Semaphore (French sémaphore, from Greek sema - sign, signal and phorós - carrier)
a stationary signaling device used on railways equipped with semi-automatic blocking (See Semi-automatic blocking), a rod system (See Rod system) and centralization of points and signals (See Centralization of points and signals). On the S. mast there are 1, 2 or 3 wings and a signal drive for changing their position. This or that position of the wings serves as a signal to locomotive drivers to allow, prohibit movement or change speed. At night and in poor visibility (fog, snow, rain), S.'s readings are supplemented by signal lights. The position in which the upper wing of the S. is installed horizontally and the prohibiting red light is on... semaphore
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m. A signaling device in the form of a mast or pole with movable wings and lights, installed on railway tracks. The semaphore is open.
The lights are turned on at the station; brightest and highest is the greenish semaphore light. M. Gorky, For the sake of boredom. The mail train stopped at a closed signal. Sokolov, Iskra. 2.
mor. A shore sign (a mast with a yard) installed on the shore to signal ships. 3.
mor. Way visual signaling, carried out by con... Back in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. this simple device could be seen on railways; now it has been almost completely replaced by traffic lights. And semaphore goes back to the Greek semaphore, formed from the components sema - “sign” and phoros - “carrying”, and in general - “a support that carries a sign”. semaphore, m. (from the Greek sema - sign and phoros - carrier). A signal post on the railway tracks, indicating to the driver whether the path for the movement of a train (railroad) is closed or open. Open, close semaphore. The train stopped because the traffic signal was closed. || A pole on the shore for signaling passing ships (marine). semaphore
face, signaling device, traffic light
SEMAPHORE (from the Greek sema - sign, signal> and phoros - carrier), a device for giving signals allowing and prohibiting movement of trains (installed on railways not equipped with automatic traffic blocking, in the form of a mast with movable wings, defined mutual arrangement which the signal carries>) or ships (mast> with yard). Semaphore is also a name for signals (semaphore alphabet>) transmitted using the conditional position (or movement) of hands with flags.
Semaphore
SEMAPHORE a, m. semaphore m. gr. sema sign + phoros carrier. 1 . On railways, tall poles with movable rotating wings are installed near the station to indicate to the drivers of passing trains that further travel is possible or impossible.. Pavlenkov 1911. From a river slope Into the thick cold darkness - He saw a semaphore A red sign takes off. White Iron road. I leaned out of the window because I knew that now the semaphore would be followed by slopes overgrown with clover and bluebells, and then Pine forest. Paustovsky Distant years. // P. 4 77. The deaf and mute understand each other perfectly, and...
Bearing sign, signal - on railway- a mast with two movable wings: the signal is a certain relative position of the wings. It is used on railways without automatic locking and is controlled from a switch or duty station using a winch system. S. sea or river - a mast with a yard, installed on the shore to give signals to ships. This is also the name for semaphore signals transmitted using a conditional position or movement of hands with flags.
semaphore Borrowing at the beginning of the 19th century from French language, where semaphore- addition Greek. sema"sign" and phoros"carrier, bearer." School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Origin of words. - M.: Bustard N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova 2004
SEMAPHORE
SEMAPHORE, a device that visually conveys messages; a type of optical TELEGRAPH. Railway semaphores are a vertical mast with a movable arm that forms an angle indicating “free” or “danger”. Semaphore is also called signals (semaphore alphabet) transmitted using the conditional position (or movement) of hands with flags.
semaphore semaphore genus. p. -a. Via French semaphore, derived from the Greek. σῆμα "sign" and -φορος "carrier, bearer". Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Progress M. R. Vasmer 1964-1973
(Greek, from sema - sign, and phoros - carrier). 1) tall poles near railway stations with movable wings for daytime signals and with lanterns for night ones. 2) maritime telegraphs for sending signals from the shore to suitable ships, using flags and lanterns.
(Source: “Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language.” Chudinov A.N., 1910)
1) high pillars on the side of the railway line near the station, at which special signals let the driver of the approaching train know whether the further path has already been cleared or whether he should stop because the line is in some way. busy; 2) coastal pillars, masts for giving signals to passing ships.
(Source: “Complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language.” Popov M., 19...
m. 1) A signaling device in the form of movable wings or in the form of a yard on a pole or mast. 2) A method of visual signaling, carried out by flags, by changing the position of the hands (in maritime affairs).
semaphore
SEMAPHORE-A; m.[from Greek sēma - sign and phoros - bearing] 1.
A signaling device in the form of a pole with lanterns and movable wings at the top, installed on railway tracks to signal the movement of trains. Zheleznodorozhny village S. open, closed(about a free or busy intersection). The train stopped at the semaphore. 2.
Mor. A method of visual signaling carried out by flags, changing the position of hands, etc.; information transmitted in this way. Send via semaphore. Give a semaphore signal to the oncoming vessel. Read p. 3.
Coastal sign... A, m. 1. A signaling device in the form of movable wings or (for sea and river semaphores) a yardarm on a pole or mast. Zheleznodorozhny village River village S. is open (the path is clear). 2. In the navy: a method of visual signaling (with flags, hands or using a special apparatus). Give s. to an oncoming ship. II adj. semaphore, -aya, -oe.
Today there are many lighting sources. One of the most popular and in demand among them are LED lamps http://www.navigator-light.ru/lamps/led.html. They are used not only in houses and apartments, but also in offices, production premises. Often, such light bulbs are equipped with lamps installed along streets and roads, as well as in parks and squares.
Advantages and disadvantages of lamps
The great popularity of this lighting source is primarily due to its low energy consumption. It is several times smaller compared to an incandescent lamp. Service life of high-quality LED devices is 30-50 thousand hours. But the stated figure usually corresponds to the operation of LEDs in laboratory conditions, i.e. in reality it is usually less.An important advantage is also environmental friendliness. The fact is that LED lamps do not use substances containing mercury. Therefore, if the bulb is damaged or the light bulb fails, it will not pose a danger. But keep in mind that not all manufacturers comply necessary standards, so their light bulbs may contain toxic electrolytes, plastics, etc. Another advantage LED lamp lies in the low heating temperature of the housing.
The main disadvantage is the high cost. In addition, most of these light bulbs illuminate only in one direction, which is not always convenient. Another disadvantage is the degradation of device elements. It is an irreversible process of gradual reduction in the level of their luminous flux. It turns out that the longer such a light bulb works, the less bright it will become. σήμα - sign, signal and φορός - “carrying”) - a signaling device for rolling stock on railways equipped with semi-automatic blocking and centralization of switches and signals.
A semaphore consists of a metal mast carrying one, two or three signaling wings and signal lights. To the wings of the semaphore in many foreign systems signaling systems, light filters with glasses of various colors are rigidly attached (on semaphores of countries former USSR colored glass lenses are fixed in special rests that are lowered down for ease of maintenance). The position of the wings and lights is changed by a signal drive consisting of a winch and a flexible rod. The normal position of the semaphore is considered to be closed, in which the upper wing is located at an angle of 90° to the mast, and at night one red light is visible from the direction of the approaching train (the “Stop” signal). At open position semaphore the upper wing is raised at an angle of 135° to the mast, and at night it is visible from the approaching train green light(signal “The way is clear”). Second and third wings are installed to provide additional instructions to the train to reduce speed, etc. normal position they are located along the mast, when open they are at an angle of 135° to the mast.
Currently, semaphores are almost universally replaced by traffic lights.
Links
- Signaling at the end of the 19th century (from the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia; illustrations)
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| Semaphore
Semaphore - mechanical means signaling for rolling stock on railways equipped with semi-automatic blocking and centralization of points and signals.
Now let's get acquainted with semaphore history And how is it different from the traffic light.
Story
In the mid-19th century, the color red allowed train traffic. The history of signaling devices on Russian railways goes back 175 years. A little earlier than in our country, signals appeared in the UK.At the dawn of the existence of railways, traffic on them occurred at low speed, and strict adherence to the established schedule was a reliable guarantee of traffic safety. However, already at the opening of the Liverpool - Manchester line, an accident occurred. One of the members of Parliament, an ardent supporter of the construction of the railway, decided to shake hands with the Duke of Wellington, who was sitting in the carriage, and was hit by the moving train. The locomotive did not signal at that time.
The father of English railways, George Stephenson, was forced to think about the need to use any signals, without which it is impossible to talk about the safety of railway traffic. On his instructions, signals were introduced that were given by watchmen: during the day - with flags, at night - with hand-held lanterns. Engine drivers were given horns, which were replaced by steam whistles in 1835.
Soon after the opening of traffic on the Nikolaevskaya Railway in November 1851, the balls intended to indicate the departure of the train were replaced by disks located on station buildings (stations of I and II classes) or on reservoir buildings (stations of III class). If the disk was deployed along the wall (not visible from the train), then departure was prohibited. Turning the disk across the track (clearly visible from the locomotive) meant permission to depart ( pass-through). The discs were painted red (on the train side) or green (on the opposite side). At night they were illuminated by a lantern.
In 1872, the “Unified Rules on Signals” were published, which all railways were obliged to adhere to. This was due to the fact that the railways were purchasing different systems signaling, therefore, say, in Mga and in the Poltava region, signals and signaling devices were different from each other.
A major step forward in ensuring the safety of train traffic was the introduction of interlocking, by which track semaphores were locked while a train was on the corresponding section of the track. The first practically satisfactory locking system was the Thayer system, which appeared in 1852 in England and was used 16 years later in Russia. In the late 80s of the 19th century, English engineers Webb and Thomson invented rod devices for regulating the movement of trains on single-track roads. Since 1897 they have become widespread in Russian Empire.
Stations on railway sections with both an electric rod system and semi-automatic blocking were equipped with semaphores. The essence of these systems is to prevent more than one train from being on a stretch. Only with the electric baton system were semaphores unnecessary, since the departure of trains was carried out by handing over the baton to the driver for the right to take over the section. With semi-automatic blocking, the stage was allowed to occupy an open semaphore.
A closed entrance semaphore prevented the train from arriving at the station. The entrance semaphores were kept closed in case of maneuvers or other work at the station when an arriving train was interfered with.
Semaphores on railways were widespread in the USSR until the 1950s. In the second half of the 20th century, they were replaced by traffic light signaling. However, outdated devices are still used on some sections of the tracks.
Difference between traffic light and semaphore
A traffic light is a more modern and universal device for regulating traffic. It is used both on roads and railways, and for signaling water transport. Whereas a semaphore is an outdated device. Today, only inactive industrial sites are equipped with it. railway tracks. If traffic light signals apply to all traffic participants, then the semaphore is intended only for drivers. Depending on the position of the arrow, the locomotive driver takes certain actions or calmly continues on his way.| Traffic light | Semaphore |
| Consists of a housing with a lens head that emits light from LEDs or incandescent lamps | It is a mast with wings and additional lighting |
| Light signals are provided around the clock | The backlight turns on only when dark time days |
| Used on roads, railways and on water | Applicable only on railways |
| Signals apply to all road users (drivers, cyclists, pedestrians) | Signs are for drivers only |
| It is a modern and universal device | It is an outdated device and is extremely rare. |
While the train is rushing along smooth rails, the driver’s job is to keep track of his car and the time - not to be late for the nearest station, so as not to violate the schedule. You also have to watch the path: there’s a climb, you need to give it some steam, on the descent you need to slow down. There is a switch ahead: you need to check whether the switchman has moved it, otherwise you will end up on the wrong path or into a dead end. Near the station, you need to check whether the path is clear and whether it is possible to enter the station tracks.
You won’t recognize all this from the rails alone. In order for the driver to be aware of everything that is happening on his section of the route, signals are arranged that the driver reads as if from an open book.
In front of the stations, at such a distance that the locomotive can be braked if necessary, semaphores are installed on a high pole. A semaphore is a paw that either stands at a 90° angle to the post or is raised higher, like an outstretched hand. The semaphore is down, you can't go; the train stops and waits until the signal is raised from the station. It is raised - the path is clear.
The column of the semaphore model is planed from wood and inserted on a tenon into a square board. The paw is sawn out of plywood or cut out of tin and rotates at the top of the post on a nail; There is another hole in the tail of the paw for traction. At the bottom of the post, a bar with two threads is attached to a nail; at the far end of the station there is a lever, to the lower end of which a thread is tied. This thread from the lever goes to the semaphore bar; the other goes from the same bar to the eye in the tail of the semaphore paw (Fig. 95). When the lever is bent to the right, it releases the thread and the paw falls down. But as soon as the lever is moved to the left, it will pull the thread and raise the signal, the circle of which is colored green color: The path is clear.
It is especially important to check the switches so as not to end up on the wrong track as intended for the train by mistake of the switchman. The driver can always check the direction of the arrow by looking at the lights that are placed near the arrows and turn depending on whether the arrow is moved or not.
Arrow lights have the form of rectangular boxes soldered from tin or made of wood; the two narrow sides have long straight slits, on one large side there is an oblique arrow cut out, on the other there is a circle. In real railroad lanterns, the slots are covered from the inside with milky glass and a lamp is placed inside. We will apply the signals with white paint and they will be clearly visible to the driver (Fig. 96).
The lights must turn as the arrow moves. To do this, each lantern is mounted on a nail or screw passed through the board - the base, a wire lever A is soldered to the screw, or it, going around the screw once, is driven into the lantern from below (if it is wooden) or soldered to the bottom if the lantern is tin. Lever A is connected through loops to another B, which ends with a lever with a counterweight, the one with which the switchman moves the arrow (Fig. 97 and 98).
If the lever is in the position in which it is shown in Figure 97, a white circle will be visible to the train coming from the left. This means that you cannot cross the arrow. A train coming from the opposite direction can see an arrow that will indicate to the driver which side his train will cross to. A straight line will explain to the driver that the arrow will lead him along the main path, that is, straight.
Thus, simultaneously with moving the switch, the switchman explains his actions to the driver driving the train using a turning lantern.
On the way, to help the driver, there are pillars with numbers of whole kilometers, counted from the main station, and if parts of kilometers can be indicated, low posts with whole and fractional kilometers are installed. For example, there is a low bar with the number 67.8. It means that it is 67.8 kilometers from the station. Tenths are indicated in some special cases, usually limited to pillars with whole kilometers (Fig. 99).
It is very important for the driver to know the slopes of the path: whether it is going uphill or downhill, whether it is steep or not. Therefore, as soon as the path goes from horizontal to a slope, a pillar with two planks is placed. This is the incline sign (Fig. 100).
The driver of a train approaching this sign must pay attention to right wing, which shows the number of thousandths of the slope and the length of this slope in meters. For example, 9-930 means that for every 1000 meters the path descends 9 meters and this slope is 930 meters long. The nature of the slope following the sign (ascent, platform or descent) is indicated by the position of the right wing.
The left wing is painted black from the direction of the approaching train.