The pyramidal poplar is home to. Coursework pyramidal poplar. Gardening and landscape design

(Populus alba)

White poplar is a large deciduous tree. It grows very quickly (especially in the first 20-25 years), but only on fertile and sufficiently moist soils. Tolerates soil salinity. Photophilous. Can grow in partial shade. Loves moist soils and tolerates prolonged flooding. Can tolerate dry conditions. Winter-hardy. It strengthens the banks of rivers and reservoirs well.

(Populus alba Nivea)

White poplar Nivea has silver-white leaves that retain their color for a long time, without changing color much even in autumn. The growth rate is very fast. Winter-hardy, frost-hardy. Light-loving, but tolerates shady areas. Drought resistant. Prefers moist and fertile soils. Used in park and urban landscaping.

(Populus pyramidalis)

Pyramidal poplar has a very narrow crown. The branches come from the base of the trunk. With its monumental, pyramidal, dark green crown it gives a special, southern character to the landscape, reminiscent of slender, pyramidal cypress trees. Good for quickly creating green defensive walls. Does not produce fluff. A very impressive tree in single, group, row and alley plantings.

Introduction. Willow family
Poplar pyramidal

Origin

II. Description

III. How to grow poplar

IV. Distinction between morphologically similar species

V. Raw material base

VI. Preparation and storage of pharmaceutical products

VII. Chemical composition

VIII. Pharmacological properties and application

IX. Medicinal value of poplar and methods of use

3. Conclusions

4. References

Introduction.

Willow family

The willow family includes about 400 species, included in three genera: poplar(Populus, 25-30 species), willow(Salix, 350-370 species) and Chosenia(Chosenia, 1 species). The vast majority of species of the willow family belong to temperate climates. Only a few species of willows and poplars have penetrated into the tropics; significantly more species (only willows) penetrated into the Arctic and highlands. Only 2 species of willows extend into the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere (one in Africa and the other in South America). Otherwise, the family is confined to the northern hemisphere. Asia is richest in species of willows and poplars, followed by North America; in Europe there are fewer species, and in Africa very few.

All willows are photophilous and moisture-loving, although to varying degrees. Poplars are always trees. Among the willows there are both tall trees, shrubs and small shrubs. However, even the most dwarf arctic and alpine species still did not become grasses.

Willows are characterized by whole leaves, usually with stipules, arranged alternately (some willows have leaves close together in pairs). All willows are dioecious and have unisexual flowers; bisexual specimens occur only as an anomaly. Inflorescences, usually called catkins, are a spike or raceme with very shortened pedicels and a soft, often drooping axis; in male specimens after flowering, and in female specimens after ripening and dispersal of seeds, the catkins fall off entirely. The flowers are borne in the axils of bracts (bracts), whole in willows and choicenia and usually fringedly incised in poplars. Willows and choicenia have sessile flowers, while poplars have flowers on pedicels, to which the base of the bracts grows. Willow flowers are devoid of perianth; instead there are 1-3 small honey glands (nectaries). Poplars do not have nectaries, but they do have a goblet-shaped perianth. Chosenia has neither nectaries nor perianth. There are 1-12 stamens in a flower in willows (in most species - 2), in Chosenia - 3-6, in poplars - from 6 to 40. In poplars and Chosenia, the pollen is dry and carried by the wind; Willows have sticky pollen and pollination is carried out by insects. The gynoecium in willows and chozenia has 2, in poplars it has 2-4 carpels; when ripe, it becomes a dry capsule that cracks along the midline of the carpels. The seeds are small (1-2 mm long), have a very thin translucent shell and contain a direct embryo of two cotyledons flatly adjacent to each other, a tiny bud between them and a subcotyledon (hypocotyl). All parts of the embryo contain chloroplasts, but there are almost no nutrient reserves. The seeds are equipped with a tuft of fine hairs and are easily carried by the wind over considerable distances.

When placed on moist soil, seeds germinate very quickly - usually within the first 24 hours, and in warm weather sometimes within a few hours (germination may be delayed in cold weather). The embryo quickly swells and emerges from the seed shell. At the tip of the hypocotyl, a corolla of thin hairs is formed, which attracts the tip of the hypocotyl to the ground and places the embryo vertically; after this, the root begins to grow quickly, and the cotyledons diverge, opening the bud. The development of the seedling usually also proceeds quickly, and in the first year of life, seedlings of many willows and poplars can reach a height of 30-60 cm and even 1 m. In Arctic willows, growth is sharply slowed down and one-year-old seedlings can be several millimeters high.

Having the advantage of rapid germination, the seeds of willows, poplars and choicenia also have a significant drawback: they, as a rule, remain viable for no longer than 3-4 weeks; Only in the cold can germination last longer.

The relatively most primitive genus of willow is considered to be the poplar. Among poplars, 7 very natural groups are easily distinguished, which are given different systematic ranks of subgenera or sections by different authors. We will look at pyramidal poplar.

The Latin name for poplar, “populus,” was first mentioned by Horace. It comes from the word “people”, that is, a people’s tree, popular - that’s what the Latins called poplar, which was unusually widely used in urban landscaping.

Pyramid poplar.

Origin

According to the second version, “Populus” is the ancient Latin name of the plant from “palpito” - to tremble - for the play of leaves in gusts of wind

In ancient times, squares and intersections were lined with poplars - they quickly provided much-needed shade in the south, all the more appreciated since all public meetings there were held in the open air. And now poplars remain popular in urban landscaping. The exceptional stability of this tradition over time is easy to explain: poplar is one of the cheapest plants in the assortment of landscapers - unpretentious, easy to cut, and grows the fastest!

According to the generally accepted definition, pyramidal poplar (Populus pyramidalis), a dioecious tree of the willow family. Synonyms: Italian poplar, columnar poplar, Lombard poplar, Raina, Populus pyramidalis Rozier, Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench, Populus nigra var. italica Du Roi, Lombardy Poplar. The homeland is definitely unknown, presumably - Afghanistan, Asia Minor, the Himalayas. Cultivated mainly in Mediterranean countries; in the USSR - in the Caucasus, in Central Asia, in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part. It grows along rivers, ditches, canals, in forest plantings, in gardens and parks. Propagated by cuttings. The pyramidal shape of the crown is also found in other poplar species.

Description

The trunk is up to 40 m high, straight, up to 1 m in diameter, with dark gray, finely fissured bark. The bark of a young tree is smooth and gray. Branched almost from the base with a pyramidal or narrow pyramidal crown formed by branches directed upwards or obliquely upwards.

The lateral branches are strong and grow upward.

The leaves are broadly triangular with a wedge-shaped base (like black poplar, but somewhat smaller) or rhombic, alternate, 6-8 cm long, glabrous, on a flattened petiole, fragrant, finely toothed along the edge, shiny, dark green above, bluish below. Leaf fall in late October - early November. Autumn color: golden yellow.

The flowers are small, collected in earrings: male - up to 8 cm long, with purple anthers, female - up to 15 cm long, yellow stigmas, spherical green ovary.
Flowering in March-April (before or simultaneously with the leaves blooming).

The fruits are ovoid capsules, opening with 2-4 valves, containing many small seeds with silky hairs near the base (poplar fluff).
Ripen in May-June.

The root system is highly developed, extensive, deep, but there are many long roots on the surface.

Grows well on loams, ordinary garden (fertile, structured), slightly acidic, neutral soils, and can grow on heavy (clayey, silty, floating) soils. Tolerates some soil salinity with sufficient soil moisture. Moisture-loving - always prefers moist soil, but without stagnant water, can grow in moderately moist soil, but without severe drying. The minimum level of groundwater is 4 m. Resistant to dry air. Photophilous, grows well in open sunny areas. Frost-resistant (down to -28°C and below). Winter hardiness is average. Winters well in places with light snow accumulation, where the soil freezes strongly and there is no danger of overheating. It grows very quickly.

Reproduction is carried out by seeds, cuttings, root shoots, and stump shoots. The seeds quickly lose their viability, so they are planted immediately after collection.
It is a dioecious plant, so for good fruiting it is necessary to place male and female trees close enough.

Poplar is a health worker in populated areas; with its leaves it absorbs carbon dioxide and other harmful substances and releases oxygen. In addition, the poplar is a plant collector of dust, clearing the air of it: the dust that collects on its leaves in huge quantities is washed away by the rain. Poplar phytoncides are destructive to many microbes harmful to humans. It is a pollen carrier. Bees collect a sticky substance from the tree, which they convert into propolis. Reduces noise, cleans the air of dust and gas. one tree produces as much oxygen as 7 spruces, 4 pine trees or 3 linden trees; During the growing season, one poplar clears the atmosphere from 20-30 kg of dust or soot.

How to grow poplar

Given their significant size, poplars are rarely used in landscaping household plots, with the exception of areas that have a large area and overlook a river, lake, or pond.

Almost all poplars reproduce well by seeds, as well as vegetatively - by cuttings, stakes, and root suckers. It grows very quickly. Since poplars are not particularly demanding on soil conditions and are relatively resistant to pests and diseases, they do not require special attention when growing. Sometimes, during dry periods, it is necessary to water so that the soil is saturated to the depth of the roots. In the first year, plantings are watered two to three times a month, as well as during the dry season. To preserve moisture in the soil, tree trunk circles are loosened after each watering. It is advisable to mulch tree trunk circles with humus, peat or sawdust immediately after planting and watering. Poplars lend themselves well to shearing and pruning and easily restore their crown.

Distinction between morphologically similar species

pyramidal poplar- differs from other types of poplars by its narrow pyramidal crown, thin, upwardly directed branches pressed to the trunk, smaller non-sticky buds, somewhat smaller and wider leaves.

Black poplar, balsam poplar and pyramidal poplar are characterized by the rapid development of generative organs in the spring and early fruiting (in the first - second decade of June). The greatest increase in shoots during the growing season is observed in pyramidal poplar, the smallest - in black poplar. Pyramidal poplar is characterized by the longest growing season due to late leaf fall, which occurs 30-40 days later than in the other two species.

According to the indicators of the water regime of leaves and lignified shoots in winter, the studied poplar species according to the degree of increase in drought resistance should be placed in the following row: t. pyramidal -> t. black -> t. balsam.

Indicators of the water regime of leaves of poplar species are generally consistent with the features of their anatomical structure. The leaves of balsam poplar have more xeromorphic features (the greatest development of columnar mesophyll and its ratio to spongy mesophyll, good development of the cuticle).

According to experimental data, the leaves of pyramidal poplar are characterized by the highest heat resistance, which is consistent with its wide distribution in areas with a hot climate.

Salt tolerance depends on the plant species, type, degree and duration of salinity. Of all the studied methods for determining the salt tolerance of poplar species, it is recommended to take as a basis the method of cutting lignified cuttings in sand or an aquatic environment. According to experimental data, the studied poplar species, depending on the type of salinity and increasing salt tolerance, should be distributed in the following order:

NaCl: t. black -> t. pyramidal -> t. balsamic;

Na2CCb: t. pyramidal -> t. black -> t. balsamic;

CaCO3: t. black -> t. pyramidal -> t. balsamic;

CaS04: t. black -> t. balsamic -> t. pyramidal.

The greatest toxic effect is manifested by the action of NaCl and Na2C03 in relation to the studied poplar species; CaCO3 and CaS04 are less toxic. The last two types of salinity often stimulate the appearance of adventitious roots in woody cuttings, especially in balsam poplar.

The introduced North American species balsam poplar is more salt- and drought-resistant compared to the native species, black poplar, and the introduced species of southern origin, pyramidal poplar. This indicates the increased ecological plasticity of balsam poplar, which allows it to successfully grow in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Balsam poplar is a promising species for green construction, field protection cultivation and reclamation in the Orenburg region.

In general, all three types of poplar are characterized by a fairly high tolerance to drought and salinity and can be recommended, taking into account their ecological species-specificity, for their widespread use in green construction of the dry steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

Raw material base

Many people know poplars because of the so-called “poplar fluff”. At the end of spring or just before summer, poplar pods ripen. They burst; seeds, generously dressed in the most delicate white fluff, rush through the streets like a snowstorm. The tree is like a torn feather bed; The wind carries away the fluff, and in its place is new, more and more. No longer white, but gray with dust, poplar fluff covers all the bars and nets, accumulates in courtyards and squares, in ditches, near the water and penetrates everywhere - into bookcases, under sofas, clogging elevator grates on stairwells. But the most unpleasant thing is that poplar fluff causes allergic disorders in many people. But in some areas, poplar is the only source of wood. In some places in mountainous Central Asia, the custom continues to this day of planting forty poplars when a boy is born in a family - on his wedding day there will be something to build a house from.

Swollen, but not opened, poplar leaf buds are mainly used as medicinal raw materials, which are collected in early spring at the beginning of the tree's flowering. In order not to disrupt the growth and development of the tree, buds are harvested only from the lower side shoots. They are picked by hand, separated from the branches, and dried in the shade in the air (in a cool, unheated room, otherwise they begin to bloom and lose essential oil) or in ovens at a temperature of 30-35 ° C (spreading in a thin layer - up to 2 cm and periodically stirring). Poplar buds are used in medicine, the essential oil from them is used in perfumery, and bees make propolis from the fragrant sticky resin.

The bark is collected in early spring from felled trees or branches cut down during the reconstruction of plantings. Poplar preparations have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, antiulcer, astringent, sedative, antipyretic, diaphoretic, antipruritic, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. The presence of essential oil is associated with kidney properties such as expectoration and regulating the activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Used in forestry to obtain cheap wood. By the age of 20, poplar plantations per hectare can produce the same amount of wood growth that oak and pine plantations provide only by 100 years. Poplars are widely used in agroforestry for afforestation of steppe areas, strengthening of ravines, banks, plantings along roads and reservoirs, and for landscaping settlements. The wood is used to make sleepers, plywood, joinery and turning, containers and cooperage, and for the production of matches. In addition, it is used to produce cellulose, paper and artificial silk (viscose). The bark is used for tanning leather, dyeing leather yellow, fabrics yellow, chestnut, chocolate and brown. Fresh and dried leaves are good feed for cows and horses.

Preparation and storage of pharmaceutical products

To make medicines, poplar leaf buds (Gemmae populi) are used, which are harvested during the flowering period of the trees, breaking them off from branches cut with pruning shears or saws during inspection felling. The collected buds are dried in the shade in a draft or in a warm, ventilated room, laying them out in a thin (2–3 cm thick) layer on cloth or paper and stirring from time to time. Dry buds amount to 20%. Finished raw materials are stored in dry, well-ventilated areas
Poplar buds are collected early in the spring, in March - April, when they are just beginning to open, but are still quite hard and do not crumble when dried. Usually, thin branches are cut from trees and the buds are picked off from them by hand; fortunately, the buds are quite large and cutting them off does not present any difficulties. As for pruning branches, this operation should not cause concern among conservationists. The fact is that the poplar crown, as a rule, is overloaded with branches and removing some of the branches is not only not harmful to the tree, but rather beneficial. In addition, in cities the crown of poplars is usually formed by cutting off part of the branches. It is advisable to carry out this operation in the spring, precisely at the time when buds can be collected from cut branches for medicinal purposes. However, only trees standing in the backyards, in parks and other places far from busy roads with heavy traffic are suitable for this. But, of course, the best quality is found in poplars growing in river valleys, far from exhaust gases and industrial emissions into the atmosphere.
Fresh poplar buds are fragrant and sticky, a collector of medicinal raw materials needs to know about this. They are first dried in ventilated rooms or attics, spread in a thin layer on a clean bedding. Given the early date of bud collection, natural drying can take many weeks, and the buds will turn black. For this reason, after 2-3 days of drying, the buds are dried in dryers, Russian stoves, ovens, but one must strive to ensure that the temperature does not rise above 35 ° C. An indicator of good drying is the flowability of the raw material, the absence of buds stuck together.

Chemical composition

Black poplar buds contain phenol carbonic (gallic, caffeic, ferulic) and aromatic (benzoic, cinnamic) acids, phenol glucosides (salicin, populin), more than 8% flavonoids (apigenin, galangin, genquanin, 3-methyl ester of galantine, isalpinin, quercetin , kaempferol, 3-methyl kaempferol ester, pinostrobin, pinocembrin, rhamnocytrin, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, rhamnasin, chrysin, tectochrysin), malic acid, mannitol, up to 0.7% essential oil, vitamin C, fatty oil and other connections. The essential oil contains humulene, a-caryophyllene, cineole and unidentified sesquiterpenoids.

Poplar buds contain essential oil, wax, bitter resins, caffeic and gallic acids, glycosides populin and salicin, flavone glycoside chrysin and dyes.
Alkaloids, phenol glucosides, flavonoids, tannins and higher hydrocarbons were found in the bark. The leaves contain isoprenoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, organic and phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins

Pharmacological properties and application

Poplar preparations have diuretic, antiseptic and diaphoretic properties. Most often they are used for kidney diseases, cystitis, urinary incontinence, painful urination, especially during pregnancy and after surgery, and prostate hypertrophy. In addition, poplar preparations are used for neuroses, various neuralgia, arthritic diseases, hemorrhoids, intestinal atony, diarrhea, colds, flu, genital stimulation (spermatorrhoea) and as a menstrual regulating agent. Poplar is used as an antiseptic and sputum thinner for the treatment of acute inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract and chronic bronchitis with purulent discharge. It is important to note that poplar preparations, even with long-term use, do not have any side effects. When used externally, poplar preparations have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hemostatic and mild anesthetic effects. Therefore, preparations from poplar buds (ointment, infusion of vegetable oil, less often - tincture) are used to treat wounds, ulcers, burns, cuts, bruises and hemorrhoids, as a remedy against hair loss, for itching and dermatitis, for rubbing against gout and rheumatism. The tincture is also considered a good remedy for the treatment of Trichomonas colpitis.

IX. Medicinal value of poplar and methods of use

In scientific and folk medicine, leaf buds and catkin buds have long been used while they are still sticky and resinous. The bark and leaves also serve as medicinal raw materials. Preparations from poplar have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, diaphoretic and wound-healing effects.
Infusion and tincture of the kidneys are used to treat wounds, ulcers, dermatitis, and in gynecological practice - for trichomonas colpitis.
They are taken orally as a diuretic and accelerate the excretion of uric acid, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory (for polyarthritis) and sedative. They are prescribed for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation of the bladder, intestinal atony, neuroses, hemorrhoids, gout. Sh. Infusion: pour 20 g of buds with 1 glass of boiling water, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day for the above diseases. Can be used externally.

Tincture: prepared with 40% alcohol in a ratio of 1:10. Leave for 2 weeks, strain. Take it 20 - 30 drops 3 - 4 times a day with meals for tuberculosis, rheumatism, gout, intermittent fever, inflammation of the bladder, colds, scanty menstruation in women. This tincture is also used for malignant tumors.

Mix 1 part of the kidneys with 2 parts of vegetable oil, boil over low heat for 30 minutes, leave for 15 days, strain. Apply externally.

Kidneys boiled in vegetable oil in a ratio of 1:10 have an analgesic effect in case of urolithiasis. Take 1 teaspoon of oil 3 times a day with meals.
An infusion of well-steamed fresh buds has a positive effect in cases of damage to nerves and tendon ligaments. Ш To prepare it, pour 1/3 cup of raw material into 1 cup of boiling water and cover with a warm cloth. A bandage soaked in the infusion is applied to the sore spot - it needs to be changed every day.
For rheumatism, itchy skin, and hair loss, it is recommended to rub in ointment from the kidneys. It is also used externally for gout, joint disease, trichomonas colpitis, boils, purulent wounds, burns, hemorrhoids, cracked lips and nipples, and for staphylococcal and fungal skin diseases.
To prepare the ointment, 3 tablespoons of well-chopped buds are gradually mixed with 3 tablespoons of unsalted butter. Store in the refrigerator for 5 - 10 days.

Poplar charcoal is taken orally for intestinal spasms due to nervousness.
Baths made from a water infusion of the leaves are used as a sedative.
Fresh juice from poplar leaves relieves toothache. Apply to a sore tooth.

For ringing and noise in the head, fresh juice, warm, is instilled into each ear. In this case, the auricle is slightly pulled towards itself.

For internal use, prepare a decoction of buds and leaves. To do this, take 2 tablespoons of the crushed mixture, add 1 glass of hot water, and boil for 5 minutes. over low heat, leave in a warm place for 1 hour, strain. Take 1 - 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day with meals.

Gradually mix 3 tablespoons of well-crushed buds with 3 tablespoons of unsalted butter to obtain an ointment. Use externally for cracked lips. In the form of tampons for trichomonas colpitis, for rubbing joints, for skin itching, fungal skin infections, boils, purulent wounds. Store in the refrigerator for 5-10 days.

A decoction of buds in vegetable oil (1:10) has an analgesic effect in case of urolithiasis. Take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day with meals.

Infusion of kidneys: 1/2 cup of dry raw material to 1 cup of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Apply the mixture in the form of a compress to the sore spot (changing it every day) in case of sprained ligaments or nerve damage.

For increased nervous excitability, take an infusion (1:10) 1 - 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day.
In scientific medicine, ointment from black poplar buds is sometimes used in surgery as an analgesic and astringent.

In folk medicine, the buds of another species are also used - white poplar, which are used for hemorrhoids, and the bark and young leaves are used as an anthelmintic.

Conclusions

Poplar is the people's tree!

In recent decades, poplars have been destroyed in cities. The authorities say that poplar fluff “causes allergies.” We found the last one!!!
Doubts creep in, is it not out of evil intent that this beautiful tree was declared an enemy? The authorities really believe that car exhaust fumes, “food”, GMOs, vaccinations, medicines are useful for the people...

Poplar, from the willow family, is a valuable tree species widely used in forestry and green building. The Latin name for poplar - populus - means “people”, a tree that always lives next to a person.

Among our tree species, poplars are the champions in terms of growth speed. Most tree species grow in height only in spring or early summer, literally a few dozen days.

Poplar grows from spring to autumn, over 190 days. In other tree species, after growth in height ceases, the intensity of photosynthesis decreases somewhat, but in poplar it remains until the end of the growing season. This breed has an exceptionally powerful root system. By the end of August, a cutting planted in the spring forms roots spreading along a radius of 3-4 m. Over the course of a year, the cutting turns into a tree 2-3 m high, and the hybrid poplar bred in Ukraine by D. P. Toropogritsky in the conditions of the Kherson region annually gives an increase of 3-4 m. Intensive photosynthesis, a long period of growth during the growing season, powerful roots and a large crown - these are the root causes of the rapid growth of poplars and the active accumulation of organic matter.

This rock is irreplaceable for strengthening the slopes of beams and river banks.

Poplar also ranks first among its green counterparts in terms of the amount of oxygen it produces. It is estimated that a normally developed tree with a trunk diameter of 20 centimeters bears from 70 to 155 thousand leaves; 400 young poplars retain 340 kilograms of dust during the summer season. Poplars emit a large amount of phytoncides and absorb noise.

Poplar plays an outstanding ecological role. Tall trees with a powerful crown are an excellent barrier to air flows carrying dust and gaseous industrial waste. Poplar is not afraid of smoke, dust and gases, and feels great on the territory of industrial enterprises. Its leaves actively absorb carbon dioxide and neutralize harmful chemical compounds, release large amounts of oxygen (twice more than oak, and almost three times more than linden), phytoncides (in literally fabulous doses - up to 3 g per hour from 1 sq. m of leaves , or up to 300 kg from 1 hectare of poplar forest). In terms of its ability to purify the air from pathogenic microorganisms, poplar, especially pyramidal one, occupies one of the first places among tree species.

Over the summer, an adult tree can clear the air of 20-30, and according to some data, even 50 kg of dust and soot.

The decorative value of poplar is well known. It is difficult to imagine the Ukrainian landscape without the pyramidal poplar, which is widespread in the Kharkov region. And how much coolness the giants provide on a hot day - white poplar (silver) and black poplar (sedge). The graceful, birch-like Chinese poplar (Simona) is beautiful with its light openwork crown. The Canadian poplar with its tent-shaped dark green crown, which retains its green color until late autumn, amazes with its enormous size (40-50 meters). This is one of the main species used in landscaping in Kharkov.

Sweet poplar, as well as many other species of this genus, emit a very pleasant and peculiar smell. After rain, it can be felt tens of meters from the tree. Poplars also play an important role as sources of medicinal raw materials. Ointments, decoctions and tinctures are prepared from the buds of black and pyramidal poplars, which have anti-inflammatory, emollient, analgesic and antimicrobial effects. They are used to treat wounds, bruises, hemorrhoids, burns and cuts, and for hair growth.

Despite the fact that it is difficult to overestimate the sanitary and hygienic importance of poplar, especially on the streets of cities and towns, recently it has become a persecuted tree. It turned out that in most cities, female specimens of Canadian, Berlin and other poplars had previously been planted. In June, they cause a “blizzard” that covers the streets with fluff. In rainy weather, the fluff does not fly out of the opened boxes, but, disfiguring the crown, hangs on the tree for dozens of days. But this can be avoided! It is enough to spray the crowns with a special solution on the eve of opening the bolls, or graft cuttings from male specimens into the young stems of female specimens. But all this is done where plantings from previous years remain.

To create new ones, you need to take male specimens that do not produce seeds, and therefore no fluff.

In modern cities, overcrowded with vehicles and other environmental pollutants, poplars are simply irreplaceable.

References

Komarov V.L. Flora of the USSR. In 30 volumes / Editor-in-chief and volume editor acad.V. L. Komarov . - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences , 1936. - T. V. - pp. 216-242. - 762 + XXVI p. - 5175 copies.
Sokolov S. Ya., Shipchinsky N. V., Yarmolenko A. V. Trees and shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. / Volume editor S. Ya. Sokolov. - M.-L.:Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences , 1951. - T. II. Angiosperms. - pp. 174-217. - 612 s. - 2500 copies.
Harvey, P.B., Baldi, P., 2002. Latin populus: a reevaluation // Jones-Bley, K., et al. (Eds.), JIES Monograph Series, vol. 44: Proceedings of the 13th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. Institute for the Study of Man, Washington, pp. 145–164.
Watkins, Calvert. The American Heritage dictionary of Indo-European roots. Revised deition. Bosotn: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
Watmough, Margaret M. T. Studies in the Etruscan loanwords in Latin. 1997.
greeninfo.ru/decor_trees/populus_pyramidalis. html/Article
vashsad.ua/ encyclopedia-of-plants/deciduous-trees/show/1362/
2med.org/index.php/ Poplar_pyramidal
2med.org/index.php/ Poplar_black
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Poplar
slogos.ru/story/piramidalnyjj_topol.html
fitoapteka.org/herbs-t/2254-populus-italica

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE
NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Pharmacognosy
etc.............

Today it is quite difficult to imagine both roadsides and streets of villages and cities that would not be surrounded by poplars. It is these trees that are considered to be, so to speak, the masters of the streets. The exact country of origin of the poplar is unknown; experts agree that it could be either Afghanistan or the Himalayas. Poplar has the appearance of a slender tree, the height of which can sometimes reach 35 meters.

Pyramid poplar has a rather narrow, columnar-type crown. Most often it can be found in the culture of Italy, which is why another name for this variety appeared - Italian poplar. Females are rarely found in the culture of this plant.. In addition to pyramidal, it has other no less sweet-sounding names, which include Italian poplar, columnar poplar and Lombard poplar.

Description of the plant

This type of tree amazes with its extraordinary slenderness. In addition, roofing felt has a unique crown, which is often quite narrow or columnar. If the tree is not pruned in a timely manner, it can reach quite large sizes. These poplars grow quite quickly. Often in mid-autumn, the pyramidal poplar completely loses its leaves. The plant is quite frost-resistant, although severe frosts can cause severe damage.

Morphological characteristics

• trunk height can reach up to 45 meters;
• branches directed predominantly upward or obliquely;
• the leaves are diamond-shaped;
• flowers are united together into earrings;
• Compared to other varieties of poplars, pyramidal has a significantly smaller leaf blade.

Pyramidal is the only plant that can enrich the environment with oxygen all day long. At the same time, photosynthesis in its leaves happens even at night. The male tree is considered the most cultivated.

In general, the lifespan of a tree directly depends on the following factors:

• living conditions;
• timely and correct pruning of crowns.

Rules for caring for trees

When it comes to creating a row of pyramid-type crops, it is imperative to maintain a distance between trees, which should not be less than 2 by 3 meters. The poplar root system is quite long and wide, which is why the planting hole should not be less than 1 meter deep.

Soil conditions

The most favorable soils for planting are fertile soils, which must include the following components:

• ​turf land;
• sand;
• peat.

If the soil is heavy, it is necessary to place a drainage layer at the bottom of the hole before planting, which should be placed no more than one-third of the hole. In order for the poplar to please for many years because of its beauty, planting is carried out in areas where there is free access to sunlight.

Regarding fertilizers, this tree prefers nitrogen and potassium ones. When planting, nitroammophoska is added at a rate of 100 grams per square meter of planting. This type of tree loves moisture, so when watering one plant, you must use at least 30 liters of water. Plants in the first year of life, in the absence of rain, are watered at least three times a month. In addition, it is important not to forget about watering during drought periods. At such times, even mature trees require watering. To achieve more moisture, during the first years of the seedlings’ life it is recommended to loosen the surrounding area.

After winter and summer, do not forget about piercing near the trunk to a depth of at least 20 centimeters. This kind of procedure will allow in the autumn, prepare the poplar for winter, and in the spring, using this procedure, the penetration of oxygen and air into the root system increases. Pyramid poplar over 7 years old does not require loosening, then the soil around it can be safely sown with lawn-type grass.

Care after landing

After planting and watering, it is worth mulching with peat or sawdust.

Haircut and pruning should be done annually. After pruning, the resulting wounds are treated with a special lubricant for garden trees. When cutting, you should leave branches of at least 20 centimeters. In addition, it is important to ensure that the crown of the tree is as even as possible.

To rejuvenate the plant, it is worth periodically cutting off its top. However, after carrying out such a procedure, it is necessary to feed the plants and dig up the soil near the poplar trunk.

This tree does not require preparation before winter. The plant is quite resistant to frost and sudden changes in temperature.

After cutting a tree completely, an armful of shoots can grow quite quickly, which can be partially trimmed and thus form a new tree.

Reproduction

This type of tree can reproduce in two ways:

1. Vegetative propagation method - with this type, poplar branches take root quite quickly. For cuttings, they mainly use shoots that are no more than one year old.
2. Reproduction method using seeds.

Most Russian cities are not very pleasing to the eyes of their inhabitants due to the virtual absence of full-fledged landscaping on their streets. But quite recently, pyramidal poplar was widely used for these purposes. Due to their unpretentiousness and instant growth, you can create an entire alley from poplars without spending a lot of time on it.

Unfortunately, recently poplars have fallen into disgrace. Doctors have taken up arms against them, since during the flowering of these trees the latter produce a huge amount of fluff, which not only contributes to allergies, but is also potentially dangerous in terms of possible fires. However, experts in landscaping settlements unanimously claim that the most suitable tree for creating a favorable environment for life in our megacities is poplar.

And this fact was known to the ancient Greeks, who planted poplars in their policies, creating picturesque alleys, in the shadow of which the ancient sages made more than one of their brilliant discoveries. But the fact is that even then it was known that only male specimens of plants should be used in landscaping, since they do not produce fluff, which is notorious for being bothersome. In general, poplar is a multifaceted tree, and botanists still do not stop researching all its properties.

However, in Soviet times, when a plan was adopted for the mass planting of trees in the city, due to an oversight, it was female specimens that were used (for the most part), which led to the negative consequences known to all. The only exceptions are some southern cities, where the pyramidal poplar is represented by individuals of both sexes.

What advantages does this culture have? First of all, these trees are valuable due to their phenomenal resistance to air pollution and dust, which is found everywhere in our cities. In addition, they can be successfully cultivated in almost any soil, where they grow with such amazing speed that has not been seen in other trees of our latitudes. The growth rate of poplar is such that in just a few months you can create a full-fledged protective planting.

Among other things, pyramidal poplar is distinguished by the fact that it releases phytoncides into the air, which not only destroy pathogenic microorganisms, but also help improve air quality in general, which is very important for cities. A feature of poplars is also their biological diversity: today more than 100 species are known, but due to easy interspecific hybridization, many scientists suggest that there are already many more. Such hybrids grow even faster than their parent species (heterosis effect). In addition, they tolerate pruning even better and restore the shape of their crown extremely quickly.

Thus, the pyramidal poplar is a tree that is ideal for landscaping. If you take into account its dioeciousness and select plants taking this into account, then it will not be difficult to get rid of poplar fluff on the streets.

Among the poplars, there is a group of pyramidal ones, which differ sharply in the shape of their crown from other species. With its monumental, pyramidal, dark green crown it gives a special, southern character to the landscape, reminiscent of slender, pyramidal cypress trees. This is a slender tree with a very narrow, columnar crown that covers the trunk of a free-standing tree from the ground. This group includes several types of poplars: pyramidal poplar, Soviet pyramidal poplar, Chinese pyramidal poplar, and you can also call black poplar.

Pyramidal poplar - Populus pyramidalis Borkh The homeland of this poplar is not exactly known, presumably - Afghanistan, Asia Minor, the Himalayas. This is a slender tree up to 30 m tall, with a very narrow, columnar crown that covers the trunk of a free-standing tree from the ground. Due to the abundance of this species in Italian culture, it is often called “Italian” or “Lombardy poplar”. Morphologically (except for the shape of the crown) it differs little from black poplar, but ecologically it is very different. The leaves are rhombic or triangular (like sedge), but somewhat smaller; foliation and flowering occur earlier than in black poplar; leaf fall occurs at the end of October - beginning of November, thus its growing season is longer and its frost resistance is lower.
Mostly male specimens are found in culture (female specimens are found in the cities of the Lower Volga region). Longevity in urban plantings depends on habitat conditions. A very impressive tree in single, group, row and alley plantings. Good for quickly creating green defensive walls. Soviet pyramidal poplar - Populus x sowietica pyramidalis Jabl. (Populus alba L. x Populus bolleana Lauche) - a tree up to 30 m tall with a narrow pyramidal dense crown. It grows, like all poplars, very quickly. It does not bloom in central Russia. Winter hardiness is high. 85-95% of spring cuttings take root without special treatment. It is often found in landscaping.

Chinese pyramidal poplar

Chinese pyramidal poplar (Populus tomentosa) is a tree up to 1-5 m in height, often multi-stemmed. Grows in China, the Far East and some areas of Central Asia. One- and two-year-old poplar shoots are thin, ribbed, like the trunk, greenish-gray in color. They grow upward at an acute angle, creating a beautiful pyramidal crown. The leaves are rhombic-elliptical in shape with a narrow wedge-shaped base, steeply pointed at the apex, 12x8 cm. Light green above, whitish-bluish below, with finely serrated edges. Leaves fall after persistent frosts.
Chinese pyramidal poplar is light-loving, demanding of moisture, and if there is a lack of it, it sheds its leaves.
Chinese poplar is frost-resistant. Does not need pruning. Roots well with lignified and green cuttings. When planted in heated greenhouses in April, lignified cuttings are suitable for transplanting into open ground in May for further cultivation. In the first year, Chinese poplar needs shading and regular watering, especially in dry, hot summers. In the nursery, seedlings are grown for 5-6 years.
Poplar is used little in landscaping, but deserves wide distribution. It is good to use Chinese pyramidal poplar for planting plots, growing green walls, in single and group plantings of 3-5 copies. It looks good when creating small groups made up of trees of different crown structures.

Poplar propagation

Poplars are easily propagated both vegetatively (cuttings or root suckers) and seeds.

Shoots (cuttings) of poplars

Poplar branches take root easily when placed in water or even stuck into moist soil (the exceptions are goat willow and aspen). In order to grow poplar seedlings from cuttings, it is enough in the spring (preferably before the leaves begin to bloom or, in extreme cases, when the buds just begin to burst) to cut annual shoots of these trees. Annual shoots are easy to identify: these are the thinnest branches at the ends of large branches or at the top of the trunk, on which the buds are located directly and on which scars from last year's leaves are visible. As a rule, the length of one-year growth is up to several tens of centimeters (in the lower part of the tree crown such growth can be much shorter). It is better not to use parts of older branches for cuttings: they usually do not have viable buds.
After cutting annual branches, divide them into cuttings 15-20 cm long. Make sure that each cutting has several living buds, especially in its upper part (the one that was closer to the top of the shoot). Plant the cut cuttings in moist soil at a distance of 10-15 cm from each other, with the upper end up (this is mandatory) and in such a way that approximately a quarter of the length of the cutting with one or two buds remains above the ground. After planting, regularly water the bed with cuttings until the shoots growing from the buds begin to grow quickly and reach a height of 10-15 cm.
By autumn, from the planted cuttings, seedlings several tens of centimeters high will be ready for planting in a permanent place.

Poplar seeds

Poplars reproduce just as easily by seeds. The widely known “poplar fluff” is the seeds of poplars along with hairs, thanks to which the seeds are easily dispersed by the wind. You can collect poplar seeds from the ground (in those places where, thanks to the wind, noticeable lumps of poplar fluff collect), or you can directly from the trees - at a time when the seed boxes begin to open and the seeds begin to fly away. Collected seeds remain viable for a very short time - from several days to several weeks. Therefore, it is best to sow them almost immediately. To do this, you need to prepare a small bed (preferably in an area that is most thoroughly cleared of weeds), level its surface with a rake, and then spread the collected lumps of fluff with seeds on the leveled surface (either evenly over the entire surface of the bed, or in rows). After this, pour water from a watering can onto the decomposed fluff - as a result, the hairs on the seeds will stick together and the seeds will end up directly on the ground. Do not cover the seeds with soil - let them remain right on the surface. Water them regularly, so that the surface of the earth is moist all the time; You can also cover it with some kind of covering material (for example, polyethylene) for the first two or three days. In just a few days, shoots will appear. When the seedlings reach a height of 5-6 cm, they must be thinned out so that the distance between plants is 5-10 cm (otherwise the thickened seedlings will interfere with each other’s growth). By autumn you will receive poplar seedlings suitable for permanent planting.

poplar root

The root system of poplars is quite powerful, extending far beyond the crown projection, with a large number of root shoots that are actively capable of reproduction. Specially digging up pieces of poplar roots for cutting cuttings is a very labor-intensive task, but you can always find ready-made root shoots not far from mature trees.