Heating payments make up the lion's share of total utility costs. Find out from this article how heating fees are calculated according to the new rules of 2016 and how the tariff is determined when meters are not installed. By being able to “read” a receipt, you will be aware of how much you are paying and for what. This will allow timely identification of intentional or accidental errors in the calculations indicated on the receipts.
Formula for calculating heating charges
Submission rules utilities regulated by Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 and No. 344. They indicate that heating payments are calculated in two ways:
- Based on meter readings.
- According to consumption standards (if meters are not installed).
Excluding instruments
The total area of the apartment x the standard for thermal energy consumption x the heating tariff established in the region.
According to current legislation, in all houses where there is technical feasibility, communal meters must be installed. If they are absent, a multiplying factor is applied when calculating the heating fee. In 2016 it was 1.4, and since the beginning of 2017 it has been increased to 1.6.
With a communal meter
Another calculation method is used when only one is installed in the house general device metering, but there are no meters in the apartments. In this case, the formula is applied:
The total volume of heat consumed in the house x the area of the apartment/total area of all premises in the building x the tariff established in the region.
The total amount of heat consumed in the house is determined based on the readings of the common house meter taken over a certain period of time. Usually it is 1 month.
With individual counter
Now let's see how heating is calculated in an apartment in which an individual heat meter is installed. The formula is quite simple:
The volume of heat consumed (room meter readings) x heating tariff established in the region.
Heating charges are calculated using this method only if two conditions are met:
- Metering devices are installed in 100% of apartments.
- The building has a communal meter.
Let's look at how the heating fee is calculated using a specific example:
How is the tariff determined if there are no meters?
Although the state encourages property owners to install metering devices, not everyone still has them. In such cases, the tariff is calculated in one of two ways:
- If even a common house meter is not installed, the tariff set by the local administration is taken.
- If there is a common house meter, the tariff is calculated for a specific house.
The tariff is reviewed once a year. Its size is influenced by various parameters, the main ones being:
- energy prices;
- expenses for paying salaries;
- average temperature for the last 5 heating seasons.
When the heating season ends, the tariff is revised and costs for the previous season are recalculated. If actual expenses turn out to be lower, the resulting overpayment remains in the owner’s personal account. It will go towards paying for heating in next year. If it turns out that the tariff was underestimated, additional amounts appear on the receipts.
Please note that if you yourself discover a discrepancy between the accrued and paid amounts, you have the right to write a request for recalculation. A sample application for recalculation of utility bills can be downloaded in this article
Sometimes a bill with figures for heating payments amazes the owners of houses or apartments with their amounts. In order to figure out where each figure is “growing” from, you need to know how heating in an apartment is calculated.
Moreover, standards for consumption and payment for various energy resources are constantly increasing in price, and we must have time to navigate this flow. It’s also worth noting that recently an additional column called ONE heating(stands for general house needs).
This material will help you understand how heating in an apartment is calculated. By the latest rules, introduced not so long ago, now each service will be divided into two parts and also calculated separately. These are fees for servicing residential premises (that is, tritely speaking, for warming the apartment) and monetary compensation for services provided to the entire house. That is why another “extra” column materialized in the payments.
Calculation rules
The rules for calculating the amount of money required to pay for heating an apartment are directly dependent on what metering devices are installed in each room and the heating method for the entire building. There are several methods of use that have a direct impact on how heating in an apartment is calculated. For example, in a building with residents there is only one accounting device, it is considered common; the non-residential rooms of the building are not equipped with such things.
There are situations when the house has a common expense tracking device heating heat, but each “nook” is additionally equipped with separate devices. The third option is the complete absence of a general device for recording the thermal energy spent in a building over a certain period of time.
You can achieve maximum accuracy in your heating calculations if you know reliably whether the house has common metering devices and private metering devices in residential and uninhabited areas of the building.
The house has only one heating meter - common for the whole house, and there are no separate devices installed for the remaining habitable elements. The fee in each apartment is calculated when selecting calculations for metering devices for private consumption installed in the apartment in question, or a certain standard.
What the heating meter shows is calculated in Gcal:
- The general house meter showed a consumption of 250 Gcal.
- The total area of the house in question with all corners suitable and unsuitable for living together turned out to be 7 thousand square meters.
- The area of the individual apartment under study, taken for consideration, was 75 square meters.
- The heating tariff is calculated based on the figure of 1,400 rubles per 1 Gcal.
- Calculation of expenses in the specified premises will be done as follows:
- 250 * 75 / 7000 * 1400 = 3750 rubles
This is only the first stage of calculating heating in an apartment - one of the lines of the receipt. Next, you need to find out the area of non-residential premises and residential apartments- let's say 6 thousand square meters.
The amount of heat is determined through the following actions:
- 250 * (1-6000 / 7000) * 75 / 6000 = 0.446428571 Gcal.
- 3750 + 625 = 4375 rub.
Household heat meter
There is a common meter for calculating heating costs in the building, and individual meters are installed only in a number of apartments. Refund for consumed heating can be calculated using this option.
- 1.5 * 1400 = 2100 rubles
1.5 is heat energy indicated in Gcal, which is taken from considerations of what the private metering device has calculated;
- 1400 rubles is a fixed fee established for 1 Gcal of heat;
number 75 – indicated living area;
- 0.025 Gcal is the rate of heat consumption per square.
How you can find out the costs in a particular apartment is directly dependent on the information whether there is in this room individual adaptation reading the consumed heat energy.
The other half of the received payment with numbers in the same case is considered in slightly different ways.
According to the first method, you need to estimate the quantity monetary compensation, and on the other - the volume of service provided:
- (250 – 10 -5000 * 0.25 – 8 -30) * 75 / 6000 = 0.9625 Gcal
Among the unknown components, the following stand out:
- 10 Gcal – the amount of heat used to heat the non-residential areas of the building;
- 5 thousand square meters is the area of all residential premises;
- 8 Gcal – heat spent on heating in apartments. Information is collected from all private accounting devices.
- 30 Gcal - the amount of heat that should be used to provide hot water in the pipes, is used in the absence of any centralized system.
- 0.9625 * 1,400 = 1,347.50 rub.
The full heating fee for a single apartment is calculated using the following method:
- 2,100 + 1347.50 = 3,447.50 – if the heating system has an individual device;
- 2,625 + 1,347.50 = 3,972.50 rubles. - if there is no such device.
Installation of an individual meter
Lack of a common house meter
This situation assumes that the building's common meter is at the moment not available at all. The fee will be calculated using a couple of formulas.
Before calculating the indicators of a single private apartment, calculation is performed according to the following algorithm:
- 1.5 * 1400 = 2100 rubles
Then the calculation will begin to be done according to a slightly different scenario:
- 0.025 * 75 * 1400 = 2625 rubles
Calculation of personal costs for one-day care will have to be calculated using the following algorithm:
- 0.025 * 100 * 75 / 6,000 = 0.03125 Gcal
One hundred square meters is the area of everything that is included in the concept of common buildings.
In order to convert all the figures of wasted heat into banknotes:
- 0.03125 * 1,400 = 43.75 rubles.
After all the steps have been completed, you can come close to solving the problem of calculation in a specific residential area:
- 2,100 + 43.75 = 2,143.75 rub. – applies when the owners of the apartment have installed individual devices counting;
- 2,625 + 43.75 = 2,668.75 rub. - used when the apartment does not have such devices.
Help from specialists
If at this moment it is suddenly unclear to you how to install heating in an apartment, then for this you need to contact qualified specialists. They will tell you everything and recommend how to choose optimal parameters. First, the project is completed, which is marked rough plan location heating system indoors.
After all the nuances have been clarified and approved, you can purchase equipment and ask about additional heating solutions in the house. The main thing is not to allow initiative in this matter, otherwise the system may break down and flood the neighbors, who are unlikely to be grateful to you for such a gift.
Your contacts in this article from 500 rubles per month. Other mutually beneficial options for cooperation are possible. Write to us at [email protected]
And they have repeatedly pointed out the illegality of using such a coefficient.
However, the above-mentioned resolution states:
"To establish that if payment for heating by the population is made
was carried out monthly (in equal shares) during the calendar year, taking into account the standard (0.016 Gcal per 1 sq.m), then the volume of thermal energy
energy supplied during the heating period for heating needs until the day
entry into force of this resolution, determined taking into account
other than the ratio of the length of the calendar year in months to the duration heating season in months (12/7), subject to revision taking into account the ratio 12/7."
The consequences of such “legalization” are not difficult to predict.
Coefficient 12/7, increases the monthly standard for thermal energy consumption by 12/7 times from 0.016 Gcal/sq.m. up to 0.027 Gcal/sq.m., that is, by 59%
While the Rules for calculating the amount of payment for utility services for heating (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 27, 2012 N 857) with amendments and additions dated September 10, 2013, the calculation methodology with a coefficient of 7/12 has already been approved:
1. If adopted by the body state power subject Russian Federation decisions on consumers paying for heating utilities evenly for all billing months of the calendar year, the amount of payment for heating utilities is determined using the coefficient of frequency of consumers paying for heating utilities (hereinafter referred to as the payment frequency coefficient), determined by dividing the number of months of heating period in a year by the number of calendar months in a year. In this case, payment for utility heating services is calculated in each billing period of the calendar year.
2. Calculation of the amount of payment for utility services for heating is carried out in the following order:
a) the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual heat energy meter, as well as the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual or shared (apartment) heat energy meter (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building that is not equipped with a collective (community) heat energy meter, is determined by the following formula 1:
The total area of the i-th residential premises (apartment) or non-residential premises;
The standard for the consumption of utility services for heating in residential premises, established in accordance with the Rules for establishing and determining standards for the consumption of utility services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 N 306;
K - payment frequency coefficient determined in accordance with paragraph 1 of these Rules;
Tariff for thermal energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
That is, this is a coefficient of 7/12, not 12/7!
While changes have already been made to the acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on the provision of utility services (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2013 N 344)
1. In the Rules for establishing and determining standards for the consumption of utility services, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
Federation of May 23, 2006 N 306 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, N 22, Art. 2338; 2012, N 15, Art. 1783):
add clause 3.1 with the following content:
3.1. If it is technically possible to install collective (common house) metering devices, the standard consumption of utility services for heating in residential premises is determined by formula 5, taking into account the increasing factor of:
since 2017 - 1.6.
Moscow housing associations recognize P, which legitimizes the increasing coefficient of 12/7, as contrary to current federal legislation.
Residents apartment buildings people are often interested in how profitable common house heating meters are, the installation of which has recently become mandatory in all regions of Russia.
It is difficult to answer this question unambiguously, since there are several options for calculating the monthly fee for such a service. Let's take a closer look at the existing accrual procedures, taking into account all sorts of nuances.
IN Federal Law RF dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving of energy resources and the use of metering devices for energy resources used when paying for them” indicates the importance of installing communal meters designed to control heat consumption.
According to Law No. 261, management companies can install heat metering devices without the consent of residents apartment buildings, charging payment based on the data received
The regulation obliges to establish similar devices in all apartment buildings, with the exception of emergency buildings. In addition, it is considered inappropriate to equip buildings with these devices if the amount of payment for the purchase and installation of a flow meter exceeds the amount of payments for heating received within six months.
Legislators believe that this Resolution will help achieve the following goals:
- Fair distribution of payments for thermal energy supplied to homes. Homeowners who care about reducing heat loss (for example, insulating an apartment or facade) should pay less than those who constantly leak heat through cracks or an open window.
- Motivating residents to take care of both residential and common premises. They should know that the heating fee will automatically increase in the event of an open door or broken glass not only in the apartment, but also in the entrance.
In addition, Law No. 261 officially transfers responsibility for common property to residents. According to this legal act, utility services are no longer responsible for the condition of entrances, basements and attics. All work in place public use should be carried out at the expense of the owners of apartments located in the same building.
Types of common house heat meters
Various equipment is used as heat control devices, which may differ in the method of operation, design features, specifics of maintenance and installation.
Like any measuring device, a common house flow meter is subject to mandatory verification, which, as a rule, is carried out once every 3-4 years. Not only the service life, but also the correctness of the device readings depends on this procedure.
Specialists from an organization engaged in the installation and maintenance of such devices in the city (region) will help you make a decision about installing a particular model. They will talk about the features of the devices and recommend options that work best in local conditions.
They will also advise you about equipment ( shut-off valves, filters, etc.), which should be purchased additionally, and they will also give advice regarding the warranty obligations of the supplier.
Most often, four types of flow meters are used in housing and communal services:
- tachometer (mechanical);
- vortex;
- electromagnetic;
- ultrasonic.
Let us consider the above devices in detail.
Option #1: tachometer
Such devices, the system of which includes mechanical rotor or vane devices and heat calculators, are considered the most budget option, since their cost is significantly lower than similar devices of other types. However, to install them, in addition to standard equipment an additional magnetic-mechanical filter is required to protect both the device itself and the entire system from contamination.
Tachometer meters are powered by a battery, which lasts for 5-6 years. Due to the absence of sensitive electronics, the device can for a long time function reliably in unfavorable conditions(for example, with high humidity)
The main disadvantage of this category of models is the impossibility of using them with low water quality (increased hardness, high percentage of impurities). In this case, the filter quickly becomes clogged, causing a decrease in coolant pressure. Because of similar feature Tachometer counters are usually used only in the private sector.
Option #2: electromagnetic
Such devices are based on known property liquids – generation of electric current when passing magnetic fields. By measuring the volume of water and incoming/outgoing temperatures, even very small currents can be detected.
Electromagnetic devices differ high degree accuracy, but require high-quality installation and regular maintenance by qualified personnel. If cleaning is not done in a timely manner, the devices begin to overestimate readings. Data distortion in big side The high content of ferrous compounds in the liquid and poor-quality wiring also contribute.
Option #3: vortex
When a fluid flow meets an obstacle in the water, turbulence is formed. The operation of the mechanisms is based on this principle of this type. Such measuring devices can be installed both horizontally and vertical sections communication systems, the main thing is that the device is located on a straight section of the pipeline.
The great advantage of vortex instruments is the presence of a radio interface, thanks to which service organizations have the opportunity to remotely take readings and receive information about faults
The advantages of such meters include low energy consumption (one lithium-ion battery lasts about 5 years). Vortex counters sensitive to pressure changes, as well as the presence of large impurities, which is why they require additional installation filters. At the same time, impurities of metal salts in water, as well as deposits formed in pipes, do not affect instrument readings.
Option #4: ultrasonic
The readings of devices of this type are based on the passage of an ultrasonic signal through a water stream. The higher the speed of the latter, the longer the wait for a response.
Ultrasonic meters are very sensitive to welding currents. They are also not very durable in conditions poor quality water used in the system
Devices of this type perform well in new houses where there are no deposits in the pipes. However, foreign impurities, pressure differences, and air bubbles in water can significantly increase the readings of flow meters in this category.
Before installing the flow meter you need to know
All costs for purchasing, installing, and maintaining the device are borne by residents. Owners of non-privatized apartments are reimbursed for installation costs by the local municipality.
When choosing a company to install a heating meter, you need to find out whether it has permits, approvals and certificates, as well as a certificate of state registration
Choosing an organization that will install the device requires special attention. It is advisable that the same company also handles maintenance of the meter, including timely cleaning of filters, current repairs, regular check serviceability of the device.
External negative factors
It is also important to take into account that the correct operation of flow meters is influenced by many external factors. Among them are reasons such as:
- Formation of mineral deposits in pipes, which reduces their internal diameter. This causes the flow to increase. Since measuring instruments are designed for a certain size of elements, reducing this indicator will lead to incorrect calculations, and the result obtained will exceed the actual value.
- Presence of impurities in water. Mechanical impurities and air bubbles cause a significant error in readings, reaching 10%. To purify liquids, it is recommended to additionally equip devices with filters that trap foreign particles.
- Precipitation on flow meter parts. When using mechanical structures, such a process reduces readings, while in other types of instruments it causes a significant (sometimes multiple) excess of actual values.
- Unfavorable microclimate of the room where the measuring device was installed. Dampness and temperature changes especially affect devices with electronic mechanisms.
- Lack of grounding and poor electrical circuits, which can cause electrical potential in the pipeline.
- Uneven pressure in the system negatively affects the accuracy of the measurements. The same can be said about carelessly installed meter, which can also distort the data.
- Coolant temperature. Hot liquid, the temperature of which exceeds the permissible limits, can damage the meter elements.
To avoid incorrect readings and prolong the life of the device, it is important to regularly carry out qualified maintenance and inspection of the device.
Ways to save money in general
There are several proven ways to reduce heating payments generated using public meters.
Insulating the facade of a house using mineral wool, foam plastic or other materials will reduce heat transfer in environment, and therefore reduce heat consumption
The following joint activities will help reduce indicators:
- high-quality insulation of the building;
- full glazing of the entrance with replacement conventional frames for more durable and heat-insulating metal-plastic products.
Although such measures will require a one-time investment from residents, they are beneficial in the long term.
Settlement operations for a common house appliance
Not long ago in the Russian Federation, the Russian Government adopted Resolution No. 603 dated June 29, 2016, which details the updated rules for calculating heating using a common house meter.
According to this legislative act, the price of heat energy depends on the following factors:
- heat receipt from a heating plant or a small boiler house serving a house (group of buildings);
- presence/absence of a common house heat meter;
- whether apartments are equipped with individual flow meters or their absence.
According to clause 42.1 of the “Calculation Rules” No. 354, depending on the decision of the local municipality, payment for the heat provided can be charged only during the heating season or evenly distributed monthly throughout the year. The adopted legislative act considers several options.
Heating supply to a house with a control unit (without individual appliances)
If heat is supplied to a building equipped with building-wide flow meters, but apartments do not have individual heat meters, then in case of payment for heat during the heating season, the calculation is made using the formula:
P = V x (S/S rev) x T, Where
V is the total amount of heat supplied to the building based on the readings of the general building flow meter (in gigacalories);
- S – total area separate apartment(in square meters);
- S ob – total living area of apartments located in the building, m 2;
- T – tariff for one gigacalorie provided (set by the local administration in agreement with suppliers of this service), rub/Gcal.
If the payment for heat is calculated evenly throughout the year, a conversion factor K is added to the formula. It is calculated by dividing the number of months of the heating season (7-8) by 12 (the number of months in a year). If the heating period for houses lasts for seven months, then K=0.58.
Regardless of the calculation scheme, the total amount contributed during the year will be approximately the same.
If installation of the OPU is not possible
In this case, the procedure for calculating payments for heat to residents of old houses is considered, where, due to technological features networks, it is impossible to install communal metering devices. In this case, payments are calculated according to the heat energy consumption standard.
A common house meter by itself does not reduce heat energy consumption, but its use motivates residents to be conscious about this resource
When calculating payments only during the months of the heating season, the formula is used:
P = S x N x T, Where
- S – total housing area, m2;
- N – standard rate of heat consumption, measured in gigacalories per square meter;
- T – tariff established by the local administration for 1 Gcal, agreed with the service provider, rub./Gcal.
If the payment for heat energy is divided into all months of the year, then the conversion factor K = 0.58 should be added to the formula (as in the previous case, it is calculated by dividing 7 months of the heating season by 12 months). Thus, the formula will look like:
P = S x (N x K) x T
As in the previously noted case, the total amounts of annual payments will be the same.
Lack of control unit if it can be installed
If the house does not have a common house meter, but it is technically possible to install it, then the following formula is used to calculate fees during the heating season:
P = S × N × K surface × T, Where
- S – area of the required premises (in sq.m);
- N – heat consumption standard (Gcal/sq.m);
- Ksur is an increasing coefficient, the value of which varies. In 2016, this figure was 1.4, and from January 1, 2017 it increased to 1.5;
- T – tariff for thermal energy established in a given region (RUB/Gcal).
In the case of monthly payments for heat throughout the year, the resulting number is multiplied by the already known coefficient K = 0.58 (for a seven-month heating season).
Heat calculation with control unit and individual meters
This option is often found in newly completed houses. In this case, the calculation is made using the formula:
P = (V and + V o x S/S about) x T, Where
V and is the amount of heat energy consumed during the estimated period according to the readings of individual flow meters (Gcal);
V o – the volume of heat in gigacalories supplied to the residents of the house according to the general meter with the exception of quantity consumed, which is determined by the formula
, Where
- V n – quantities of heat energy consumed during the design interval, determined from the readings of common house devices during the heating season (Gcal);
- S1 – area of living space equipped with an individual meter (sq.m);
- Vdn - the volume of electricity according to the readings of individual flow meters installed in apartments;
- S ob – total area of residential and office premises in the house (square meters);
- T – the tariff for heat energy adopted in the given area.
IN in this case Payment is made exclusively during the heat supply season.
Benefits of using meters
House-wide flow meters can significantly save on heating costs. The price for heat, calculated according to actual indicators, is on average 30% lower than according to standards.
The high cost of a common house heat metering device is reimbursed within three years from the date of installation, since such a device allows reducing heat payments by almost a third
In addition, when paying by established tariffs the beginning/end of the heating period is not taken into account: regardless of specific given accrual is made for the whole month.
But a building-wide meter does not solve all problems with paying for heating, since in this case all apartment owners have to pay according to average data, regardless of the amount of heat consumed.
Although the cost individual device for heat control is very significant, it pays for itself quite quickly, especially if measures are taken to save heat energy
In this case, residents will be helped out by an individual heat energy meter, which also allows you to regulate the heat output of radiators.
Calculation of heating standards
When developing heat consumption standards, the following are taken into account:
- The total heat energy consumption required to heat all rooms during the heating season.
- The total area of heated spaces in the building, as well as buildings connected to the heating system.
- Duration of the heating season (partial calendar months in which measurements were taken are also taken into account).
- In addition, when performing calculations in mandatory taken into account average daily temperatures heated air indoors and cold air outside (measurements are carried out during the heating season). In the first case, the indicators specified in regulatory documents for the provision of public services to the population. In the second, the average statistical value for the five previous heating periods is taken into account (data provided by the regional hydrometeorological service).
An important parameter is also the average maximum temperature, which is calculated based on measurements of the five frostiest winter days, following each other.
Homeowners must treat the supplied equipment with care, since they pay not only for its installation, but also for maintenance and repair of the device
In the zone temperate climate Central heating services, as a rule, are provided over a period of 7-8 months - from September-October to April-May; In the first and last months, you may be charged at a reduced consumption rate.
The process of approving standards and tariffs
All calculated indicators are compiled by specialists and employees of heat supply organizations. Then they are necessarily approved by energy commissions operating within a separate settlement, region, edge. Representatives of local authorities and public organizations, as well as deputies at various levels.
Tariffs are calculated in accordance with the legislative acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, which establish consumption standards for housing and communal services, including the amount of heat energy. Heat supply organizations it is necessary to document and justify the proposed prices for heating services.
Since the actual outside air temperature during the heating season may not coincide with the calculated standards, housing and communal services perform recalculation once a year. In severe cold weather, consumers will have to pay an additional amount, while in mild winters, an overpayment is possible, which is counted toward future payments. The same procedure is carried out once a year in houses where flow meters are not provided.
Conclusions and useful video on the topic
The presented video presents a specialist’s opinion on the benefits provided by communal heat meters.
A common house meter is a useful device that can significantly reduce very high heating costs. Despite the high cost, the funds for its installation quickly pay for themselves, especially with the conscious interaction of residents who take joint measures to reduce heat consumption.