Schematic diagram hot water supply system includes heating installation cold water to a temperature not exceeding 75° C and a network of distribution pipelines. For this purpose, high-speed buses are used. instantaneous water heaters. In such water heaters, water flows at a significant speed through the heating tubes, which in turn are heated by water from the heating network passing inside the body of the water heater and washing them.

When preparing hot water in the central heating station according to closed scheme use high-speed water heaters OCT 34-588-68 (coolant - water), OCT 34-531-68 and OCT 34-532-68 (coolant - steam).

Rice. 174. High-speed water heaters: a - sectional OST-34-588-68, b - steam; 1 - body, 2 - lens compensator, 3 - grille, 4 - brass tubes, 5 - pipe system, 6 - rear water chamber, 7 - cap, 8 - front water chamber

Water heaters OST 34-588-68 ( , a) are designed for a pressure of 1 MPa and a coolant temperature of 150 ° C. They are produced in separate sections with an outer diameter of 57 to 325 mm with a heating surface of each section from 0.37 to 28 m2. The required heating surface of the water heater is made up of similar sections connected to each other by rolls. The section consists of a body 1 with steel tube sheets 3 welded to it and a bundle of brass tubes 4 with a diameter of 16X1 mm. Nozzles with flanges are welded to the body to connect the sections in the interpipe space. Hot water from the heating network is directed into the interpipe space, and the heated water moves through the tubes of the water heater.

Steam water heaters (OST 34-531-68 and OST 34-532-68) (,6) are designed for heating water with steam in heating and hot water supply systems. Maximum operating steam pressure 1 MPa. Water heaters are produced as two-pass (OST 34-531-68) and four-pass (OST 34-532-68). The heating surface can be from 6.3 to 224 m2.

The water heater consists of housing 1, pipe system 5, front 8 and rear 6 water chambers. The pipe system includes steel gratings and a bundle of brass tubes with a diameter of 16X1 mm. Heated water enters through the lower pipe of the front inlet chamber, passes through brass tubes, is heated and goes into the network through the upper pipe. The steam that heats the water enters the interpipe space.

The water heated in the water heater enters the hot water supply system through the supply pipeline, from which consumers use it for domestic and industrial purposes. The water taken from the system is replenished from the water supply.

To heat the water that has cooled in the system, a circulation pipeline is laid that connects the hot water supply system to the water heater.

To maintain a constant flow of water coming from the heating network, a flow regulator is installed, and a water meter is installed on the pipeline supplying cold water to the water heater, which takes into account the water flow. At the control unit of water heaters, valves are installed to shut off the pipeline of the hot water supply and heating system and individual parts of the unit. The pressure and temperature of water at individual points of the control unit are measured with pressure gauges and thermometers.

Depending on the purpose, hot water supply systems are made with two-pipe risers, one of which is circulation, and single-pipe.

Two-pipe hot water supply systems with circulation risers () are used where cooling of the water in the pipes is not allowed, for example in multi-storey residential buildings, hotels, hospitals and other buildings.

Rice. 175. Two-pipe hot water supply system with circulation risers

Rice. 176. Single-pipe hot water supply circuit: 1 - diaphragm, 2 - plug valve, 3 - supply transit line, 4 - circulation transit line

In single-pipe centralized hot water supply systems used in residential buildings(), the risers within one section at the top are connected to each other, and all risers, except one, are connected to the supply line 3, and one idle riser is connected to the circulation line 4. To ensure uniform circulation of water in the hot water supply systems of buildings connected to one to the central heating point, a diaphragm is installed on the idle riser.

For better water distribution to individual points of water consumption, as well as in order to maintain the same diameters along the entire height of the building in single-pipe hot water supply systems, the risers are looped. At ring pattern for buildings with a height of up to 5 floors inclusive, the diameters of the risers are 25 mm, and for buildings from 6 floors and above - with a diameter of 32 mm. Temperature extensions in risers of hot water supply systems of buildings high number of storeys are compensated by installing single-turn heated towel rails, and c.- two-pipe systems ah hot water supply due to the installation of U-shaped compensators on the risers.

Heated towel rails made of galvanized pipes are connected to the hot water supply system using a flow-through circuit. Hot water supply pipelines, in order to protect against corrosion, should be made of galvanized steel pipes.

To ensure air removal from the system, pipes are laid with a slope to the input of at least 0.002. In systems with bottom wiring, air is removed through the top tap. When installed at the top, air is removed through automatic air vents, installed at the highest points of the systems.

Pipeline for hot centralized water supply cannot be done according to the cold water supply scheme. These pipelines are dead-end, that is, they end at the last water withdrawal point. If you do hot water supply V apartment building according to the same scheme, the water will cool down in the pipeline at night, when it is used little. In addition, there may be such a situation, for example, the residents of a five-story building located on the same riser went to work during the day, the water in the riser was cooling down, and suddenly one of the residents on the fifth floor needed hot water. After turning on the tap, you will first have to drain all the cold water from the riser, wait for warm water, and then hot water- this is excessive high consumption. Therefore, hot water supply pipelines are made in a loop: the water is heated in the boiler room, thermal unit or boiler room and is supplied through the supply pipeline to consumers and returns back to the boiler room through another pipeline, which in this case is called circulation.

IN centralized system For hot water supply, pipelines in the house are laid with two-pipe and single-pipe risers (Fig. 111).

Rice. 111.Distribution diagrams for hot water supply in centralized systems

A two-pipe hot water supply system consists of two risers, one of which supplies water, the other drains it. Place on the outlet circulation riser heating devices- heated towel rails. The water was still heated and served to consumers, but whether they will use it or not and at what time is unknown, so why waste it, let this water warm heated towel rails and the air in damp, by definition, bathrooms. In addition, heated towel rails serve as a U-shaped compensator for thermal expansion of pipes.

A single-pipe hot water supply system differs from a two-pipe system in that all circulation risers (within one section of the house) were combined into one and this riser was called “idle” (it has no consumers). For better water distribution to individual points of water consumption, as well as in order to maintain the same diameters along the entire height of the building in single-pipe hot water supply systems, the risers are looped. With a ring scheme, for buildings up to 5 floors high inclusive, the diameters of the risers are 25 mm, and for buildings from 6 floors and above - 32 mm in diameter. Single-pipe heated towel rails are placed on supply risers, which means that when low heat water in boiler rooms can reach distant consumers when it has cooled down. Hot water will not only be supplied to nearby consumers, but it will also cool in their heated towel rails. To ensure that the water does not cool down and reaches hot water to distant consumers, a bypass is installed in the heated towel rails.

Two- and one-pipe hot water supply systems can be made without heated towel rails, but then these devices must be connected to the heating system. At the same time, in summer period heated towel rails will not work, and in winter the overall costs for hot water supply and heating will increase.

To ensure air removal from the system, pipes are laid with a slope of at least 0.002 to the pipeline entrance. In systems with bottom wiring, air is removed through the top tap. With overhead wiring, air is removed through automatic air vents installed at the highest points of the systems.

Provide hot water multi-storey building not easy because DHW system The water must be under a certain pressure and at a certain temperature. This is the first one. Second: hot water supply apartment building- this is the long path of the water itself from the boiler house to consumers, in which it meets huge amount various equipment, devices and devices. In this case, the connection can be made according to two schemes: with upper or lower wiring.

Network diagrams

So, let's start with the question of how water gets into our homes, meaning hot water. It moves from the boiler room to the house, and is distilled by pumps installed as boiler equipment. Heated water moves through pipes called heating mains. They can be laid above or below ground. And they must be thermally insulated to reduce heat losses the coolant itself.

Ring connection diagram

The pipe is brought to apartment buildings, from where the route branches into smaller sections that supply coolant to each building. A pipe of smaller diameter goes into the basement of the house, where it is divided into sections that deliver water to each floor, and from that floor to each apartment. It is clear that such an amount of water cannot be consumed. That is, all the water pumped into the hot water supply cannot be consumed, especially at night. Therefore, another route is laid, which is called the return route. It moves water from the apartments to the basement, and from there to the boiler room through a separately laid pipeline. However, it should be noted that all pipes (both return and supply) are laid along the same route.

That is, it turns out that the hot water itself inside the house moves around the ring. And she is constantly on the move. In this case, the circulation of hot water in an apartment building is carried out precisely from the bottom up and back. But in order for the temperature of the liquid itself to be constant on all floors (with a slight deviation), it is necessary to create conditions under which its speed was optimal, and it did not affect the decrease in temperature itself.

It should be noted that today apartment buildings may have separate routes for hot water supply and heating. Or one pipe will be supplied with a certain temperature (up to +95C), which in the basement of the house will be divided into heating and hot water supply.

DHW wiring diagram

By the way, pay attention to the photo above. A heat exchanger is installed in the basement of the house according to this scheme. That is, water from the route is not used in the hot water supply system. It just heats cold water coming from the water supply network. And the domestic hot water system itself is a separate route, unconnected with the route from the boiler room.

The house network is circulation. And the water supply to the apartments is carried out by a pump installed in it. This is by far the most modern scheme. Her positive feature– ability to control temperature regime liquids. By the way, there are strict standards hot water temperature in an apartment building. That is, it should not be lower than +65C, but not higher than +75C. In this case, small deviations in one direction or another are allowed, but not more than 3C. At night, deviations can be as low as 5C.

Why this particular temperature?

There are two reasons for this.

• The higher the water temperature, the faster pathogenic bacteria die in it.
• But we also have to take into account the fact that high temperature in a hot water system - these are burns upon contact with water or metal parts pipes or mixers. For example, at a temperature of +65C, a burn can be obtained in 2 seconds.

Water temperature

By the way, it should be noted that the temperature of the water in the heating system of an apartment building can be different, it all depends on various factors. But it should not exceed +95C for two-pipe systems, and +105C for single-pipe systems.

Attention! The law determines that if the water temperature in the hot water system is 10 degrees below normal, then the payment is also reduced by 10%. If it is at a temperature of +40 or +45C, then the payment is reduced to 30%.

That is, it turns out that the water supply system of an apartment building is available in type of hot water supply, this is an individual approach to payment, depending on the temperature of the coolant itself. True, as practice shows, few people know about this, so disputes usually never arise on this issue.

Dead-end circuits

There are also so-called dead-end circuits in the DHW system. That is, the water goes to consumers, where it cools down if it is not used. Therefore, in such systems there is a very large excess coolant consumption. Such wiring is used either in office premises, or in small houses - no more than 4 floors. Although all this is already in the past.

The best option is circulation. And the simplest thing is to enter the pipe into the basement, and from there through the apartments through a riser that runs along all floors. Each entrance has its own riser. Reaching the top floor, the riser makes a U-turn and goes down past all the apartments into basement, through which it is discharged and connected to the return pipeline.

Dead-end circuit

Wiring in the apartment

So, let's look at the water supply (WSS) scheme in the apartment. In principle, it is no different from cold water supply. And most often, hot water supply pipes are laid next to cold water supply elements. True, there are some consumers who do not need hot water. For example, a toilet, washing machine or dishwasher. The last two themselves heat the water to the required temperature.

DHW and cold water pipe wiring diagram

The most important thing is that the distribution of water supply in an apartment (both hot water supply and hot water supply) requires certain standards for laying the pipes themselves. For example, if pipes of two systems are laid one above the other, then the top one should be from the hot water supply. If they are laid in a horizontal plane, then the right one should be from the DHW system. In this case, on one wall it may be deep in the groove, and on the other, on the contrary, closer to the surface. In this case, the laying of the pipeline can be hidden (in grooves) or open, laid on the surface of the walls or floor.

Conclusion on the topic

The apparent simplicity of hot water supply in apartment buildings is determined by the laying of pipes inside apartments. It's actually quite a wide variety. various schemes, in which pipes stretch for several kilometers, starting from the boiler room and ending with the mixer in the apartment. And, as practice shows, even in old houses today, hot water supply systems are being reconstructed using new, improved technologies that provide hot water and reduce heat losses.

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Multi-apartment residential complex with built-in premises and garages Water supply and sewerage VK. Internal.

General information

Drawings of the "VK" brand are made on the basis of:

Design tasks

Assignment of related departments

SNiP RK 4.01-41-2006 " Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings"

SP 40-103-98, SP 40-102-2000, MSP 4.01-102-98 "Design and installation of water supply and sewerage systems made of polymer materials."

The project involves the design of a separate system of drinking water and fire safety water supply; domestic, storm and drainage sewer networks in a multi-apartment residential complex at the intersection of Ainakol Street, between Zhumabaev Avenue and Kordai Street.

The project includes two water supply inlets for the passage of utility and fire-fighting flows.

At the inlet, to account for the total water flow, a water metering unit is installed.

Pumping station

To ensure the necessary pressures in the cold and hot water supply network of a residential building, pumping and boosting installations are provided in block A

GRUNDFOS HYDRO MPC-S 3 CR 10-6 Q=21.66 m³/h, H=55 m, pH=6.25 kW (2 work. 1 cut). operating in intermittent mode together with 2 membrane tanks"refix D-700".

When the pressure in the hydraulic pneumatic tanks P=50m drops, the booster pumps are automatically switched on; when the pressure in the pneumatic tanks P=45m the pumps are automatically switched off. Pumping station located in the basement at elevation -3,300. The pressure in the external water supply network is 0.1 mPa.

Provided for fire extinguishing pumping unit GRUNDFOS HYDRO MX 1/1 2 CR 10-6Q=9.5 m³/h, H=50.9 m, pH=2.25 kW (1 work. 1 cut).

Pumping units are installed on a foundation, on vibration inserts, to absorb noise, interior space Seal the walls and ceiling of the pump room with sound-absorbing material.

Domestic and drinking water supply

The cold water supply system is designed to supply water to sanitary fixtures, as well as to prepare hot water. The cold water supply system is designed to supply water to sanitary fixtures, as well as to prepare hot water. The utility and drinking water supply networks are made of: risers and distribution in technical rooms made of steel pipes, distribution across floors - polypropylene pipes;

Pipe insulation - "K-Flex". Pipelines for domestic and drinking water supply (system B1), main pipeline and risers are insulated with flexible tubular insulation "K flex-ST" 9mm thick.

In the waste chamber room there is provision for installation watering tap and sprinkler. In each apartment, apartment fire hydrants are installed in the bathrooms after the water meter. Water meter for bathroom. apartment units are equipped with a radio module. The KPK apartment fire hydrant set (in a case) is intended for equipping apartments as a primary fire extinguishing agent. Equipped with a fitting for connecting to a water valve with a diameter of 1/2 inch, a sleeve 15 mm long, a diameter of 19 mm, a spray barrel with an adjustable jet spray, placed in a pouch measuring 270x270x50mm. To reduce excess pressure, water taps located on the 1st floor are provided with the installation of diaphragms with a central hole ∅7mm.

Hot water supply

The hot water supply system is decentralized, i.e. with the preparation of hot water in heat exchangers, with circulation through the main line and risers.

The hot water supply system is designed to supply water to sanitary fixtures. Hot water supply networks are made: main pipeline and risers of system T3, T4 - from polyethylene pipes PE80 SDR17 according to GOST 18599-2001. Pipelines of hot water supply systems (T3, T4), main pipeline and risers are insulated with flexible tubular insulation "K flex-ST" 9mm thick.

Fireproof water supply.

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.01-41-2006 "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings", fire hydrants are provided in the building. The water consumption for internal fire extinguishing is one jet with a water flow rate of q=2.6 l/s. The fire-fighting water supply ring network is made of steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75*. Fire hydrants are installed at a height of h=1.35m above the floor of the inter-apartment hall and are placed in cabinets that have a hole for ventilation, adapted for their sealing and visual inspection without opening. Each fire hydrant has a "Start" button. PC cabinets are equipped with levers designed to open fire hydrants. To reduce excess pressure, fire hydrants located on the 1st and 2nd floors are provided with the installation of diaphragms with a central hole ∅16mm. The fire cabinets provide space for 2 fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters.

Sewerage

System domestic sewerage designed for drainage of wastewater from sanitary fixtures. Risers sewer network(K1) are made from polyethylene pipes PE80 SDR41 in accordance with GOST 18599-2001. For compensation temperature extensions on plastic risers, compensation pipes are provided every 3 m. Equalizers electrical potentials from metal baths and shower trays are connected by a copper drive PV 3-1-4 to the ground risers (see EM sheets). The exhaust part of the K1 system should be placed 0.1 m above the edge of the ventilation shaft.

Net internal drains designed to drain rainwater from the roof of a building in external network storm sewer. To prevent freezing of the funnels and the section of the pipeline laid along this technical line, they are electrically heated. The attic network is mounted from electric-welded steel pipes. The riser and outlet are mounted from polyethylene pipes PE80 SDR17 in accordance with GOST 18599-2001. Steel pipes covered oil paint for 2 times.

Drainage sewerage.

For withdrawal drainage water Pits 700x700x500(h) are provided from the floor of the pumping station and ITP. Drains from the pits are supplied by drainage pumps GRUNDFOS-Unilift AP12.40.06.A3 (Q = 4 l/s; H = 6.0 m; Pn = 0.75 kW) to the jet breaking tanks, then by gravity they enter the networks of the K2 system. Adjust the pump operation by installing a float valve in various levels turning the pump on and off. The reserve pump is stored in a warehouse.

Our topic today is the hot water supply system of an apartment building: diagrams, main elements and typical problems problems that a homeowner may encounter. So let's get started.

DHW and heat supply diagram

The hot water supply scheme in an apartment building can be implemented in two fundamentally different ways:

1. It uses water from the cold water supply and heats it with heat from autonomous source. This could be a boiler installed in the apartment, geyser or a heat exchanger that uses coolant from a local boiler house or thermal power plant for heating;

Please note: the advantage of this scheme is more high quality water. It must comply with the requirements of GOST R 51232-98 (“ Drinking water"). In addition, hot water supply parameters (temperature and pressure) extremely rarely deviate from nominal values; in particular, the DHW pressure is always equal cold water pressure taking into account the loss of pressure during water withdrawal.

1. It supplies water to the consumer directly from the heating main. This is exactly what is implemented in the vast majority of residential and administrative buildings Soviet-built, constituting 90% of the housing stock in the vast expanses of our great and vast. In the future we will focus our attention on it.

Dear reader can find additional information in the video in this article.

Elements

So, what elements does the water supply scheme of an apartment building include?

Water metering unit

He is responsible for supplying cold water to the house.

The water meter performs several functions:

• Provides accounting of water consumption (as its name clearly suggests);
• Allows you to turn off cold water to the entire house to repair shut-off valves or eliminate spillage leaks;
• Provides rough filtration of water at the entrance to the house. For this purpose, the water meter is equipped with a mud trap.

The water meter includes:

1. Entrance and house shut-off valves(valves or ball valves located on the side of the cold water supply input and the in-house water supply system);
2. Water meter (usually mechanical);
3. Mud tank (a tank with a drain valve, in which, due to the slow movement of water through its volume, sand, large particles of rust and other debris settle). Often, instead of a mud trap, the water meter unit is equipped with a filter rough cleaning, in which a stainless mesh is responsible for purifying water from debris;
4. Pressure gauge or control valve for its installation;
5. Optionally, the water meter can be equipped with a bypass line with its own valve or ball valve on it. The bypass opens when the water meter is dismantled for repairs or verification. At other times, it is closed and sealed by a representative of the water supplier organization.

It is curious: “Vodoset”, or the organization replacing it, is responsible for the state of the cold water supply input up to the first flange of the inlet valve. The water meter is the responsibility of the organization serving the house.

Elevator unit

The elevator unit, or heating point, also combines a number of functions:

• Responsible for the operation and regulation of the heating system;
• Provides the house with hot water. Water (also the coolant of the heating system) is supplied to the in-house hot water system directly from the heating main;
• Allows, if necessary, to switch DHW between the supply and return lines of the heating main. The switch is necessary because in winter the supply temperature can reach an impressive 150°C, and the permissible maximum hot water temperature is only 75°C.

A short lecture on physics: water is heated above its boiling point without evaporating, due to excess pressure in the heating main. The higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point of liquids.

Heart elevator unit- water-jet elevator, through the nozzle of which hot and having more high blood pressure supply water is injected into the mixing chamber filled with return water. Thanks to the operation of the elevator, a large volume of water with a relatively low temperature passes through the heating system of the house; At the same time, the water consumption from the supply is relatively small.

DHW taps are located between the inlet valves and the elevator. There can be two of these inserts (one on the supply and return) or four (two on each thread). The first scheme is typical for houses built in the 70s of the last century and older buildings, the second - for more or less modern buildings.

Why are additional inserts needed?

To answer this question, we need to jump ahead and study water supply schemes in apartment buildings.

On cold water, a dead-end scheme is always used: the water meter goes to the only bottling, which goes to the risers, which end with in-house connections. Water moves in such a water supply circuit only when drawing water.

What's going on at the hot water supply?

In houses with two hot water connections into the elevator unit, the same scheme is used.

However, it has two rather annoying drawbacks:

1. If the water supply is on your riser for a long time there wasn’t, you have to drain the water for a long time before it heats up;

Please note: if your connections have mechanical meters, they will record water consumption, ignoring its temperature. As a result, you will end up overpaying a hundred or two rubles every month for a service that you didn’t actually use.

1. Towel dryers installed on hot water supply lines, which are also responsible for heating the bathroom, will only heat up when hot water is supplied to your apartment. And, accordingly, they will remain cold most of the time. Hence the cold and dampness in bathrooms, which often become the cause of fungus.

An elevator unit with four hot water connections ensures continuous circulation of hot water through two bottlings and risers connected by jumpers.

DHW operation is possible according to one of three schemes:

1. From server to return pipeline. Such a hot water supply scheme multi-storey building used only in the summer, when the heating is turned off: a bypass between the lines of the heating main would reduce the pressure drop across the elevator;
2. From feed to feed. This scheme is for autumn and spring with their relatively low supply temperature;
3. From return to return. So the DHW is turned on during cold weather, when the supply temperature exceeds the threshold 75 degrees.

Readers who have not forgotten the basics of physics will have a reasonable question: how is the pressure difference necessary for continuous circulation between two tie-ins in one thread ensured?

Remember: water continuously moves through the pipes between the inlet valves and the elevator. To create a pressure difference, you only need to limit the flow by placing an obstacle between the taps. This role is played by a retaining washer - a metal pancake with a hole in it.

Captain Obviousness suggests: a significant restriction in the permeability of any pipeline would interfere with the operation of the elevator unit, so the diameter retaining washers per millimeter larger diameter elevator nozzles. This, in turn, is calculated by the organization (heat supplier) in such a way that the return temperature at the outlet heating point corresponded to the temperature schedule.

Bottlings

Water supply spills are called horizontal pipes, passing through the basement or subfloor of the house, and connecting the risers with the elevator and water metering units. Hot water filling is always the same, domestic hot water filling is always the same circulation system two hot water supplies.

The bottling diameter, depending on its material and the number of water consumers, varies from 32 to 100 millimeters. The last meaning is clearly redundant; however, the water supply project for an apartment building had to take into account not only the current condition of the pipelines, but also their inevitable overgrowth with sediment and rust. After 20-25 years of operation, the pipe clearance in cold water decreases by 2-3 times.

Risers

Each riser is responsible for vertical wiring water in apartments located one above the other.

The most typical scheme is one group of risers (hot water supply and hot water supply, optional heated towel rails) per apartment; however, other options are possible:

• Two groups of risers can pass through the apartment, supplying water to the bathroom and kitchen located at a large distance;
• Risers in one apartment can supply water not only to its residents, but also to neighbors behind the wall;
• On DHW circulation jumpers can connect up to 7 risers from several apartments.

The typical diameter of cold water and hot water risers is 25-40 mm. The diameter of the risers of heated towel rails and single (without plumbing fixtures) circulation risers is usually smaller: they are mounted with a DN20 pipe.

IN circulation scheme For hot water supply, jumpers between risers can be located in the apartment on the top floor or placed in the attic. The jumpers are equipped with air vents (Maevsky valves or conventional valves), which allow air to be released that impedes circulation.

Eyeliners

Their function is to distribute water to plumbing fixtures inside the apartment. What is useful to know about water supply connections?

• Their typical size (for steel water and gas pipes) is DN15 (which approximately corresponds to an internal diameter of 15 mm). When replacing hoses with your own hands, it is advisable not to reduce their internal diameter - this will lead to a drop in pressure on all plumbing fixtures when water is drawn from one of them;

• Since Soviet times, apartments have traditionally used simple and cheap serial (tee) wiring. A more material-intensive collector requires, among other things, hidden installation liners, which greatly complicates their further maintenance;

• Over time throughput steel liners drops noticeably due to the notorious overgrowing of deposits. In such cases, the pipes are cleaned with a thin steel string or, simply, replaced with new ones.

If you decide to replace eyeliners, we strongly advise you to opt for metal pipes. The instruction is associated with a fairly high probability of water hammer and deviations from the standard temperature in the hot water system: for example, if a forgetful mechanic does not switch the water supply from supply to return during the first frost, the water temperature can significantly exceed the maximum for any polymer pipes of 90-95 degrees.

Which pipes can be used for water supply:

Image	Description
	have been used for water supply distribution since the Stalin era. Unlike black steel, galvanized steel is resistant to deposits and rust. Important point: galvanization is mounted only on threaded connections, since during welding the zinc in the weld area completely evaporates.
	have long proven their reliability and durability: the oldest operating copper water pipes are more than a century old, and they are in excellent condition. Solder connections copper pipes- maintenance-free, and can be mounted hidden, in a screed or grooves.
	Corrugated pipes from stainless steel compare favorably with competitors extremely simple installation. To connect them, compression fittings are used, the assembly of which requires only two adjustable wrenches. The service life of the pipes themselves is characterized by manufacturers as unlimited; however, after 30 years, you, or more likely your children, will need to replace the silicone O-rings in the fittings.

Malfunctions

What problems in the operation of the water supply system can the apartment owner eliminate on his own? Here are some of the most typical situations.

Valves leaking

Description: leakage along the stem of screw valves.

• Reason: partial wear of the oil seal or wear of the rubber O-ring.
• Solution: open the valve knob all the way. In this case, the thread on the rod will tighten the seal from below, and the leak will stop.

Crane noise

Description: when you open a hot or (less often) cold water tap, you can hear loud noise and the vibration of the mixer is felt. Alternatively, your neighbors faucet could be the source of the noise.

Cause: a deformed and crushed gasket on the screw valve in the half-open position causes a continuous series of water hammers. Its valve closes the seat in the mixer body at intervals of a fraction of a second. In hot water, the pressure is usually noticeably higher, so the effect is more pronounced.

Solution:

1. Shut off the water to the apartment;
2. Turn out the problematic valve housing;
3. Replace the gasket with a new one;
4. Use scissors to chamfer the new gasket. The removed chamfer will prevent the valve from beating in a turbulent stream of water in the future.

By the way: ceramic faucets are fully compatible with screw threaded faucets and do not have the described problem.

Cold heated towel rail

• Description: The heated towel rail in your bathroom has cooled down and is not heating up.
• Cause: if the water supply scheme of a residential apartment building uses continuous circulation of hot water, the air remaining in the jumper between the risers after water is discharged (for example, for inspection and repair of shut-off valves) is to blame.
• Solution: climb up top floor and ask your neighbors to bleed the air from the jumper between the hot water supply risers and heated towel rails.

If for some reason this cannot be done, the problem can be solved from the basement:

1. Block traffic passing through your apartment DHW riser, to which your liners are connected;
2. Go up to the apartment and open the hot water taps all the way;
3. After all the air has come out of the riser through them, close the taps and open the tap on the riser.

Note: immediately after finishing heating season There may be no pressure difference between the threads of the heating main. In this case, the heated towel rails will be cold even in the absence of air jams in risers.

Conclusion

We hope that our material helped you study the water supply of an apartment building: the water supply scheme we described is the most common. Good luck!