Rice. 1. Classification of threats to national security

Potential threats are usually taken into account when developing various plans and programs. Immediate threats require the immediate activation of the crisis planning system to take specific response measures. As a rule, sources of immediate threats are potential ones.

The manifestation of sources of threats can be cumulative in nature both in various areas of achieving national goals and in geographical areas (regions), this involves considering threats not only by their sources, both external and internal, but also by the forms and likelihood of implementation, as well as the expected damage. This makes it possible to identify risks for the tasks of national development being solved in order to take proactive measures to neutralize threats. In this case, the spectrum of threats is formed by their following forms.

Traditional forms of threat implementation associated primarily with the use of armed forces of states in well-studied forms of warfare or conflict. In addition, these threats are associated with the use of various types of economic instruments. At the same time, the economic opportunities of the source of the threat are realized not so much to improve their own economic position in the world economy, but to cause damage to their competitors using economic methods. The manifestation of such threats is expressed in a violation of the existing balance of power in various areas of activity or geographical (strategic) directions. which constrains the freedom of action of the state in a particular region of the world, increasing the risks of achieving national goals.

Unconventional forms of threat implementation involve the use by states and non-state actors of unconventional methods against adversaries that are superior in capabilities. These include terrorism, insurgency, and civil wars. These approaches can be combined with information campaigns and actions, as well as attempts to purposefully disrupt the country’s financial and credit sector through speculative attacks. Sometimes non-traditional forms of threat implementation are called asymmetric.

Forms of implementation of catastrophic threats associated with the use of weapons of mass destruction. This category of threats should also include activities to destroy key country infrastructure facilities that can cause catastrophic environmental and/or social consequences. The sources of such threats can be both individual states seeking to ensure their security or increase their international status, as well as various kinds of non-state actors seeking to acquire weapons of mass destruction and even use them (by analogy with the use of chemical weapons by the Aum-Shinrikyo sect in the Tokyo subway in 1995) to attract international attention or achieve other goals.

Disruptive forms of threat implementation come from opponents who develop, possess and use breakthrough technologies that make it possible to neutralize the enemy’s advantages in relevant areas. Of key importance in this context are information methods of disorganizing the activities of state and military control systems and correcting the political activity of the masses in the required direction.

It should be noted that, just like interests, threats are recognized and “felt” by specific bearers of interests. There is always a difference between reality and its awareness. That's why threats can also be overestimated, underestimated and even imaginary, i.e. far-fetched.

Internal and external threats to national economic security

In the process of creation and maintenance, key reasons arise that can disrupt it, threats. The main threats are defined in the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 No. 1300 (as amended by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 No. 24). In accordance with it, threats are divided into internal and external in relation to the location of the causes of their occurrence - outside the national economy and inside it.

Internal threats to Russia's national security

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

Increasing the degree of differentiation in the standard of living and income of the population. The formation of a small group of the rich population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic upheavals. This creates a number of problems in society - total uncertainty of the population, its psychological discomfort, the formation of large criminal structures, drug addiction, alcoholism, organized crime, prostitution;

Deformation. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of mineral resources is creating serious structural changes. A decrease in competitiveness and a total curtailment of production stimulates an increase in unemployment and reduces the quality of life of the population. The resource orientation of the national economy allows for high income, but in no way ensures sustainable economic growth;

Increasing uneven economic development of regions. This kind of situation poses the problem of breaking the single economic space. The sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of regions destroys existing connections between them and impedes interregional integration;

Criminalization of Russian society. In society, there has been a sharp increase in the tendency to obtain unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property, which negatively affects the overall stability and sustainability of the national economy. Of great importance is the total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them. Many entrepreneurs abandon legal methods of resolving disputes among themselves, avoiding free competition, and are increasingly resorting to the help of criminal structures. All this negatively affects the general economic situation and prevents the national economy from emerging from the crisis;

A sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth—scientific and technological potential—has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass departure of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of knowledge-intensive industries, and increased scientific and technological dependence. The future development of the economy lies in knowledge-intensive industries, for the creation of which Russia today does not have sufficient scientific potential. Accordingly, it is being questioned whether Russia has a place in the world economy;

Increasing isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure. The manifestation of separatist aspirations by the subjects of the Federation poses a real threat to the territorial integrity of Russia and the existence of a single legal, political and economic space;

Increased interethnic and interethnic tensions, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds. It is broadcast by a number of public associations whose interests do not include preserving the cultural and national integrity of Russia;

Widespread violation of the common legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with legislation;

Decreased physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the healthcare system. As a result, there is a steady trend towards a reduction in the birth rate and life expectancy of the population. The decline in human potential makes economic growth and industrial development impossible;

demographic crisis, associated with a stable tendency for the total mortality of the population to prevail over the birth rate. The catastrophic decline in population poses the problem of populating the territory of Russia and its retention of existing borders.

Taken together, domestic threats to national security are closely intertwined and interconnected. Their elimination is necessary not only to create the proper level of national security, but also to preserve Russian statehood. Along with internal ones, there are also external threats to national security.

External threats to Russia's national security

Main external threats to national security are:

• the decline of Russia’s role in the global economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, for example the UN, OSCE;
• reduction of economic and political influence on processes occurring in the global economy;
• increasing the scale and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;
• emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;
• the widespread proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world;
• weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;
• creating conditions for the formation and emergence of military armed conflicts near the state borders of Russia and the CIS countries;
• territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;
• international terrorism;
• weakening of Russia's position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in a decrease in Russia’s influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;
• intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;
• a sharp decline in the country's military and defense potential, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country's defense complex.

Ensuring national security at a sufficient level necessitates constant monitoring of external and internal threats, and therefore their list is constantly changing depending on specific political, social, legal and economic conditions.

Adopted in 1997 and amended in 2000, the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation is not a simple declaration. It is an effective legal document regulating the priority area of ​​state activity - national security. Only starting in 2003, it began to be implemented after the necessary potential had been accumulated. The introduction of a system for appointing senior officials of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation minimized the threat to the territorial integrity of Russia. The recent ban on the activities of funds with foreign capital in Russia has reduced the degree of its political and economic dependence. Now we are witnessing a process in which the accumulated potential of state power has begun to implement the National Security Concept adopted in 1997, albeit not effectively and efficiently in all areas.

Stages of a national security threat

Threats to national security in the public consciousness and, in particular, in the consciousness of the country's political leadership go through several stages: awareness of the threat - reaction to a perceived threat - response to the threat.

Awareness of the threat

Firstly, the property of an object or phenomenon to “pose a threat” obviously does not have an inherent character, but is very conditional. What is considered a “threat” from the point of view of one scale of values ​​may, on the contrary, turn out to be an “opportunity” from the point of view of another assessment. It is difficult to talk about “threats” without reference to a certain value system. Secondly, a threat is perceived as such only as long as it seems probable enough. In general, any threat is perceived by the human consciousness “integrally” - as a certain sum of the subjectively assessed probability of the threat being realized and the degree of possible damage. Moreover, the perception of a threat is purely individual and is reflected in the concept of “degree of threat.” The degree of threat is the integral perception of the threat in the individual or public consciousness. Even a deadly but low-probability threat may be perceived as “low” and of little concern to those concerned. At the same time, a threat that is quite probable, but not serious in nature, can completely divert attention to itself. Therefore, the response to threats to national interests may differ significantly from what a person’s subconscious tells him. However, even if threats are practically improbable, political leadership in practice must assume their possibility in order to ensure that what should not happen does not actually happen.

In this regard, the main problem of preventing and countering any threat is the gap between the principles of rational perception and combating threats and the “innate”, often irrational, reaction of society to threats (or the lack thereof). Influencing the sphere of politics, “universal” and purely national characteristics of the perception of threats lead to a deviation of the actions of politicians from the model of “rational behavior”. In these cases, the effectiveness of the national security system is reduced.

In practice, a threat can be recognized by society only if it is “real” in the eyes of society, i.e. society estimates the likelihood of its implementation quite high. As the likelihood of a threat decreases, the task of preventing it falls off the public agenda. A low degree of threat anticipation, weakening the natural protective forces of society, obviously contributes to the realization of the threat. The society that least expects a threat is the one most exposed to it. For example, a war for which a country is “well prepared”, as a rule, does not happen. But others happen.

Reaction to a perceived threat

In the political sphere, it is generally impossible to assess the likelihood of a particular threat “objectively” (events here are extremely heterogeneous). Therefore, any assessment of the likelihood of a threat can only have a practical, pragmatic meaning. In fact, even when they talk about probability, they mean an integral assessment of the “degree of threat.” In the political realm, a “high degree” of threat means a high potential harm if practical means and resources are available to prevent it. Deviation from this assessment principle will lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of combating threats either due to an incorrect assessment of damage or due to an incorrect assessment of one’s capabilities. At the same time, the assessment of “damage” from the threat directly depends on the value system (national traditions, strategic culture). The latter is able to answer the questions: “What is good and what is bad?”, “What is “gain” and what is “loss?” Without a certain system of values, it is incorrect to talk about effectively combating threats.

Response to threat

It is mediated by national and cultural characteristics. Thus, a close assessment of the degree of threat in different countries does not mean the same response to it or any active action at all. Different nations have completely different degrees of “tolerance” of threats (threshold of perception). The higher the degree of tolerance, the higher the danger must be for society/state to begin to respond to it. For example, there is a strong opinion that Russians are distinguished by a high degree of tolerance to dangers and threats. Compared to Russians, Americans, on the contrary, are distinguished by an unusually low tolerance to threats: even a small threat to one’s well-being can cause a hysterical reaction, often disproportionate to the degree of the threat.

Thus, the threat to national security limits the freedom of choice for each individual, and for the country - freedom of action in one area or another. This is manifested in the fact that when national goals are achieved, the threat violates the selected balance of means (resources) and methods, and exerts negative, primarily psychological, pressure on the decision-making system and the public administration system. This increases the risks of achieving national goals. That is, a threat is something that requires the activation of the national security system.

Natural and man-made threats

The development of new information technologies and universal computerization have led to the fact that information security not only becomes mandatory, it is also one of the characteristics of information systems. There is a fairly broad class of information processing systems in the development of which the security factor plays a primary role (for example, banking information systems).

Under IP security refers to the security of a system from accidental or intentional interference in the normal process of its functioning, from attempts to steal (unauthorized acquisition) of information, modification or physical destruction of its components. In other words, this is the ability to counteract various disturbing influences on the IS.

Information security is at risk refers to events or actions that can lead to distortion, unauthorized use or even destruction of the information resources of the managed system, as well as software and hardware.

Information security threats are divided into two main types - natural and artificial threats.. Let's dwell on natural threats and try to identify the main ones . To natural threats include fires, floods, hurricanes, lightning strikes and other natural disasters and phenomena that are beyond human control. The most common of these threats are fires. To ensure information security, a necessary condition is to equip the premises in which the system elements are located (digital storage media, servers, archives, etc.) with fire sensors, appoint those responsible for fire safety and have fire extinguishing equipment available. Compliance with all these rules will minimize the threat of information loss from fire.

If premises with valuable information storage media are located in close proximity to bodies of water, then they are subject to the threat of information loss due to flooding. The only thing that can be done in this situation is to eliminate the storage of storage media on the first floors of the building, which are prone to flooding.

Another natural threat is lightning. Very often, when lightning strikes, network cards, electrical substations and other devices fail. Large organizations and enterprises, such as banks, suffer especially significant losses when network equipment fails. To avoid such problems, the connecting network cables must be shielded (a shielded network cable is resistant to electromagnetic interference) and the cable shield must be grounded. To prevent lightning from entering electrical substations, a grounded lightning rod should be installed, and computers and servers should be equipped with uninterruptible power supplies.

The next type of threats are artificial threats, which in turn are divided into unintentional and intentional threats. Unintentional threats- these are actions that people commit due to carelessness, ignorance, inattention or out of curiosity. This type of threat includes the installation of software products that are not included in the list of necessary ones for work, and can subsequently cause unstable operation of the system and loss of information. This also includes other “experiments” that were not malicious, and the people who performed them were not aware of the consequences. Unfortunately, this type of threat is very difficult to control; not only must the personnel be qualified, it is necessary that each person is aware of the risk that arises from his unauthorized actions.

Deliberate threats- threats associated with malicious intent of deliberate physical destruction, subsequently failure of the system. Intentional threats include internal and external attacks. Contrary to popular belief, large companies often suffer multi-million dollar losses not from hacker attacks, but through the fault of their own employees. Modern history knows a lot of examples of deliberate internal threats to information - these are the tricks of competing organizations that introduce or recruit agents for the subsequent disorganization of a competitor, the revenge of employees who are dissatisfied with their salaries or status in the company, and so on. In order for the risk of such cases to be minimal, it is necessary that each employee of the organization meets the so-called “reliability status.”

To external intentional threats include threats of hacker attacks. If the information system is connected to the global Internet, then to prevent hacker attacks it is necessary to use a firewall (the so-called firewall), which can be either built into the equipment or implemented in software.

A person who attempts to disrupt an information system or gain unauthorized access to information is usually called a cracker, and sometimes a “computer pirate” (hacker).

In their illegal actions aimed at mastering other people's secrets, hackers strive to find sources of confidential information that would provide them with the most reliable information in maximum volumes with minimal costs for obtaining it. With the help of various kinds of tricks and a variety of techniques and means, paths and approaches to such sources are selected. In this case, the source of information means a material object that has certain information that is of specific interest to attackers or competitors.

The main threats to information security and normal functioning of information systems include:

Leakage of confidential information;

Compromise of information;

Unauthorized use of information resources;

Incorrect use of information resources;

Unauthorized exchange of information between subscribers;

Refusal of information;

Violation of information services;

Illegal use of privileges.

Leakage of confidential information- this is the uncontrolled release of confidential information outside the IP or the circle of persons to whom it was entrusted through service or became known in the course of work. This leak may be due to:

Disclosure of confidential information;

Transfer of information through various, mainly technical, channels;

Unauthorized access to confidential information in various ways.

Disclosure of information by its owner or holder is the intentional or careless actions of officials and users to whom the relevant information was entrusted in the prescribed manner through their service or work, which led to the familiarization with it of persons who were not allowed to have access to this information.

Uncontrolled loss of confidential information through visual-optical, acoustic, electromagnetic and other channels is possible.

Unauthorized access- is the unlawful deliberate acquisition of confidential information by a person who does not have the right to access protected information.

The most common ways of unauthorized access to information are:

Interception of electronic radiation;

Use of listening devices (bookmarks);

Remote photography;

Interception of acoustic radiation and restoration of printer text;

Copying storage media while overcoming security measures

Masking as a registered user;

Masking as system requests;

Use of software traps;

Exploiting the shortcomings of programming languages ​​and operating systems;

Illegal connection to equipment and communication lines of specially designed hardware that provides access to information;

Malicious failure of protection mechanisms;

Decryption of encrypted information by special programs;

Information infections.

The listed methods of unauthorized access require quite a lot of technical knowledge and appropriate hardware or software development on the part of the attacker. For example, technical leakage channels are used - these are physical paths from the source of confidential information to the attacker, through which it is possible to obtain protected information. The cause of leakage channels is design and technological imperfections in circuit solutions or operational wear of elements. All this allows hackers to create converters operating on certain physical principles, forming an information transmission channel inherent in these principles - a leakage channel.

However, there are also quite primitive ways of unauthorized access:

Theft of storage media and documentary waste;

Initiative cooperation;

Inclination towards cooperation on the part of the burglar;

Inquiry;

Eavesdropping;

Observation and other ways.

Any methods of leaking confidential information can lead to significant material and moral damage both for the organization where the information system operates and for its users.

There is and is constantly being developed a huge variety of malicious programs, the purpose of which is to damage information in the database and computer software. The large number of varieties of these programs does not allow us to develop permanent and reliable means of protection against them.

The international situation, the state of the domestic economy, the social polarization of Russian society and the aggravation of interethnic relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the country's security.

Domestic the threats are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, imbalance of the banking system, growth of external and internal debt, the tendency for fuel, raw materials and energy components to predominate in export supplies, and as well as imports of equipment, food and consumer goods, including basic necessities.

The weakening of the country's scientific, technical and technological potential, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of its leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and the undermining of the state's defense power.

Threat to Russia's securitysocial sphere is the stratification of society into a narrow circle of rich people and a predominant mass of low-income citizens, an increase in the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, rising unemployment, and increased social tension. The increase in negative manifestations in the social sphere leads to a decrease in the intellectual and productive potential of Russia, a reduction in population, depletion of the main sources of spiritual and economic development, and can lead to the loss of democratic gains.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of the health care and social protection systems of the population, the rapid increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs, and the deterioration of people's health.

The consequences of a deep social crisis are a sharp reduction in the birth rate and average life expectancy, deformation of the demographic and social composition of society, undermining labor resources as the basis for the development of production, weakening of the fundamental unit of society - the family, and a decrease in the spiritual, moral and creative potential of society.

Threatdepletion of natural resources and deteriorationecological situation in a country is directly dependent on the level of economic development and the readiness of society to understand the global nature and importance of these problems. This threat for Russia is especially great due to the predominant development of fuel and energy industries, the underdevelopment of the legislative framework for environmental protection, the absence or limited use of environmental technologies, and low environmental culture. There is a tendency to use Russian territory as a burial place for environmentally hazardous materials and substances.

The weakening of government supervision and the lack of effective legal and economic mechanisms for preventing and eliminating emergency situations increase the risks of man-made disasters in all areas of economic activity.

Negative processesin economics lie at the heart of the centrifugal aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening of the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technological and transport links, financial, banking, credit and tax systems, and contributes to the growing threat of violation of the unity of the country's legal space and even its territorial integrity.

Ethnoegoism, ethnocentrism And chauvinism, manifested in the activities of a number of public formations, as well as uncontrolled migration, contribute to the strengthening of nationalism and regional separatism, religious extremism and create favorable conditions for the emergence of conflicts.

Economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values ​​provoke increased tension in relations between the regions and the center, representing threatfederal structure And socio-economic structure Russian Federation.

The country's unified legal space is being eroded as a result of a deviation from the principle of priority of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation over other legal acts and norms of the constituent entities of Russia, insufficient coordination of public administration at various levels, which is a factor negatively affecting the state of the country's national security.

Strengthening negative trendsin the defense sector The delay in the process of reforming the military organization and the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, insufficient funding for national defense and the imperfection of the regulatory framework contribute to this. At the present stage, this is manifested in the extreme severity of social problems in the Russian Armed Forces, the critically low level of their operational and combat training, an unacceptable decrease in the number of troops (forces) with modern weapons, military and special equipment and leads, in general, to a weakening of the defense security of the Russian Federation .

Threatcriminalization public relations, emerging in the process of reforming the socio-political structure and economic activity, becomes particularly acute. Mistakes made at the initial stage of reforms in the economic, military, law enforcement and other spheres of government activity, the weakening of the system of state regulation and control, the imperfection of the legal framework and the lack of a strong social public policy, the decline in the spiritual and moral potential of society are the main factors contributing to the persistence of crime and corruption, the spread of political extremism.

The consequences of these miscalculations are manifested in the weakening of legal control over the situation in the country, the merging of individual elements of the executive and legislative powers with criminal structures, their penetration into the management of banking business, large industries, trade organizations and commodity distribution networks. In this regard, the fight against crime and corruption is not only legal, but also political.

Terrorism in Russia becomes multifaceted and poses a serious threat to state security. International terrorists have launched an open campaign against Russia to destabilize the situation in the North Caucasus and tear this region away from Russia, which creates a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the state.

The threat of terrorism and organized crime is growing due to large-scale, often conflictual changes in forms of ownership, and an intensification of the struggle for power based on group and ethno-nationalist interests. The low effectiveness of preventive measures to prevent criminal manifestations, legal nihilism, and the outflow of qualified personnel from law enforcement agencies increase the degree of impact of this threat on the individual, society and the state.

Basic EXTERNAL threats to Russia's national security are caused by the following factors:

the desire to downgrade the role of existing mechanisms for ensuring international security, primarily the UN and the OSCE;

the danger of weakening Russia's political, economic and military influence in the world;

strengthening military-political blocs and alliances, primarily the expansion of NATO to the east;

the possibility of foreign military bases appearing in close proximity to Russian borders;

the continued proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;

strengthening of centrifugal processes in the CIS;

the emergence and escalation of conflicts near the state border of Russia and the external borders of the CIS;

territorial claims to Russia.

The combination of these factors may pose a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, including the possibility of direct military aggression against it.

Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the international sphere are manifested through attempts by other states to counteract the strengthening of Russia as one of the influential centers of the multipolar world.

Raised to the rank of a strategic doctrine, NATO's transition to the practice of military military action without the sanction of the UN Security Council is fraught with the threat of destabilizing the strategic situation in the world.

The increasing technological gap of a number of leading powers and the increase in their capabilities to create weapons and military equipment of new generations can lead to a qualitatively new stage in the arms race and significantly affect the forms and methods of military action.

INborder sphere threats to Russia's security and interests are caused by:

the incompleteness of the international legal formalization of the state border of the Russian Federation and the delimitation of the national territory with a number of neighboring states;

expansion of economic, demographic and cultural-religious expansion of neighboring states into Russian territory;

intensification of the activities of cross-border organized crime in the smuggling of material assets, drugs, weapons, theft of natural resources, as well as foreign terrorist organizations;

instability of the situation in the border regions of Russia due to a decline in the living standards of the population, ethnic, interfaith and other conflicts.

Activities are intensifying foreigners on the territory of Russia special services and the organizations they use. There are also deliberate attempts to interfere with foreign states in the internal affairs of Russia.

Direct threats to national security also include separatism and local armed conflicts.

Serious dangers are posed by: pursuit a number of countries to dominance in global information space, ousting Russia from the external and internal information market; development a number of states concepts “information wars”, providing for the creation of means of dangerous influence on the information spheres of other countries of the world, disruption of the normal functioning of information and telecommunication systems, the safety of information resources or gaining unauthorized access to them.

Today there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groups of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of secession of certain territories from the Russian Federation; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military facilities located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on facilities and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies; actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-compliance with the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign countries

The main external threats to national security are:

• · reduction of Russia's role in the global economy due to targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, for example the UN, OSCE;
• · reduction of economic and political influence on processes occurring in the global economy;
• · strengthening the scale and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;
• · emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;
• · widespread proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world;
• · weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;
• · creating conditions for the formation and emergence of military armed conflicts near the state borders of Russia and the CIS countries;
• · territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;
• · international terrorism;
• · weakening of Russia's position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in a decrease in Russia’s influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;
• · a sharp decline in the country’s military and defense potential, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country’s defense complex.
• · intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;

Experts include internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipment, training and activities of illegal armed groups; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale organized crime activities that threaten political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

• · Increasing the degree of differentiation in the standard of living and income of the population. The formation of a small group of the rich population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic upheavals;
• · Deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of mineral resources creates serious structural changes;
• · Increasing uneven economic development of regions. The sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of regions destroys existing connections between them and impedes interregional integration;
• · Criminalization of Russian society. In society, there has been a sharp increase in the tendency to obtain unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property, which negatively affects the overall stability and sustainability of the national economy. Of great importance is the total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them;
• · A sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth - scientific and technological potential - has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass departure of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of knowledge-intensive industries, and increased scientific and technological dependence;
• · Increasing isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure;
• · Increasing interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds;
• · Widespread violation of a single legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with legislation;
• · Decrease in the physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the healthcare system;
• · A demographic crisis associated with a stable tendency for the overall mortality rate of the population to prevail over the birth rate.

Taken together, domestic threats to national security are closely intertwined and interconnected.

The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Its characteristic features are the depletion of natural resources, the periodic occurrence of vast zones of environmental disasters and disasters, and the degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, and transport. A real threat to Russia’s interests is the tendency to use its territory to dispose of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries of developed European countries.

Negative trends in the global social sphere are growing. There is an increase in the proportion of sick, disabled people, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, and drinking poor-quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed people remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still one of the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification of the International Labor Organization, there are more than 5 million unemployed in Russia. Approximately the same number of people work part-time or are on forced leave, and the level of material security for the population is declining. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. Indicators of physical and mental development of people are deteriorating.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of the health care and social protection systems. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. Consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol ranges from 11 to 14 liters, then the situation is assessed as dangerous at an indicator of 8 liters.

Transboundary threats are manifested in the following:

• · Creation, equipment and training of armed formations and groups on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of Russia;
• · Activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;
• · Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into Russian territory or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;