What is stop loss? This is a type of order whose purpose is to limit trading losses by automatic closing positions when the specified price value is reached. Most traders call this option one of the most important components of profitable and stable trading. This statement has been proven by the disastrous results of beginners who do not use stop loss in their trading, as well as by the successes of professionals who, despite their experience and confidence, constantly use this tool.

In technical terms, a stop loss is an analogue of a regular pending order, which is executed when a certain price value is reached, but the only difference is that instead of opening a new buy or sell position, a previously open transaction is closed. An unconditional and fundamental advantage is the automation of the order closing process, which eliminates the need to constantly monitor the status of the transaction, and is also often the only way avoid large losses in unusual situations, which will be mentioned below.

Stop loss value for trading.

One of the most famous trading recommendations says: “Cut your losses and let your profits grow.” Following this simple truth has made it possible for many traders to make fortunes. personal experience understood the importance of timely closing of unprofitable positions. Now stop loss is a kind of standard in the matter of “cutting off” losses, and its capabilities are actively used in many trading strategies.

Read: “What is margin?”

But there are traders who have the opposite opinion and generally do not recommend using this tool. To prove their beliefs, they cite cases when the price first went against the price, activated a stop loss, thereby closing the trade with a loss, and then turned around and began moving in the right direction.

This position and disappointment are understandable, but such stories relate more likely to the skills of use, the proximity of the stop loss level directly to the price or important levels, as well as simply random events that in no way indicate a systematic pattern of negative results. The market is not stable, no one knows for sure what will happen in the future, and therefore, if there is an opportunity to protect the transaction, your capital, then it is better to take advantage of it.

It is not uncommon for new traders to follow a minority position and not use a stop loss. Often this happens precisely because of the fear of receiving a premature loss. But any doubts about the advisability of using stop loss are destroyed by the following advantages:

1. Limiting losses per trade is the main advantage, which is the foundation of any money management strategy. With the help of a stop loss, a clear value of the loss is set that a trader is willing to assume as a risk for a given position, which allows flexible trading and maintaining a trading account, avoiding excessively large drawdowns.

2. Protection against force majeure situations is one of most important advantages, thanks to which most traders at least once managed to avoid catastrophic losses during moments of strong and chaotic movements in the market. Sometimes you can open an order in the right direction, but due to unaccounted for events (for example, the release of some important news), everything can get out of control and instead of the expected profit, turn into disastrous results. It is in situations like this, when the market can rush 50-100 points in one direction in a second and closing a deal manually is extremely problematic, that we understand the need to use a stop loss.

Read: “What is liquidity?”

3. Taking profit is not really standard option using stop loss when it turns from a tool to limit losses into an assistant that will allow you to preserve the profit you have already made. At the same time, it is important for beginners to understand the difference from using another standard tool called take profit. But we’ll talk specifically about how to use stop loss to take profits a little lower.

4. Psychological factor– most of you are familiar with the situation when a deal goes into a loss and processes of “moral support” begin in your head. You are ready to look at the monitor and wait as long as it takes for the trade to go out of the red and reach a small but profit, while convincing yourself of the correctness of your actions. But the loss only gets bigger, and you already blame yourself for not closing the order earlier, while the loss was not so significant. Now you no longer think about profit, you only think about how to close the deal with a smaller loss. Instead of closing it now, a new wait begins best moment... Using stop loss allows you to avoid psychological mistakes and inadequacy of your actions in such emotional states, and also limit the amount of loss even before opening a transaction.

Setting a stop loss.

Having convinced yourself of all the benefits of using a stop loss, it’s time to familiarize yourself with how to set it, change it, or delete it if you suddenly need it. All actions are extremely simple and will not cause difficulties even for beginners who have just started learning the trading terminal. All stages will be described using MetaTrader 5 as an example.

First of all, it must be said that a stop loss can be set at any time - before or after opening an order. Professional traders recommend setting this option at the time of opening an order, since such a solution is part of a systematic and holistic approach to trading.

Read: “What is support?”

Next, we will look at setting stop losses for buy and sell orders using two methods. In the first case, all procedures will be performed during the process of opening a market or pending order, in the second, the stop loss will be set on previously opened positions.

Stop loss for a new order.

Setting a stop loss at the time of opening an order does not present any difficulties, since this parameter is visible by default. All you need to do comes down to this:

1. Order type – in in this case We leave the standard value, i.e. We use immediate execution. We also select the transaction volume and indicate other necessary parameters.

2. Stop loss is the very field with which we need to set a specific stop loss value. Please note that there are restrictions regarding minimum distance from the current price to the stop loss, most often equal to several points. But this is not an obstacle, since the use of such small values ​​is devoid of any common sense. Another point that beginners need to pay attention to is that the stop loss for a buy position is set below current value prices, and for sale - higher. By the way, it is not at all necessary to write the current price manually. Just click once on one of the vertical arrows near the stop loss window, and the price will automatically change from zero to the current value.

3. Opening a position – after setting all the parameters and values, all that remains is to click the “Buy” button to open a buy order, which will immediately be protected by a stop loss.

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Setting a stop loss for a new pending order is no different from the option described above, with the exception of a few additional fields. First, select the order type – pending (1); subtype – depending on the tasks (2); enter the required stop loss value (3) and place an order (4). Similar to a market order, for a buy position the stop loss will be located below the opening price, and for a sell position – above it.

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Stop loss for an existing order.

It’s okay if you didn’t have time or simply forgot to set a stop loss at the time of opening the order. Thanks to the function of editing the parameters of active orders, setting a stop loss for a position is possible at any time.

First of all, you need to access the list of open positions. This can be done from a special panel called “Tools”, which is usually located at the bottom of the trading terminal (you can enable it through the “View – Tools” menu or using the Ctrl+T keyboard shortcut). When the required order is found, you just have to do the following:

1. Calling the menu - first you need to open the editing menu by right-clicking on the required order and select “Modify or delete” (in Metatrader 4 this item may be called “Modify or delete order”).

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2. Setting parameters - after this you have to install desired value stop loss (1) and save changes by clicking on the “Change” button (2). As always, for a buy position the stop loss is set below the current price, for a sell position – above.

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In a similar way, you can set a stop loss even for a pending order that has been placed but not yet activated, which will be in the same list, but under all active positions. In short, any order can be changed at any time through the editing menu.

Strategies for using a stop loss order.

First of all, it must be said that there are no uniquely correct methods for using stop losses in trading. There is no universal recipe that will suit all trading strategies and market situations equally well.

Correctly setting a stop loss is a rather complicated procedure in terms of calculation. Technically, the installation process does not take much time and effort, as you have already seen for yourself using the above instructions. But the side of calculating stop loss lies in the plane of the trader’s theoretical competence, completeness of knowledge of the trading strategy used, as well as experience in general. It is the latter that is often a good advisor, since thanks to him the trader better understands market movements and can evaluate possible options developments of events through the prism of previous transactions or specific situations.

Read: “What is volatility?”

It is important to understand that the stop loss value is a local parameter that depends on many variables that exist at a particular point in time. Overall volatility, proximity to important price levels, aggressiveness of trading and many other factors become extremely important in determining the value of the stop loss. In total, several general strategies can be identified, but, as you already understood, none of them should be used in their pure form without taking into account the specifics of a particular transaction:

1. Fixed stop loss – probably the most common option. Like all strategies, it cannot be called either bad or good, since in one situation its use is justified, but in another it is completely inappropriate. It consists of using a fixed stop loss value equal to a certain number of points from the order opening price. For example, in each trade you can set a stop loss at a distance of 50 points from the opening price (above or below the price depending on the type of order). The method is more relevant for traders who adhere to a strict money management policy.

2. Flexible stop loss – more versatile and reliable method setting a stop loss based on an analysis of the current market situation. The basis for choosing a stop loss value may be previous price lows or highs, graphic levels, or any fundamental reasons. Similar method is preferable, since the stop loss is more adapted to the market, and the number of random triggers will be significantly less than when using a fixed value.

3. Break-even trading – non-standard option use mentioned above. The essence of the method is to move the stop loss level from the unprofitable zone (fixing the maximum loss) to the guaranteed profit zone (fixing the minimum profit) at the moment when the price has already traveled a sufficient distance in the required direction. An excellent way that allows you to get as close as possible to realizing the idea of ​​break-even trading, which so attracts not only beginners, but also experienced traders. The only downside is that it increases the likelihood of an order being closed prematurely with minimal profit, when overall there is the potential to achieve a significantly greater profit.

4. Trailing stop is an improved version of the previous method, the difference being the use automated system to gradually move the stop loss level following the price. Thus, the value of the minimum profit will increase by as much as the price increases. The main setting of a trading stop is to determine the minimum distance from the stop loss to the new price at the time of transfer. For example, the trailing stop for a sell trade is set to 10 points. If the price drops to a new low, the stop loss will automatically move after it, but no closer than 10 points. For a better understanding, it is worth saying that in this way the stop loss moves only in one direction, the profit side. It does not move in the opposite direction, since it simply does not make any sense.

Conclusion.

A standard opportunity that is so often ignored by novice traders hides enormous potential. The complete absence of a stop loss in trading is fraught with catastrophic consequences, so it is better to calculate or set it incorrectly than not to use it at all.

Read: “What is GAP?”

With the accumulation of experience, the study of various trading systems and, most importantly, the use of imagination and out-of-the-box thinking, stop loss order is able to take trading to a completely different level. Remembering the phrase “cut your losses and let your profits grow,” a comparison of stop loss to a knife comes to mind. In some hands he can injure these same hands, in others he can create something worthwhile, for example, a work of art.

So gain experience, improve your skills, use this wonderful tool, recognizing yourself as the culprit of mistakes and failures, and not him, and then your attitude towards losses and trading in general will undergo incredible positive changes.

The main activity of the SBM-group company is the production of treatment plants closed type, which automatically process wastewater domestic sewerage, freeing them from contamination. The company produces septic tanks different types, some of them are suitable for use in private households, others are suitable for a large facility where several hundred people will live. The Unilos Astra 6 installation is suitable for serving a family of six people.

Disposal of sewage waste – important question, which every owner of a country property needs to decide. If it is not possible to connect to the central sewerage system, you will have to build a local system. For an object with a water consumption of about 1.2 cubic meters per day perfect choice treatment plant there will be a septic tank Astra 6.

Description

The Unilos Astra 6 septic tank model is designed for use in private households, as well as other facilities with a daily water consumption of up to 1200 liters. The installation housing has rectangular shape, it is made of foamed polypropylene.

Thanks to the increased wall thickness and the presence of stiffening ribs, the body has high strength indicators. Therefore, in most cases, a septic tank can be installed without first concreting the pit.

Advice! The polypropylene from which the septic tank is made does not affect environment, it is resistant to chemical and mechanical influences.

Internal organization

Inside, the housing capacity is divided by partitions into isolated compartments. There are five such compartments, of which:

• four workers in which cleaning processes take place;
• one compartment is used to accommodate electrical equipment; liquid does not enter it.

Liquid moves between compartments through tubes air pumps. There are no mechanical components in the installation, so the likelihood of breakdowns is minimal. Purpose of compartments:

• the first is the most capacious, it receives wastewater from the house and settles before further processing;
• the second is a treatment chamber with an aeration tank, where wastewater is purified under the influence of bacterial colonies. Reactions occur under conditions of forced air supply;
• the third is another settling tank, where purified water is separated from sludge particles;
• the fourth is a sludge storage tank; “waste” sludge is sent into it, which will need to be pumped out periodically.

Advice! There is no need to use special biological products to form bacterial colonies in the Unilos Astra 6 septic tank, provided it is operating normally. Biomass regenerates itself without outside intervention.

Water drainage

In any model of Unilos septic tanks, there are two ways to drain water:

• naturally (by gravity);
• forcibly.

Natural drainage can only be used if the soil absorbs water well. In other cases, you should choose the option with forced pumping. In this case, the installation is equipped with an additional pump, which pumps out water when it accumulates in the container.

Model performance indicators

As is clear from the markings, the Unilos Astra 6 installation is designed to serve six people. Performance indicators of this model:

• the volume of liquid processed per day is 1200 liters;
• receiving chamber capacity – 280 liters;
• weight (depending on modification) – from 220 to 285 kg;
• body length and width – 1.25 by 1.15 meters;
• height (depending on modification) – from 2.36 to 3 meters;
• Seasonal use - all year round.

The stations are volatile and require a power supply to operate.

Modifications

The station manufacturer Unilos offers several modifications. Body height:

• Standard - a model with a body height of 2.36 meters, allows you to connect the supply pipe at a height of up to 0.6 meters from the cover (the cover remains above the ground surface when installing the model).
• Midi - option with a body height of 2.5 meters, connection level - up to 0.9 meters;
• Long is the highest of the modifications, its height is 3 meters, this allows you to connect the supply pipe at a height of up to 1.2 meters.

Advantages

Why should you choose the Unilos Astra installation when improving your home? Here are the main advantages of the model:

• the highest possible cleaning quality indicator – 96-98%;
• fully automatic operation, which does not require constant attention from the owners;
• minimal power consumption;
• simple and cheap operation (no need to call a vacuum cleaner or buy biological products);
• almost complete silent operation and absence of odor;
• reliability and long service life;
• simple controls.

Operating rules

In order for the septic tank to last longer, you must follow the operating rules. When using a septic tank, it is prohibited:

• dispose of substances into the sewer system that cannot be processed in the installation and may cause blockages;
• dump substances into the sewer that can cause the death of bacteria involved in cleaning. Such substances include household chemicals with antibacterial additives, potassium permanganate solution, antibiotics, etc.;
• exceed the volume of salvo discharge;
• use the sewer system as usual during a long power outage.

It is necessary to carry out regular maintenance of the station by pumping out excess activated sludge from the settling tank. If cleaning is carried out rarely, the concentration of activated sludge particles in the septic tank will increase. This may cause the air pump tubes to become clogged, resulting in emergency stop treatment plant.

Advice! There is no need to use special equipment to perform cleaning; the sludge can be pumped out with a built-in pump.

One of common reasons When the Unilos Astra installation fails, surges in the network voltage occur. To reduce the risk of breakdowns caused by power surges, it is recommended to connect the septic tank to the power supply through a voltage stabilizer.

So, Unilos Astra 6 is a compact treatment plant designed for use in sewer systems of private households or any other facilities, provided that the daily water consumption does not exceed 1200 liters. Treatment plants differ high degree efficiency, reliability and ease of use. The units are energy-dependent, so their installation is only possible if a power supply is available.

There are two main ways to install operating systems of the Windows family, and it does not matter what version - Windows XP, Windows Vista or Windows 7. There is practically no big difference in these methods, and provided that the hardware is in working order, they lead to the desired result, in this material we will analyze advantages and disadvantages of such installations.

By and large, these are not even methods, but just different ways windows installations. The first method is to run the operating system installer immediately after turning on the computer. The second is installation from under already installed system.

Let's take a closer look at the first method. This system installation is the most universal and common, because Windows is usually reinstalled in cases of failure or when no OS is installed on the computer at all, this happens when buying a new computer or.

The installation itself consists of correctly marking the disk space and selecting the disk partition on which we install the system. To start such an installation, you need to insert the Windows distribution disk into the drive and select boot from the CD in the BIOS, usually the “Boot device” menu item. One of the advantages of this method is that you can install windows without fear that new system errors or viruses will penetrate the operating system already installed on the computer. One of the disadvantages of this method is the lack of built-in drivers for your computer hardware. That is, after the first launch of Windows, there is a very high probability that your sound, network cards and video signal will not be processed correctly. Therefore after Windows installations more effort is required to configure your system. Likewise, all programs that were running on the computer will be missing. If you don't know how to install drivers or additional software, or you have difficulties with installation, we recommend that you contact a specialist. Such work, for example, can be performed by our service engineers in as soon as possible. You will also receive a guarantee for all windows installation work and significant discounts for repeat requests.

Why is another method needed when the installation takes place through the shell of the installed operating system? This method was invented by Microsoft programmers for those people who do not know how to properly install the system using the first method. In this case, it is better to turn to specialists who provide high-quality and long-lasting work.

The second method is that after starting the installed system, you insert the windows disk into the CD drive, then the installation start menu appears, where after the necessary operations the computer reboots and the windows installation process begins according to the first method described above. The only exception is that the partition on which you are installing a new system can no longer be formatted or resized. Also, all the files that were in old system will be present in the new one, which is fraught with errors or viruses getting into the newly installed operating system. Thus, there is a risk that you will soon need a new reinstallation.

Installation methods and methods

Installation methods are the most characteristic, fundamental decisions that determine the technical policy in production installation work during construction individual buildings, structures or their complexes and aimed at the expedient achievement of a certain technical and economic result.

The following main methods of installation of buildings, structures and their complexes are distinguished (Figure 9).

Small element installation- assembly and installation of individual structural parts into the design position. This method is the most labor-intensive and time-consuming due to the large number of lifts and joints, large volume auxiliary works for the construction of scaffolding, scaffolding and temporary bracing of structures, therefore it is rarely used.

Element-by-element installation- installation structural elements or their in large parts(columns, beams, trusses, slabs, etc.). This method is widely used in the installation of industrial and civil buildings, mainly from reinforced concrete structures.

Block installation- the process of preliminary enlargement of individual structures into flat (for example, half-timbered columns connected by purlins and connections) or spatial blocks (two trusses connected by purlins and connections, etc.).

In some cases, complete installation of individual structures is used, which consists in the fact that the structures are assembled completely at the installation site at ground level and after sealing the joints and acquiring their design strength, the entire structure is lifted and installed in the design position. This method ensures maximum enlargement of structures and, therefore, all its inherent advantages.

Depending on the organization of supply of elements for installation, the following two methods are distinguished:

with preliminary layout of elements in the operating area of ​​the installation crane;

installation directly from Vehicle.

The latter is more economical, but requires very precise organization of delivery of assembled structures. Installation from vehicles is used when delivering structures from the manufacturer and construction plants, for example in housing construction. This leads to a reduction in labor costs and funds due to the elimination of intermediate overloads; There are fewer cases of element breakdowns and destruction of the finishing layer, and labor productivity during installation increases.

Depending on the direction of development of the installation process, there are longitudinal, when structures are installed sequentially along a building or span, and transverse installation, when structures are mounted sequentially along the transverse axes of the building. The decision to choose one method or another depends on the direction technological process in a buiding. This, in turn, determines the direction of development of the equipment installation process, which provides the latter with the fastest possible delivery of the scope of work.

Depending on the sequence of construction of a building or structure, the height is divided into: extension method, when the underlying structures (tiers, floors) are initially installed, and then the overlying ones are sequentially installed (increased); growing method, when the structures of the upper tier (floor) are initially installed, then they are raised to a height slightly greater than the height of the next tier from the top, and in the resulting space, pre-enlarged structures of the second (from the top) tier are mounted or installed. Then they are connected into a single whole and raised up to a height slightly higher than the height of the next tier. Such cycles are repeated until the structure is completely installed.

Depending on the techniques that ensure the accuracy of installation of structures in the design position, there are free, limited-free And forced installation methods.

In the first case, the accuracy of the installation of the structure is achieved as a result of its free movement in space, carried out by installers in the process of alignment and visual comparison of its position with the readings of measuring instruments and geodetic instruments. When using this method, the accuracy of installation depends on many random factors, it takes a large number of manual labor for reconciliation (sometimes up to 60% of the total labor intensity).

The forced installation method predetermines the exact design position of the mounted elements by a special design of joints used during installation with equipment or special installation machines. This method requires high precision in the manufacture of structures or their mounting blocks, and the accuracy of installation practically does not depend on the qualifications and experience of installers. However, it is very difficult to achieve design solutions that make it possible to completely abandon the alignment of all structures relative to the three main axes in space. That is why, until now, this problem is usually solved partially and is most often at the stage of using a limited free installation method.

Depending on the combination of installation with technologically related work, there are differentiated an installation method that involves the sequential installation of all structures of the same type within the building and installation site, and only after that the installation of structures of a different type. For example, first, columns are installed throughout the building, crane beams, then trusses and connections, and then the covering elements.

Complex The method involves the sequential installation of different types of structures within one or several adjacent cells of the building, forming a rigid, stable system that opens the front for subsequent work. For example, four columns are initially installed, then two crane beams, then two trusses and, lastly, covering elements.

Combined The method is a combination of the previous two. In this case, columns and crane beams are usually mounted using a differentiated method, and roofing tent structures are installed using a complex method. With a differentiated method, labor productivity is practically higher and the accuracy of installation of the structure is better; with an integrated method, the front opens faster for subsequent work, the number of equipment units and construction time are reduced.

Installation methods individual designs in contrast to the considered methods, they are aimed at solving narrower problems of a technological nature, depending on specific conditions construction site, dimensions of structures, used installation machines and equipment. Installation of individual structures can be carried out in one of the following ways (Figure 10).

Lifting with complex movements in space consists of lifting horizontal movement by crane and lowering the structure to the design position; sometimes the structure is turned or tilted in midair. This method is widely used in the installation of reinforced concrete, metal and wooden structures, industrial and civil buildings and structures.

Way turning consists in the fact that during installation, the structure with its lower part always rests on a pre-prepared base, and the rise occurs due to rotation relative to the edge of the support or the hinge installed on the support. This installation method necessitates the precise positioning of the structure before lifting in accordance with the design. The rotation method can be used to mount columns, power line supports, etc.

Slide turn differs from the turning method in that during the turning process the lower end of the structure moves towards the prepared base using a support trolley. In the process of transferring the design from horizontal position in a vertical position, its lower end always rests on a support trolley equipped with a special hinge.

Simultaneously with the rotation, the support trolley or slide is moved towards the base. The trolley moves smoothly thanks to the traction and brake cables leading to the winches. As main mounting mechanisms When lifting by turning and sliding, tower and self-propelled cranes, assembly masts, chevres, belt and cable lifts are used.

Slide- a method of erecting structures in which horizontal movement of the structure is carried out along a specially constructed path, and sometimes along the surface of underlying structures, at the level of the design installation of structures (or slightly higher) using horizontally operating jacks, traction pulleys or overhead cranes. The slide is used during installation roof trusses, enlarged coating blocks, when changing coatings in existing workshops and during the reconstruction of metal smelting and blast furnaces. In the latter case, the new furnace is installed, without stopping the operation of the old furnace, to the side (on a temporary basis). After its installation is completed, the old stove is dismantled, and then a new one is pushed into its place.

Vertical lift method consists in the fact that the mounted structures are lifted and installed on supports without horizontal movement or with insignificant movement. This method is used to install transport galleries, shells, crane bridges and other heavy structures and structures.

Along with the main installation methods listed above, combined ones are often used, containing elements of two or more methods combined into one. For example, vertical lifting with hanging rotation, lifting installation with subsequent sliding, etc.

Each program or game requires extra disk space for files that it needs additionally. Android users face this situation all the time. Often when there is enough space in memory, the system receives an error due to insufficient disk space. Typically, applications require from 20 to 100 megabytes for additional files. Due to the fact that there is now a variety of devices with different display sizes, developers have increased the volume of files with settings.

To cope with the situation there are two simple and available methods, they do not require special knowledge, and you can use them all the time.

1. With a small stock, you can download files that you are missing from the official developer. This method is the most accessible to you. The only thing it would be desirable for him to have required connection most often with high speed, and some applications require exclusively WI-FI. Before downloading the application, you must configure your Internet connection based on system requirements. Depending on the size of the additional files and connection speed, the download may take a couple of seconds or several hours. In the most graphics-intensive applications, most often games, additional files can take up up to 3 gigabytes of memory. After the download is complete, you may need to restart your smartphone or tablet.

2. The second method is suitable for installing pre-hacked applications or games. They most often have modified files as additional files, since in such cases the official Cashe memory does not accept them. The method is to install files on the media manually. After downloading the necessary files, they must be installed correctly in the folder with the game or application. Most often, such files are accompanied by a text file that describes in detail, step by step, what needs to be done. If you do not find such a file, then the action is as follows: install the game or application, then find the Cashe folder in the folder with the game installed. If it is not there, then use the bootloader and abort the installation. After which it should be in place. Files destined for Cashe are transferred only as archives. Download it and extract it. First make sure that the application is completely inoperative, then transfer all files from the archive to the Cashe folder.

Before installing any application, compare its system requirements with the parameters of your device. Versions from unofficial developers that are not suitable for your system can damage the gadget’s processor.