Two thirds of the stock (66%) of operating wells in the CIS countries (approximately 16.3% of the total volume oil production) are operated by SHNU. The flow rate of wells ranges from tens of kilograms per day to several tons. Pumps are lowered to depths from several tens of meters to 3000 m, and in some wells to 3200 ¸ 3400 m.

Rice. 3.12. Installation diagram of a sucker rod pump

Shsnu includes:

1. Ground equipment: pumping machine (SK), equipment mouth.

2. Underground equipment: pump-compressor pipes (tubing), sucker rods (NSh), sucker-rod well pump (SSP) and various protective devices, improving the operation of the installation in difficult conditions.

A distinctive feature of the SHPU is that a plunger (piston) pump is installed in the well, which is driven by a surface drive through a rod string (Fig. 3.12).

A deep-rod pumping unit (Fig. 3.12) consists of a well pump 2 of insertion or non-insert type, pumping rods 4, tubing pipes 3 suspended on a faceplate or in a pipe hanger 8, gland seal 6, gland rod 7, pumping machine 9, foundation 10 and tee 5. At the inlet of the well pump, a protective device is installed in the form gas or sand filter 1.

3.3.2.ROD WELL PUMPS

SSNs provide pumping from wells of liquid with a water cut of up to 99%, an absolute viscosity of up to 100 mPa s, a content of solid mechanical impurities of up to 0.5%, free gas at reception up to 25%, volumetric hydrogen sulfide content up to 0.1%, water mineralization up to 10 g/l and temperature up to 1300C.

Based on the method of attaching the tubing to the string, a distinction is made between plug-in (NSV) and non-insert-in (NSN) borehole pumps(Fig. 3.13, 3.14). In non-insert (pipe) pumps, the cylinder with the suction valve seat is lowered into the well on the tubing. A plunger with a discharge and suction valve is lowered into the well on rods and inserted into the cylinder. The plunger is connected to the suction valve ball using a special rod. The disadvantage of the pump is the complexity of its assembly in the well, the complexity and duration of extracting the pump to the surface to eliminate any malfunction. Insert pumps are assembled entirely on the surface of the earth and lowered into the well inside the tubing on rods. The NSV consists of three main components: a cylinder, a plunger and a cylinder lock support.

In pipe pumps, to remove the cylinder from the well, it is necessary to lift the entire equipment(rods with valves, plunger and tubing). This is the fundamental difference between NSN and NSV. When using insert pumps The tripping and lifting operations during well repair are accelerated by 2 to 2.5 times and the work of workers is significantly facilitated. However, the flow of an insertion pump with pipes of a given diameter is always less than the flow of a non-insert one.

The NSV-1 pump is a plug-in single-stage plunger with a sleeve cylinder and a lock at the top, discharge, suction and sand control valves (Fig. 3.13).

Rice. 3.13. Well inserted pumps

1 – inlet valve; 2 – cylinder; 3 – discharge valve;

4 – plunger; 5 – rod; 6 – lock.

Rice. 3.14. Non-insert well pumps:

1 – suction valve; 2 – cylinder; 3 – discharge valve;

4 – plunger; 5 – gripping rod; 6 – catcher

The NSV pump is lowered on rods. Fastening (compaction by landings) occurs on a locking support, which is first lowered onto the tubing. The pump is removed from the well when only the rod string is lifted. Therefore, it is advisable to use NSV in wells with a small flow rate and at large descent depths.

A non-insert (pipe) pump is a cylinder connected to the tubing and lowered into the well together with them, and the plunger is lowered and raised on rods. NSN are appropriate in wells with high flow rates, shallow descent depths and long turnaround periods.

Depending on the size of the gap between the plunger and the cylinder, pumps are manufactured in the following groups of fits (version “C” - i.e. with a composite cylinder):

Group	Gap, mm
	Up to 0.045
	0,02 - 0,07
	0,07 – 0,12
	0,12 – 0,17

The higher the viscosity of the liquid, the higher the landing group.

The nominal size of the pumps (based on the diameter of the plunger) and the stroke length of the plunger are respectively accepted within the limits:

for NSV 29 – 57 mm and 1.2 ÷ 6 m;

NSN 32 - 95 mm and 0.6 ¸ 4.5 m.

Designation NSN2-32-30-12-0:

0 – landing group;

12x100 – greatest depth of pump descent, m;

30x100 – plunger stroke length, mm;

32 – plunger diameter, mm.

The sucker rod is designed to transmit reciprocating motion to the pump plunger. The rod is a round rod with thickened heads at the ends. Rods are produced from alloy steel with a diameter (along the body) of 16, 19, 22, 25 mm and a length of 8 m - for normal conditions operation.

To regulate the length of the rod columns for the purpose of normal seating of the plunger in the pump cylinder, there are also shortened rods (linings) with a length of 1; 1.2; 1.5; 2 and 3 m.

The rods are connected by couplings. There are also tubular ( O.D. 42 mm, thickness 3.5 mm).

They began to produce pump rods made of fiberglass (Ochersky Machine-Building Plant JSC), which are characterized by greater corrosion resistance and can reduce energy consumption by up to 20%.

Continuous rods “Korod” are used (continuous on drums, the cross-section is semi-elliptical).

A special rod is a wellhead rod that connects a column of rods with a rope suspension. Its surface is polished (polished rod). It is manufactured without heads, and has a standard thread at the ends.

To protect against corrosion, paint, galvanize, etc. are carried out, and inhibitors are also used.

Ustyevoye equipment pumping wells are intended for sealing the annulus, the internal cavity of the tubing, draining well production and hanging the tubing string.

Ustyevoye equipment type OU includes a wellhead gland, a tee, a cross, shut-off valves and check valves.

The wellhead gland seals the outlet of the wellhead rod using the stuffing box head and allows product to be discharged through the tee. The tee is screwed into the tubing coupling. The presence of a ball joint ensures self-alignment of the stuffing box head in case of misalignment of the stuffing box rod with the tubing axis, eliminates one-sided wear of the sealing packing and makes it easier to change the packing.

The tubing string is suspended on a cone in the crosspiece and is located eccentrically relative to the well axis, which allows the devices to be lowered into the annulus through a special wellhead pipe with a valve.

Rocking machines - individual mechanical drive ShSN (Table 3.2, 3.3).

Table 3.2

Rocking machine	Number of moves balancer in min.	Weight, kg	Gearbox
SKD-1.5-710	5÷15	3270	Ts2NSh-315
SKD4-2.1-1400	5÷15	6230	Ts2NSh-355
SKD6-2.5-2800	5÷14	7620	Ts2NSh-450
SKD8-3.0-4000	5÷14	11600	NSh-700B
SKD10-3.5-5600	5÷12	12170	Ts2NSh-560
SKD12-3.0-5600	5÷12	12065	Ts2NSh-560

The code for a rocking machine of the SKD type, for example SKD78-3-4000, indicates: letters - deaxial rocking machine, 8 - the maximum permissible load Pmax on the head of the balancer at the point of suspension of the rods in tons (1t = 10 kN); 3 - highest long length stroke of the wellhead rod in m; 4000 - the maximum permissible torque M cr max on the driven shaft of the gearbox in kgf/m (1 kgf/m = 10-2 kN m).

The pumping machine (Fig. 3.15) is an individual drive for a well pump.

Table 3.3

Rocking machine	Wellhead rod length, m	Number of swings of the balancer, min	Electric motor power, kW	Weight, kg
SKB80-3-40T		1.3÷3.0	1.8÷12.7	15÷30	12000
SKS8-3.0-4000		1.4÷3.0	4.5÷11.2	22÷30	11900
PF8-3.0-400		1.8÷3.0	4.5÷11.2	22÷30	11600
OM-2000		1.2÷3.0	5÷12		11780
OM-2001		1.2÷3.0	2÷8	22/33	12060
PNSh 60-2.1-25		0.9÷2.1	1.36÷8.33	7.5÷18.5	8450
PNSh 80-3-40		1.2÷3.0	4.3÷12	18.5÷22	12400

The main components of the pumping machine are a frame, a stand in the form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid, a balance beam with a rotating head, a crossbeam with connecting rods hinged to the balance beam, a gearbox with cranks and counterweights. The SK is equipped with a set of replaceable pulleys for changing the number of swings, i.e. discrete regulation. To quickly change and tension belts, the electric motor is mounted on a rotating skid frame.

The rocking machine is mounted on a frame mounted on a reinforced concrete base (foundation). The balancer is fixed in the required (uppermost) position of the head using a brake drum (pulley). The head of the balancer is folding or rotating for unhindered passage of hoisting and deep equipment during underground well repair. Since the head of the balancer moves in an arc, there is a flexible rope suspension 17 to connect it with the wellhead rod and rods (Fig. 3.15). It allows you to adjust the fit of the plunger into the pump cylinder or the exit of the plunger from the cylinder, as well as install a dynamograph to study the operation equipment.

The amplitude of movement of the head of the balancer (stroke length of the wellhead rod - 7 in Fig. 3.12) is adjusted by changing the location of the articulation of the crank with the connecting rod relative to the axis of rotation (moving the crank pin to another hole).

During one double stroke of the balancer, the load on the steering wheel is uneven. To balance the operation of the pumping machine, weights (counterweights) are placed on the balancer, crank or on the balancer and crank. Then the balancing is called, respectively, balancer, crank (rotor) or combined.

The control unit provides control of the electric motor of the electric motor in emergency situations (broken rods, breakdown of the gearbox, pump, rupture of the pipeline, etc.), as well as self-start of the electric motor after a break in the power supply.

SKs are produced with a load capacity on the balancer head from 2 to 20 tons.

Rice. 3.15. Pumping machine type SKD:

1 - wellhead rod suspension; 2 - balancer with support; 3 - stand; 4 - connecting rod;

5 - crank; 6 - gearbox; 7 - driven pulley; 8 - belt; 9 - electric motor; 10-drive pulley; 11 - fence; 12 - rotary plate; 13 - frame; 14 – anti-weight; 15 - traverse; 16 - brake; 17 - rope suspension

The electric motors for the SC are short-circuited asynchronous, moisture- and frost-resistant three-phase electric motors of the AO series and electric motors AO2 and their modifications AOP2.

Rotation speed of electric motors is 1500 and 500 rpm.

Currently Russian factories new modifications of pumping machines have been mastered and produced: SKDR and SKR (a unified range of 13 options with a lifting capacity from 3 to 12 tons), SKB, SKS, PF, OM, PShGN, LP-114.00.000 (hydroficified). Rocking machines for temporary production can be mobile (pneumatic) with a car engine.

Oil production using sucker rod pumps- the most common method of artificially lifting oil, which is explained by their simplicity, efficiency and reliability. At least two thirds of the existing production wells are operated by sucker rod pumping units.

Compared to other mechanized methods of oil production, USPs have the following advantages:

• have a high coefficient useful action;
• repairs can be carried out directly at the fields;
• Various drives can be used for prime movers;
• SRP units can be used in difficult operating conditions - in sand-producing wells, in the presence of paraffin in the produced oil, at a high gas factor, when pumping out corrosive liquids.

Rod pumps also have disadvantages. The main disadvantages include:

• limitation on the depth of pump descent (the deeper, the higher the probability of rod breakage);
• low pump flow;
• limitation on the inclination of the wellbore and the intensity of its curvature (not applicable in inclined and horizontal wells, as well as in highly curved vertical ones)

A deep well pump in its simplest form (see picture to the right) consists of a plunger moving up and down a well-fitted cylinder. The plunger has a check valve that allows fluid to flow up but not down. Check valve, also called a discharge valve, is usually a ball-and-seat valve in modern pumps. The second suction valve is a ball valve located at the bottom of the cylinder which also allows fluid to flow upward but not downward.

A rod pump is a positive-displacement type of pump, the operation of which is ensured by the reciprocating movement of a plunger using a ground drive through a connecting member (a string of rods). The topmost rod is called polished stem, it passes through the stuffing box at the wellhead and is connected to the head of the pumping machine's balancer using a traverse and a flexible rope suspension.

The main components of the UShGN (pumping machine) drive are: frame, stand in the form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid, a beam with a rotating head, a traverse with connecting rods hinged to the balancer, a gearbox with cranks and counterweights, equipped with a set of replaceable pulleys for changing the number of swings. To quickly change and tension belts, the electric motor is mounted on a rotating slide.

Rod pumps are plug-in (NSV) And non-insertable (NSN).

Insert rod pumps are lowered into the well at assembled form. A special locking device is first lowered into the well onto the tubing, and the pump on the rods is lowered into the already lowered tubing. Accordingly, to change such a pump, it is not necessary to carry out the lowering and lifting of pipes once again.

Non-insert pumps are launched in a semi-assembled form. First, the pump cylinder is lowered onto the tubing. And then a plunger with a check valve is lowered on the rods. Therefore, if it is necessary to replace such a pump, it is necessary to lift from the well first the plunger on rods, and then the tubing with the cylinder.

Both types of pumps have both their advantages and disadvantages. For each specific condition, the most suitable type is used. For example, if the oil contains a large amount of paraffin, it is preferable to use non-insert pumps. Paraffin, deposited on the walls of the tubing, can block the ability to lift the plunger of the insert pump. For deep wells, it is preferable to use an insert pump to reduce the time spent on lowering and lifting the tubing when changing the pump.

Sucker rod pumps (SRP). Insert pumps. Designs, applications, pump flow rates

Sucker rod pumps (SRP) are pumps that are submerged significantly below the level of the liquid that is planned to be pumped. The depth of immersion in the well allows for not only stable lifting of oil from great depths, but also excellent cooling of the pump itself. Also, such pumps allow you to lift oil with a high percentage of gas.

Rod pumps They differ in that the drive in them is carried out by an independent motor located on the surface of the liquid, using a mechanical connection, in fact, a rod. If a hydraulic motor is used, the energy source is the same pumped liquid supplied to the pump under high pressure. In this case, the independent engine is installed on the surface. Positive displacement sucker rod pumps are used to lift oil from wells.

SRP pumps are designed for pumping liquids from wells with a temperature of no more than 130 degrees, water cut of no more than 99% by volume, viscosity of up to 0.3 Pa*s, mechanical impurity content of up to 350 mg/l, and free gas at the intake of no more than 25%.

The sucker rod pump consists of a solid fixed cylinder, a movable plunger, suction and discharge valves, a lock (for plug-in pumps), connecting and installation parts.

A plunger pump consisting of a cylindrical body 1 (cylinder), inside of which there is a hollow piston 2 (plunger), is lowered into the well on a string of lifting pipes. A discharge valve 3 is installed in the upper part of the plunger. A suction valve 4 is installed in the lower part of the stationary cylinder. The plunger is suspended on a column of pumping rods 5, which transmit to it reciprocating motion from a special mechanism (pumping machine) installed on the surface.

Oil production using rod pumps is the most common method of artificially lifting oil, which is explained by their simplicity, efficiency and reliability. At least two thirds of the existing production wells are operated by sucker rod pumping units.

Compared to other mechanized methods of oil production, USPs have the following advantages:

• · have a high efficiency;
• · repairs can be carried out directly at the fields;
• · various drives can be used for prime movers;
• · SRP units can be used in difficult operating conditions - in sand-producing wells, in the presence of paraffin in the produced oil, at a high gas factor, when pumping out corrosive liquids.

A deep well pump in its simplest form consists of a plunger moving up and down a well-fitted cylinder. The plunger has a check valve that allows fluid to flow up but not down. The check valve, also called a check valve, in modern pumps is usually a ball-and-seat valve. The second suction valve is a ball valve located at the bottom of the cylinder which also allows fluid to flow upward but not downward.

Rice. 5

Such pumps are lowered into the well in assembled form (a cylinder with a plunger) on sucker rods and removed to the surface, also assembled, by lifting these rods. The pump is installed and secured using a special locking device, pre-mounted in the pump pipes lowered into the well. As a result, to change the insert pump (if it is necessary to replace individual components or the pump as a whole), it is enough to raise only the pump rods to the surface, while the pump pipes remain permanently in the well. Thus, changing an insertion pump requires significantly less time than a non-insertage pump. These advantages of the insert pump are of particular importance when operating deep wells, in which a lot of time is spent on tripping operations during underground repairs.

The NSV1 insert-type well pump (Fig. 5) consists of three main components: a cylinder, a plunger 6 and castle support 4. Pump cylinder 5 has a tightly fixed suction valve at the lower end, and a cone at the upper end 3, which serves as a support for the pump.

Plunger 6 suspended from the rod column using rod 1, the end of which protrudes from the pump and has a corresponding thread for connection to the rods. In order to reduce the volume of harmful space, the discharge valve is installed at the lower end of the plunger. The pump in the well is installed on a locking support 4, pre-released on pump pipes 2, at the lower end of which a guide pipe 7 is mounted. The insert pump, lowered and secured in the locking support, operates like a regular pipe pump.

Pipe pump cylinders are assembled from cast iron bushings 300 mm long, and insert pumps are assembled from steel bushings of the same length. Depending on the stroke length of the plunger, the number of bushings in the cylinder ranges from 6 to 17.

Rod pump plungers are made 1200-1500 mm long from seamless, seamless steel pipes. The outer surface of the plunger is ground, chrome plated to improve wear resistance and then polished. Both ends of the plunger are threaded internal thread for connecting valves or subs.

Pump valves. Used in sucker rod pumps ball valves with one ball - with a spherical seat chamfer and two balls - with a stepped cone.

To transmit movement from the pumping machine to the pump plunger, pump rods are used - round steel rods 8 m long, with diameters of 16, 19, 22 or 25 mm, connected using couplings.

The operating conditions of the rods determine increased requirements for their strength, therefore high-quality steel is used for the manufacture of rods.

Pumping unit supply. The total amount of liquid that a pump delivers during continuous operation is called its flow.

Actual the pump flow is almost always less than the theoretical one, and only in those cases when the well flows through the pump, its flow may be equal to or greater than the theoretical one.

The ratio of the actual pump flow to the theoretical one is called coefficient submissions pump. This value characterizes the operation of the pump in the well and takes into account all the factors that reduce its flow.

The performance of a rod installation is considered satisfactory if its feed coefficient is not less than 0.5--0.6.

Operation wells V complicated conditions.

Many wells are operated in difficult conditions, for example: from the formation into the well, along with oil, large number free gas; sand is removed from the formation; V. Paraffin is deposited in the pump and pipes.

The greatest number of complications and malfunctions arise during the operation of wells whose products contain gas or sand.

Various technological methods have been developed to prevent the harmful effects of gas on the operation of a pumping unit, which include: the use of pumps with reduced harmful space; lengthening the stroke length of the plunger; increasing the depth of immersion of the pump under the liquid level in the well; suction of gas from the annulus.

Sand coming from the formation along with oil can form a sand plug at the bottom, as a result of which the flow of oil into the well decreases or completely stops. When the pump is operating, sand, getting into the pump along with the liquid, wears out its parts prematurely and often jams the plunger in the cylinder.

To protect the pump from the harmful effects of sand: limit the withdrawal of fluid from the well; pumps with special types of plungers are used (with grooves, “sand-bray” type); tubular rods, etc. are used.

Rice. 6

Protective devices on reception pump All operational and technological measures to reduce the harmful effects of gas and sand on the operation of a sucker rod pump are usually supplemented by the use of protective devices at the pump intake - gas, sand anchors or combined gas-sand anchors.

One of the gas-sand anchor designs is shown in Fig. 6. This anchor consists of two chambers - gas (upper) 4 and sand (bottom) 7, connected using a special coupling 5, in which the holes are drilled B. IN upper chamber anchors reinforced suction tube 3, at the bottom - working pipe 6, equipped with a conical nozzle 8. The anchor is connected to the pump intake 1 through the adapter 2, simultaneously connecting the armature body with the suction tube. A blind coupling is screwed onto the lower end of the sand chamber 9.

When the pump operates, liquid from the well enters through the holes A V gas chamber 4 where gas is separated from oil. Then the separated oil through the holes B and working pipe 6 goes to the sand chamber 7, the liquid separated from the sand rises through the annular space in the sand chamber and enters the suction tube through holes in a special coupling 3 to receive the pump 2 .

Depending on the amount of sand supplied with oil during production, the length of the sand chamber body is selected.

For better sand removal, they are sometimes successfully used pumping units with hollow (tubular) rods. Pump and compressor pipes with diameters of 33, 42, 48 mm are used as such rods.

Tubular rods are both a link that transmits movement from the pumping machine to the pump plunger, and a pipeline for the liquid pumped out of the well. These rods are connected to the plunger using special adapters.

Prevention sediments paraffin When producing paraffin oil in wells, complications arise due to the deposition of paraffin on the walls of the riser pipes and in the pump components.

Paraffin deposits on the walls of the riser pipes reduce the area of ​​the annular space, resulting in increased resistance to the movement of the rod string and fluid movement.

As paraffin deposits grow, the load on the head of the pumping machine balancer increases and its balance is disrupted, and in the case of heavy waxing of the pipes, the pump flow rate also decreases. Individual lumps of paraffin, getting under the valves, can break their tightness.

When producing oil with a high paraffin content, methods for eliminating paraffin deposits are usually used that do not require stopping the well and lifting pipes to the surface:

• 1) cleaning pipes with mechanical pigs various designs installed on a rod column;
• 2) heating of lifting pipes with steam or hot oil pumped into the annulus;
• 3) heating of riser pipes electric shock-- electrodewaxing.

Currently at pumping operation Tubing pipes lined with glass or varnish are widely used. Paraffin is not deposited in such pipes, and wells operate under normal conditions.

Deep rod pumps come with lower or upper cuff fastening and can be with mechanical fastening at the top or bottom. Rod pumps have a number of advantages, which include: simplicity of design, the ability to pump liquid from oil wells, if other methods of operation are unacceptable. Such pumps are capable of operating at very great depths and are easy to adjust. Other advantages include the mechanization of the pumping process and ease of maintenance of the installation.

Advantages of sucker rod pumps

• · Possess high efficiency;
• · A wide variety of drives can be used for prime movers;
• · Carrying out repairs directly at the oil pumping site;
• · Installations of deep-rod pumps can be carried out in difficult conditions of oil production - in wells with the presence of fine sand, in the presence of paraffin in the extracted product, with a high gas factor, when pumping various corrosive liquids.

Characteristics of sucker rod pumps

• · Water cut- up to 99%;
• · Temperature - up to 130 C;
• · Work with mechanical impurities content up to 1.3 g/liter;
• · Work with hydrogen sulfide content - up to 50 mg/liter;
• · Water mineralization - up to 10 g/liter;
• · pH values ​​- from 4 to 8.

Oil production using downhole sucker rod pumps is one of the most common methods of oil production. This is not surprising; simplicity and efficiency of operation are combined in the SRP with highest reliability. More than 2/3 of operating wells use units with sucker rod pumps.

To order rod deep pump must be filled out questionnaire or contact our specialists by filling out the form on the right side of the page or calling the indicated contact numbers.

ShSU includes:

• a) ground equipment - pumping machine (SK), wellhead equipment, control unit;
• b) underground equipment - tubing, pump rods, sucker rod pumps and various protective devices that improve the operation of the installation in difficult conditions.

Rice. 1

A deep-rod pumping unit (Figure 1) consists of a well pump 2 inserted or non-inserted types, sucker rods 4 , tubing 3 , suspended on a faceplate or in a pipe suspension 8 wellhead fittings, stuffing box seal 6 , stuffing box rod 7 , rocking machine 9 , foundation 10 and tee 5 . A protective device in the form of a gas or sand filter is installed at the inlet of the well pump. 1 .

POWERING MACHINES

The pumping machine (Figure 2) is an individual drive for a well pump.

Figure 2 Pumping machine type SKD 1 -- suspension of the wellhead rod; 2 -- balancer with support; 3 -- stand; 4 - connecting rod; 5 - crank; 6 -- gearbox; 7 - driven pulley; 8 -- belt; 9 -- electric motor; 10 - drive pulley; 11 -- fencing; 12 -- rotating plate; 13 -- frame; 14 -- counterweight; 15 - traverse; 16 -- brake; 17 -- rope suspension

The main components of the pumping machine are a frame, a stand in the form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid, a balance beam with a rotating head, a traverse with connecting rods hinged to the balance beam, a gearbox with cranks and counterweights. The SK is equipped with a set of replaceable pulleys for changing the number of swings, i.e. the control is discrete. To quickly change and tension belts, the electric motor is mounted on a rotating slide.

The rocking machine is mounted on a frame mounted on a reinforced concrete base (foundation). The balancer is fixed in the required (uppermost) position of the head using a brake drum (pulley). The head of the balancer is folding or rotating for the unhindered passage of hoisting and downhole equipment during underground well repair. Since the head of the balancer moves in an arc, there is a flexible rope suspension to connect it with the wellhead rod and rods 17 (Figure 13). It allows you to adjust the fit of the plunger in the pump cylinder to prevent the plunger from hitting the suction valve or the plunger coming out of the cylinder, as well as install a dynamograph to study the operation of the equipment.

The amplitude of movement of the balancer head (stroke length of the wellhead rod -- 7 in Figure 12) are adjusted by changing the location of the crank joint with the connecting rod relative to the axis of rotation (moving the crank pin to another hole). During one double stroke of the balancer, the load on the steering wheel is uneven. To balance the operation of the pumping machine, weights (counterweights) are placed on the balancer, crank or on the balancer and crank. Then the balancing is called, respectively, balancer, crank (rotor) or combined.

The control unit provides control of the electric motor of the electric motor in emergency situations (broken rods, breakdown of the gearbox, pump, rupture of the pipeline, etc.), as well as self-start of the electric motor after a break in the power supply.

For a long time, our industry produced pumping machines of standard sizes SK. Currently, according to OST 26-16-08-87, six standard sizes of pumping machines of the SKD type are produced, the main characteristics are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Machine_rocking chair	Number of strokes of the balancer, min.	Weight, kg	Gearbox
SKD3 -- 1.5-710
SKD4 -- 21-1400
SKD6 -- 25-2800
SKD8 -- 3.0-4000
SKD10 -- 3.5-5600
SKD12 --3.0-5600

In the code, for example, SKD8 - 3.0-4000, it is indicated D - disaxial; 8 -- the maximum permissible load on the head of the balancer at the point of suspension of the rods, multiplied by 10 kN; 3.0 -- maximum stroke length of the wellhead rod, m; 4000 is the maximum permissible torque on the driven shaft of the gearbox, multiplied by 10 -2 kN*m.

JSC Motovilikha Plants produces a hydraulic rod pump drive LP - 114.00.000, developed jointly with specialists from the Surgutneftegaz Production Association.

The monoblock design of the light weight makes it possible for its rapid delivery (even by helicopter) and installation without a foundation (directly on the upper flange of the pipe head) in the most inaccessible regions, allowing for quick dismantling and repair of downhole equipment.

In fact, stepless regulation of the stroke length and the number of double strokes over a wide range allows you to choose the most convenient operating mode and significantly increases the service life of underground equipment.

Pumping machines for temporary mining can be mobile, pneumatic (or crawler-mounted). An example is the mobile rocking machine “ROUDRANER” from the “LAFKIN” company.

PUMP ROD (SS)

The CV joints are designed to transmit reciprocating motion to the pump plunger (Figure 16). They are made mainly from alloy steels of round section with a diameter of 16, 19, 22, 25 mm, a length of 8000 mm and shortened ones - 1000 - 1200, 1500, 2000 and 3000 mm for both normal and corrosive operating conditions.

Figure 5 Sucker rod

Rod code -- ШН-22 means: pump rod with a diameter of 22 mm. Steel grade - steel 40, 20N2M, 30KhMA, 15NZMA and 15Kh2NMF with a yield strength from 320 to 630 MPa.

Sucker rods are used in the form of columns made up of individual rods connected by couplings.

Rod couplings are produced: connecting type МШ (Figure 6) - for connecting rods same size and transferable type MShP - for connecting rods of different diameters.

Figure 6 Coupling a - version I; b - version II

To connect the rods, couplings are used - MSh16, MSh19, MSh22, MSh25; the number indicates the diameter of the connected rod along the body (mm).

Ochersky Machine-Building Plant JSC manufactures pump rods from uniaxially oriented fiberglass with a tensile strength of at least 80 kgf/mm 2 . The ends (nipples) of the rods are made of steel. Rod diameters are 19, 22, 25 mm, length 8000 x 11000 mm.

Advantages: reducing the weight of the rods by 3 times, reducing energy consumption by 18 - 20%, increasing corrosion resistance with an increased content of hydrogen sulfide, etc. Continuous rods “Korod” are used.

Well pumps type HB1 are available in six versions:

НВ1С - plug-in with a lock at the top, a composite sleeve cylinder, design TS, normal design for resistance to the environment;

НВ1Б - plug-in with a lock at the top, a solid (sleeveless) cylinder, design CB, normal design for resistance to the environment;

NV1B I - the same abrasion-resistant version in terms of resistance to the environment;

НВ1БТ И - the same, with a hollow rod, abrasion-resistant design for resistance to the environment;

NV1BD1 - plug-in with a lock at the top, a solid cylinder of the central bank design, single-stage, two-plunger, of normal design in terms of resistance to the environment;

NV1BD2 - plug-in with a lock at the top, a solid cylinder of the central bank design, two-stage, two-plunger, of normal design in terms of resistance to the environment.

Borehole pumps of all versions, except versions NV1BD1 and NV1BD2, are single-plunger, single-stage.

Well pumps type NV2 are manufactured in one design:

НВ2Б - plug-in with a lock at the bottom, a solid cylinder of the central bank design, single-plunger, single-stage, of normal performance in terms of resistance to the environment (Figure 8).

Figure 8 Downhole rod pump, version NV2B 1 -- safety valve; 2 - emphasis; 3 -- stock; 4 -- lock nut; 5 -- cylinder; 6 -- plunger cage; 7 -- plunger; 8 -- discharge valve; 9 -- suction valve; 10 -- thrust nipple with cone

Pump mounting options are shown in Figure 11.

A significant part of the stock of oil producing wells in the world consists of wells operated by sucker rod pumping units. This is due to the fact that many wells are put into operation immediately after completion of drilling by pumping, as well as the transfer to operation of sucker rod pumps of flowing wells and those equipped with rodless submersible electric centrifugal pumps when the flow rate is reduced to 100 tons/day. Thus, up to 80% of wells in the world are equipped with sucker rod pumping units.

Surface and deep equipment of the sucker rod pump installation is shown in Figure 2.1. The installation consists of a drive motor 1 connected by a belt drive 2 to a gearbox 3. On the output shaft of the gearbox there is a crank 4, as well as a counterweight 5 on which weights 6 are installed. The connecting rod 7 transmits movement to the balancer 8, to the head of which 9 a rope suspension 10 is attached. The polished rod 11 passes through the stuffing box 12.

The underground well equipment consists of a casing string 13, tubing pipes 14 and a string of sucker rods 15.

The sucker rod pump 19 consists of a cylinder 16, a receiving valve 20 and a discharge valve 17.

A sucker rod pump (Figure 2.2) consists of a cylinder, a foot valve and a discharge valve.

The SRP works as follows. The swing cycle begins at the moment when the rod (and therefore the plunger) moves down. When the plunger with the discharge valve open approaches its lowest position, the suction valve is closed. The polished rod is only subject to the load from the weight of the rods immersed in the liquid. In the lowest position, the discharge valve closes.

The fluid pressure in the pump cylinder is almost equal to the pressure in the pump pipes above the plunger.

Fig.2.1.

When the polished rod begins to move upward, the plunger remains stationary in relation to the pump cylinder, since the elastic rods cannot transmit movement to it until they receive full stretching from the weight of the liquid column in the pump pipes per area of ​​the plunger. The amount of stretching of the rods is directly proportional to the amount of the perceived part of the weight of the liquid. Therefore, as the extension of the rods increases, the load on the polished rod increases. That part of the liquid that the rods took over is removed from the pipes. As a result, the pipes shorten their

length and their lower end, with the closed suction valve, moves upward.

Since there is a practically incompressible liquid between the suction and discharge valves in the pump cylinder, the upward movement of the lower end of the pipes causes the plunger to move upward along with the pump.

Rice. 2.2.

• 1 - pump; 2 - liquid level; 3 - oil-bearing formation;
• 4 - column of rods; 5 - tubing

At any moment of time, the current value of the extension of the rods is equal to the difference in the movements of the polished rod and the plunger. Therefore, in order for the rods to receive the full stretch required to transmit movement to the plunger, the polished rod must travel a path equal to the sum of the extension of the rods and the contraction of the pipes.

The load on the polished rod increases as it moves upward at the same time. During the subsequent upward movement of the plunger, a constant load is applied to the polished rod.

From the uppermost position, the polished rod begins to move downwards. However, the plunger cannot move downward, since there is a practically incompressible liquid underneath it in the pump cylinder. The discharge valve cannot open because the pressure in the pump cylinder is zero, and above the plunger it is equal to the pressure of the entire liquid column in the pump pipes. Therefore, the plunger remains stationary in relation to the pump cylinder. Due to the fact that the plunger stands still and the polished rod moves down, the length of the rods is reduced, and the load from the weight of the liquid is gradually transferred to the pipes. The pressure in the pump cylinder increases in proportion to the contraction of the rods.

Taking the load from the weight of the liquid, the pipes lengthen accordingly, and their lower end moves downwards. Since the plunger rests on the incompressible column of liquid in the pump cylinder, it moves downward, remaining motionless in relation to the pump cylinder. This forced movement of the plunger slows down the contraction of the rods and relieves the load from the weight of the liquid. Therefore, the rods receive full contraction and are completely relieved of the load from the weight of the liquid only when the polished rod passes the distance equal to the sum contraction of rods and stretching of pipes due to the weight of the liquid.

Due to the reduction in load while simultaneously moving the polished rod down, the load from the weight of the liquid is removed from the rods.

Types of drives for sucker rod pumps.

Currently, two types of surface drives of sucker rod pumps are widespread - pumping machines and chain drives. In addition, there are all kinds of experimental drives, among which are “linear drives,” “mobile drives” (transported by car) and “folding drives” (folded to allow irrigation systems for agricultural fields to pass through them). IN lately hydraulic drives of sucker rod pumps are beginning to be used. Since the control of each of these drives has its own characteristics, it is necessary to consider their design features.

The designs of some types of SC are shown in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 (SC produced by Lufkin, USA are shown). Figure 2.3 shows the design of a traditional SC with a two-arm balancer. Figure 2.4 shows the design of a motor vehicle with a single-arm balancer, type MARK I. The geometry of the motor vehicle, type MARK II, makes it possible to reduce the torque on the gearbox by 35% and reduce the power of the drive motor compared to a traditional motor vehicle with a double-arm balancer. And the SC with pneumatic balancing is shown in Figure 2.5. When the rod moves downward, the gas in the piston is compressed, accumulating potential energy, and when the rod moves up, it helps the electric motor raise the liquid to the surface.

Fig.2.3.

• 1 - balancer head; 2 - balancer; 3 - central bearing; 4 - traverse bearing; 5 - staircase with railing; 6 - traverse; 7 - connecting rod; 8 - rope suspension;
• 9 - rope suspension traverses; 10 - crank; 11 - crank pin bearing;
• 12-brake; 13 - counterweight; 14 - ED; 15-balancer stand; 16 - brake lever;
• 17 - base

Rice. 2.4.

• 1 - balancer head; 2 - traverse; 3 - balancer; 4 - central bearing;
• 5 - connecting rod; 6 - corner support; 7 - counterweight; 8 - balancer stand;
• 9 - rope suspension; 10 - crank; 11 - rope suspension traverses; 12 - brake; 13 - gearbox; 14 - ED; 15 - crank pin bearing; 16 - brake lever;
• 17 - platform ladder; 18 - base

Fig.2.5.

• 1 - balancer head; 2 - air tank bearing; 3 - traverse bearing;
• 4 - traverse; 5 - balancer; 6 - central bearing; 7 - air capacity;
• 8 - rope suspension; 9 - rope suspension traverses; 10 - stairs; 11 - connecting rod; 12 - corner support; 13 - piston rod; 14 - balancer stand;
• 15 - crank pin bearing; 16 - brake; 17 - crank; 18 - base

The second type of drives are chain drives. CPUs began to be mass-produced in the early 90s of the 20th century in Canada and China, and subsequently in our country.

Structurally, the CPU consists of a vertical frame along which the chain rotates (Figure 2.6). A flexible belt is attached to one of the chain links, which makes reciprocating movements. The traverses of the rope suspension of the polished rod are attached to the other end of the belt. Chain drives are characterized by the following features:

• - the movement of the polished rod occurs at a constant speed;
• - long stroke length (up to 10 m);
• - low speed swings (up to 2 swings per minute).

Figure 2.7 shows chain drives of the TsP80-6-1/4 type developed by the TatNIPINeft Institute.

Rice. 2.6.

• 1 - platform with fencing; 2 - pulley; 3 - belt crossbar; 4 - rope suspension;
• 5 - rod lock; 6 - rope suspension traverses; 7 - belt; 8 - polished rod; 9 - link connecting the counterweight to the belt; 10 - counterweight; 11 - wellhead; 12 - gearbox; 13 - belt drive casing from ED; 14 - base; 15 - runners

Rice. 2.7.

Figure 2.8 shows the dynamics of the implementation of CP at the fields of OAO Tatneft. It can be seen that over a thousand wells are already equipped with CPUs. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, CPs are produced at Neftekamsk Oilfield Equipment Plant LLC.

Fig.2.8.

The so-called “linear” SRP drive (Linear Rod Pump) was developed by UNICO (USA) in 2007. In the “linear” drive, a rack with teeth is put on a polished rod (Figure 2.9), which is moved by a gear. The gear is connected to the electric motor shaft through a gearbox. The main advantage of a linear drive is low metal consumption and, accordingly, low cost. The linear drive allows for only a short stroke length - no more than 1.5 m, and cannot be used on deep wells, where transfer is necessary high power SHGN.

Rice. 2.9.

• 1 - rod holder; 2 - toothed rack; 3 - mechanism body; 4 - gear;
• 5 - gearbox; 6 - oil bath; 7 - polished rod; 8 - ED; 9 - base

Recently, there has been the introduction of another type of SRP drive in oil fields - hydraulic. Hydraulic drive SRP type

“Geyser”, developed by NPP PSM-Impex LLC (Ekaterinburg) is shown in Figure 2.10. Hydraulic installation"Geyser" is used as a top drive of a sucker rod pump.

The hydraulic drive of the Geyser sucker rod pump consists of the following main parts:

• - mast - a support with a hydraulic cylinder installed on it;
• - shelter in which they are installed pumping station and electronic control systems;
• - the connection between the pumping unit and the hydraulic cylinder is made using high-pressure hoses.

Fig.2.10.

1 - shelter; 2 - removable shield; 3 - sleeves; 4 - road slabs; 5 - crushed stone; 6 - cable box on racks; 7 - mast support; 8 - wellhead fittings

The main advantages of the hydraulic drive are as follows:

• - the ability to smoothly adjust the speed of lowering/raising the rod string;
• - The efficiency of the hydraulic drive is higher than that of traditional hydraulic drives;
• - possibility of energy recovery;
• - simplicity and efficiency of installation, adjustment and dismantling.

The main technical data of the Geyser hydraulic drive are given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

Basic technical data of the Geyser hydraulic drive

The Geyser hydraulic drive control system allows you to take dynamograms and, when connecting an echo sounder and pressure sensors, control dynamic and static levels, pressure in the flow manifold and annulus.

Sucker rod pumps (SRP) are pumps that are submerged significantly below the level of the liquid that is planned to be pumped. The depth of immersion in the well allows for not only stable lifting of oil from great depths, but also excellent cooling of the pump itself. Also, such pumps allow you to lift oil with a high percentage of gas.
Rod pumps They differ in that the drive in them is carried out by an independent motor located on the surface of the liquid, using a mechanical connection, in fact, a rod. If a hydraulic motor is used, the energy source is the same pumped liquid supplied to the pump under high pressure. In this case, the independent engine is installed on the surface. Positive displacement sucker rod pumps are used to lift oil from wells.

Types of sucker rod pumps

1. Non-insertable. The pump cylinder is lowered into the oil well through pump pipes without a plunger. The last one goes down sucker rods , and is introduced into the cylinder together with the suction valve. When replacing such a pump, you must first lift the plunger from the well on rods, and then the tubing with the cylinder.
2. Plug-in. A cylinder with a plunger is lowered into an oil well on rods. For such pumps, the plunger diameter should be much smaller than the pipe diameter. Accordingly, if it is necessary to replace such a pump, there is no need to run the pipes again.

Deep well pumps They come with a bottom or top cuff fastening and can be mechanically fastened at the top or bottom.Rod pumps have a number of advantages, which include: simplicity of design, the ability to pump liquid from oil wells, if other methods of operation are unacceptable. Such pumps are capable of operating at very great depths and are easy to adjust. Other advantages include the mechanization of the pumping process and ease of maintenance of the installation.

Advantages of sucker rod pumps

• They have a high efficiency;
• A wide variety of drives can be used for prime movers;
• Carrying out repairs directly at the oil pumping site;
• Installations of deep-rod pumps can be carried out in difficult conditions of oil production - in wells with the presence of fine sand, in the presence of paraffin in the extracted product, with a high gas factor, when pumping various corrosive liquids.

Characteristics of sucker rod pumps

• Water cut – up to 99%;
• Temperature - up to 130 C;
• Work with mechanical impurities content up to 1.3 g/liter;
• Work with hydrogen sulfide content – ​​up to 50 mg/liter;
• Water mineralization – up to 10 g/liter;
• pH values ​​are from 4 to 8.

Oil production using downhole rod pumps is one of the most common methods of oil production. This is not surprising; simplicity and efficiency of operation are combined in the SRP with the highest reliability. More than 2/3 of operating wells use units with sucker rod pumps.
To order sucker rod pump You must fill out a questionnaire or contact our specialists by filling out the form on the right side of the page or by calling the indicated contact numbers.