Written speech has always caused and will continue to cause much more difficulties than spoken speech, because the Russian language contains very few words that are the same when writing and speaking. One of the problems in writing that schoolchildren and students often face is how to determine the person of a verb. In order to do this quickly and correctly, there are many recommendations and examples.
When solving the problem of what the person of a verb is, it is important to take into account that this grammatical category is one of its unstable features. It allows you to determine who is performing the action and what the number of participants in the speech is.
Person and number are inflected grammatical categories that serve to form word forms.
The ability to identify this sign is necessary for carrying out a test in which accurate knowledge of the constant and non-constant signs of a given part of speech is required.
It may also be needed to write the text spelling correctly.
The persons of verbs indicate who is doing the action. However, not in all cases it is possible to determine the correlation of an action with a participant in speech. Therefore, this category is not inherent in all words of this part of speech.
It is characterized by the following forms:
- imperative;
- future indicative;
- present indicative mood.
In no other cases (past tense, infinitive) is the existence of this category possible - it does not exist.
Table of verb persons in Russian
The verb in the Russian language has three types of person; they can be defined in both singular and plural. Each combination of these two features has its own meaning.
The table will help you understand these values:
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | |
| 1st l. | Direct correlation of the named action with the speaker (subject of speech): I will find the treasure; I'm reading a novel. |
The correlation of the action with a specific group of people, including the speaker: we breathe air; we are reading a novel. |
| 2nd l. | Correlation of the named action with the interlocutor: you will find a treasure; you will buy some sweets. |
Correlation of the action with a specific group of people, including the interlocutor: you are telling; you will buy cakes. |
| 3rd l. | Correlation of the named action with an object (creature/subject) not participating in speech: he will find the treasure; she goes to school. |
Correlation of an action with a group of persons or objects not participating in speech: they go to the theater; they will receive a prize. |
Important! At 3 l. The singular object can be expressed by three variants of additional meaning: the object is masculine (he), feminine (she) and neuter (it).
How to recognize a face?
Determining the person of present and future verbs becomes a simple task if you follow simple recommendations. It's best to remember these tips.
This sign can be determined by the question:
- What am I doing/what will I do? (I am drawing/will draw) What are we doing/what are we going to do? (draw/draw) – indicates that the word belongs to the 1st year;
- What are you doing/what will you do? (draw / draw) What are you doing / what will you do? (draw/draw) – such questions are answered by 2nd person singular verbs;
- What does/what will it do? (draws/draws) – questions 3 p. singular. 3rd person plural questions: what are they doing/what will they do? (draw/draw).
The simplest way is to substitute personal pronouns. Pronouns are selected that are appropriate in meaning, their list must be memorized:
- 1l.: if the pronouns I, we (I am lying, we are lying) are suitable for actions;
- 2 l.: if they approach you, you (you are lying, you are lying);
- 3 l.: if he, he, it, they come up (he lies, they lie).
Formal features - personal endings of words:
It is better to draw such a plate on a separate sheet as a template. Choose your own examples from which the information about the endings will be well remembered, and use it when completing the task.
- It is important to remember that the person of a word denoting an action performed in the past tense does not need to be determined. The same applies to the infinitive – .
- It is better to use all methods until determining the grammatical category becomes a simple task. Then you can choose one method you like. If difficulties arise, you should check yourself using the well-known methods of determining the person of a verb in the present and future tense.
The phenomenon can be explained as follows: singular and plural persons of all forms coincide. For example: ate (singular) - this can be said in relation to all three forms: I ate, you ate, he ate. The same is true with the plural. So, the form is 3 l. The plural coincides with the forms of 1 l. and 2 l. in the same way: they ate - we ate, you ate.
Therefore, in morphological analysis, a verb denoting an action performed in the past tense has this meaning omitted.
Before determining the person of the verb, you will have to repeat the recommendations and use a special 
algorithm.
The sequence of actions will be as follows:
- Write down the word to complete the task.
- Determine its time. Present or future - we carry out further analysis.
- Choose a pronoun that fits the meaning. To recognize or remember his personal affiliation - these categories of words of both parts of speech coincide. For example, if you (a 2-liter singular pronoun) matches the word come, then the verb come will also have a 2-liter pronoun.
- Ask a question and use it to establish the meaning of this category.
- Highlighting the ending is a formal sign. By the way, this method is the most reliable. Using the table of verb endings, you can determine personal affiliation.
Determining the person of a reflexive verb
The indicators of a reflexive verb are postfixes (suffixes in the position after the ending) -sya and -sya. For example: swim, laugh, study, hoped, dropped, got ready, got out.
Important! Nouns and pronouns in the accusative case can never appear next to words of this form.
In order to identify the participant in the action denoted by the word in this form, you need to do the following:
- Write it down together with its adjoining noun.
- Substitute a pronoun to the noun and/or use it to establish the meaning of the grammatical category.
For example, they say goodbye, bathe, laugh - verbs of 3 l., because “they” (3 l.) can be substituted for them; saying goodbye, bathing, laughing - 2 person singular, because the pronoun “you” is suitable for them.
Useful video: Person and number of verbs
Conclusion
It is important to know one of the most important verb categories both in theory and to practice in practice. Having learned to perform this point of morphological analysis, in the future the student will not make mistakes when expressing his thoughts in writing.
The Russian language has a lot of grammatical categories. These include the category of person, the category of tense and mood of verbs, the category of gender, etc. The study of categories and their grammatical expressions together provides objective knowledge about the morphology of the language.
Category of person in Russian
There are 3 persons in Russian - first, second and third. Its forms express the relation of the action to the speaker. To correctly determine the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person in the Russian language, you need to know the basic pronouns that express its semantics. Let's look at the table.
So, we have 3 persons in Russian. The table above shows which pronouns you should focus on when identifying a person.
The 1st person shows the attitude towards the action of the speaker or speakers. Speakers are participants in an action or conversation.
The 2nd person form expresses the attitude of the action towards the interlocutor or interlocutors. They are also part of the conversation.
The 3rd person forms have a dual nature. They can express, firstly, the attitude of the action towards the person (people) not participating in the conversation. Moreover, they are indirect participants in the action. Secondly, the 3rd person forms in Russian express the relation of an action to an object or something inanimate.
Not all pronouns can be identified with a person. As you know, pronouns are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive (it is one - itself), possessive, interrogative-relative, negative, demonstrative and attributive. Only personal pronouns have the category of person, and they are all listed in the table above. It should be remembered that for personal pronouns the category of person is one of the most important, and most importantly, unchangeable categories.
Person category of verbs
Verbs have a clearly defined category of person in the Russian language. Many foreigners learning the Russian language find it difficult to readjust, because when the persons change, the endings of the verbs automatically change. It is also worth noting that not all forms of verbs have persons in Russian. So, for example, in past tense forms it is impossible to determine the person. For example, take the verb “read”. Let's try to identify his face: “I” read, “you” read, “he” read. It is clearly visible that when the persons change, the verb itself does not change. His face can only be determined in context. Compare: “I read a book.” - "Paul was reading a book."
The same phenomenon is observed in plural forms: “we” read, “you” read, “they” read. Likewise, a face can only be contextual.
An interesting phenomenon is observed in present tense forms. In the 3rd person, the gender category of future tense verbs is erased. Let's compare: “She is painting a picture” and “He is painting a picture.” If we take the verb “writes” without context, it becomes unclear whether a person of male or female gender performs this action.
1st person for verbs
Persons in Russian verbs are mainly indicated by endings. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -Yu. For example: I’m writing, reading, calling, screaming. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations have the same endings in the 1st person, so when writing 1st person verbs people make fewer spelling mistakes.
2nd person for verbs
2nd person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. As you know, endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. So, verbs of the 1st conjugation have the ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in the plural. For example, eat, come in. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an ending -LOOK in the singular and -ITE in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person of verbs can be recognized either in a certain context or by a special ending.
3rd person for verbs
As mentioned above, the 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. 3rd person verbs have their own ending paradigm. For verbs of the 1st conjugation these are the endings -ET in the singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural - he, she, it calls, they call.
If you know the inflections that determine the faces of verbs in Russian, then there will be no problems with the formation of new forms. It is also worth noting that knowing the category of a person helps when writing words. Verb endings are one of the most difficult spellings in the school curriculum. Knowing the faces will help you navigate the choice of ending.
Conclusion
The pronoun is an independent part of speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”
Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.
Pronoun grades
At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.
There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.
Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.
Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.
Relative (the same who, what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.
Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.
Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.
Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.
Face category
The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.
Personal and possessive pronouns have a category of person. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually occurs at three years of age.
Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.
The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.
How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she genitive and accusative form her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).
Declension of pronouns without prepositions
Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.
Why was there no excuse in the latter case? As you know from the school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.
Prepositions
Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
Prepositions of the genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, beside, for ( him, her, them)
In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. From what? - from it" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”
Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - to her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"
Mysterious letter n
You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.
Where did the mysterious letter n come from? Several centuries ago, the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.
A little more history
You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no coincidence. Indeed, once upon a time there were such demonstrative pronouns in the language: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - i, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.
There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.
The third person plural pronoun also existed - these or they.
Due to convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced by the nominative case of the second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.
Third person possessive pronouns
First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - him, her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat - my hat, your hat - your hat).
Errors when using personal pronouns
One of the possible mistakes is omitting the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.
Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.
Lensky went to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.
Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:
Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.
The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then it is also incorrect to use replacement pronouns in the next sentence or the second part of a complex sentence.
A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)
In colloquial speech, pronouns are used much more often and it is acceptable to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what is being said, and facial expressions and intonation can help the speaker. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.
Errors when using possessive pronouns
Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “their” in a person’s speech does not characterize his culture and literacy from the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.
Conclusions
Thus, third-person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.
Faces in the Russian language are an important morphological feature of independent parts of speech. Having a good command of this rule, you can easily determine the type of one-part sentences, as well as correctly compose
The Russian language is rich in its verbal diversity, but even among such a huge selection there is a basis, the foundation of the language. This basis is the independent parts of speech. in the Russian language can “teach” how to correctly write complex spellings of verbs, correctly coordinate them with other parts of speech, and also correctly compose aspectual forms. A verb is one of the main independent parts of speech, denoting the “action” of an object performed by someone/something. The main morphological features of a verb include: conjugation, aspect, tense, persons. The Russian language in the “chest of knowledge” has two conjugations, which, again, only a good knowledge of faces will help to correctly determine.
So, there are three types of faces in Russian: 1st person, 2nd and 3rd.
Since person is a sign of a verb that determines “who” or “what” performs an action, it must be defined using pronouns.
The first person indicates that the action is performed by the narrator himself (this means that the personal pronoun “I” must be substituted for the verb): I listen, I see. As for the plural, the pronoun “we” is substituted here: we do, we cook.
The second person indicates that the action is performed by the narrator’s interlocutor (substitute the pronouns “you” - in the singular, or “you” in the plural): you did, you know, you saw, you worked. It is the knowledge of the second person that helps to determine: for this, the verb must be presented in conjunction with the pronoun “you” and at the end the 1st or 2nd conjugation will be clearly visible (if the verb has the ending EST, then this is the 1st conjugation, but if ending ISH, then - II-e).
Persons in Russian also have a third form, which indicates the subject of the action. In this case, the verb should be supplemented with the pronouns “he/she/it” for the singular and “they” for the plural: they are in a hurry, it is shining, he is drawing, she is playing.
Thus, having mastered this rule well, you can avoid many grammatical and also knowledge of this rule helps in determining the type of one-part simple sentence.
They can be impersonal, indefinitely personal and definitely personal. Sentences of the first type are characterized by verbs in the initial form (infinitive), as well as impersonal verbs. It is worth noting that a feature of this type of one-part sentence is the expression of the verb in it through the word “no”.
In definite personal sentences, verbs of the 2nd person are most often found, both in the plural and in the singular.
Indefinite personal ones include verbs of the 3rd person (that is, with the pronoun “someone/they”).
Faces in the Russian language are a defining feature of parts of speech. They help you combine words correctly, write their suffixes/endings correctly, and also correctly express your thoughts.
Face in the Russian language it acts as the most important morphological feature of verbs. With the help of persons in a sentence, the attitude of the one who performs the action to the one who speaks about it is expressed.
There are three face shapes: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. It is the face that is the defining feature of a word, allowing it to correctly place suffixes and endings in it. Ultimately, it is knowledge of faces that allows you to correctly express your thoughts.
In the 1st person form there are those verbs, the cases of use of which provide for the coincidence of the performer of the action and the one who speaks about it.
Example: I eat, I do, I talk, I sleep, we do, etc.
Verbs in the 2nd person indicate that the action being performed does not refer to the narrator himself, but to his interlocutor.
Example: You did, you ate, you spoke, you slept, you do.
Verbs in the 3rd person express the attitude of action towards a person (people) not participating in the conversation and are usually used with pronouns - he, she, it, they.
Example: He did it, he ate it, he talked, they slept, she did it, it fell out.
Persons in Russian verbs are mainly indicated by endings. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -Yu. For example: I’m writing, reading, calling, screaming. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation have the same endings in the 1st person.
The second person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. And as you know, endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. Verbs of the 1st conjugation have an ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in the plural. For example, eat, come in. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an ending -LOOK in the singular and -ITE in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person of verbs can be recognized either in a certain context or by a special ending.
The 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. Verbs of the 1st conjugation have endings -ET in the singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural (he, she, it calls, they call).
Verbs in the subjunctive mood and in the past tense of the indicative mood do not change by person; in these forms, differences are presented not by person, but by gender. Personal pronouns-nouns correspond to the personal forms of the verb.
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