How often are medical examinations carried out for teachers in educational institutions? In the article Medical examinations of employees of educational institutions (November 10, 2010), D.V. Vasiliev, technical labor inspector of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of Workers of Public Education and Science of the Russian Federation, makes reference to the regulatory framework, which is no longer in effect (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 16, 2004 No. 83). What regulatory act should be used when determining the frequency of medical examinations of teachers.

Answer

Valentina Malofeeva answers: expert

In accordance with labor legislation, teaching staff are required to undergo preliminary upon employment and periodic medical examinations, as well as extraordinary medical examinations at the direction of the employer (Part 1, Article 48 of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in Russian Federation"). In addition, all categories of employees of educational institutions must have a medical book (Article 34 of the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”). Its absence is grounds for refusal of employment in an educational institution until the violation is eliminated. Employees of educational organizations of all types and types, as well as children's organizations that do not conduct educational activities (sports sections, creative, leisure children's organizations, etc.), are required to undergo annual mandatory medical examinations. This is determined by paragraph 18 of Appendix No. 2 to.

According to paragraph 4 of part 1 of Article 76 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to suspend from work (not allow to work) an employee who has not undergone a mandatory medical examination in the prescribed manner.

Rationale
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Nina Kovyazina

How to apply for a job as a scientific and pedagogical worker in an educational organization of higher education

Medical checkup

Teaching staff of educational institutions, including higher education institutions, are required to undergo periodic free medical examinations, which are carried out at the expense of the institution. The legislator in this case proceeds from the interests of students. Therefore, it does not matter in what level of educational institution the teacher works. A medical examination upon hiring, and thereafter periodically, is mandatory.

The procedure for undergoing medical examinations is currently regulated.

Persons with acute and chronic infectious diseases, including open tuberculosis and syphilis in the incubation period, are prohibited from engaging in teaching activities ( Instructions, approved Ministry of Health of the USSR dated December 1, 1973 No. 1142 “a” , Order of the USSR Ministry of Health dated September 29, 1989 No. 555).

Nina Kovyazina, Deputy Director of the Department of Medical Education and Personnel Policy in Healthcare of the Russian Ministry of Health

When is it necessary to conduct a mandatory medical examination of an employee?

Who should undergo a mandatory medical examination?

Employees performing certain types of work undergo mandatory medical examinations at the expense of the organization. This category of personnel includes, in particular:

  • employees engaged in heavy work and work with harmful (dangerous) working conditions (including underground work) ( , );
  • employees engaged in work related to traffic (Article and Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
  • employees of food industry, catering and trade enterprises, water supply facilities, medical and preventive care and children's institutions ();
  • departmental security officers ().

<…>

Order of conduct

The procedure for conducting mandatory medical examinations of workers is given in Appendix 3 To Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n. Order conducting pre-shift, pre-trip and post-shift, post-trip medical examinations of people who drive transport, approved by order of the Russian Ministry of Health of December 15, 2014 No. 835n. For all other categories of employees for whom special medical examination rules are not established, these documents can also be applied.

Types of medical examinations

Mandatory medical examinations are divided into three types:

This classification is provided for by the provisions part 1 Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In addition, for certain categories of employees, mandatory medical examinations (examinations) may be provided at the beginning of the working day (shift), as well as during and (or) at the end of the working day (shift). The time spent undergoing such medical examinations (examinations) is included in working hours. This procedure is provided part 3 Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. For example, employees engaged in underground work are required to undergo such medical examinations ().

Preliminary medical examinations

Preliminary mandatory examinations are carried out upon hiring. Their goal is to determine, before concluding an employment contract, whether a candidate can apply for a particular position due to health reasons.

If the preliminary medical examination is carried out in a medical institution, the candidate must be given a referral. In the direction issued to an applicant for a position in hazardous (hazardous) work, indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors that the employee will encounter after being hired for a vacant position. In addition, in the direction indicate:

  • employer's name;
  • form of ownership and type of economic activity of the organization according to OKVED;
  • name of the medical organization, actual address of its location and OGRN code;
  • type of medical examination (preliminary);
  • last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth of the applicant;
  • name of the structural unit of the organization (if any) in which the candidate will be employed;
  • the name of the position (profession) of the applicant or the types of work that he will perform.

The direction is issued to the person against his signature. The employer must organize a record of issued referrals.

Such requirements are contained in paragraphs of the Procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n. Due to the current lack of a unified referral form, the organization has the right to develop one on one's own.

Periodic medical examinations

Periodic mandatory inspections are carried out throughout the employee’s entire tenure in the organization. Their goal is to monitor the health status of employees and timely detection of occupational diseases.

To conduct periodic medical examinations, create a list of employees who:

This procedure is provided for in the Procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n , paragraph 5 Article 7 and paragraph 3 of Article 10 of the Law of December 28, 2013 No. 426-FZ.

Send the approved list to the territorial body of Rospotrebnadzor within 10 days ( paragraph 21 The procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n).

Based on this list, make list of names employees who need to undergo periodic inspection. If a medical examination is carried out in relation to employees engaged in harmful (dangerous) work, it must indicate the harmful (dangerous) production factors affecting the employees.

Send the list of employees by name to the medical organization no later than two months before the start date of the periodic medical examination agreed upon with this organization ( paragraph 23 The procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n).

Having received the list of names, the medical institution draws up a calendar plan for conducting medical examinations and coordinates it with the organization. The employer must familiarize employees with this plan no later than 10 days before the start of the medical examination.

Such rules are established by paragraphs and the Procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n .

Before conducting a periodic medical examination, give the employee direction. It is completed in the same manner as during preliminary medical examinations ( paragraph 24 The procedure approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n).

Extraordinary medical examinations

Extraordinary mandatory medical examinations are scheduled at the request of employees (in accordance with a medical report) or based on the conclusion of the territorial office of Rospotrebnadzor. In the referral for a medical examination, it is necessary to indicate the reason for the extraordinary examination. This is stated in the articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

An employee who has not passed the mandatory medical examination cannot be allowed to work ().

Economic situation

Suspend from work an employee who has not passed a mandatory medical examination

Vadim EGOROV, consultant on payroll, social benefits and their taxation

What will we talk about: If the employee has not passed the mandatory medical examination, the institution must remove him from work. Salaries may not be calculated. But you will have to draw up a number of documents to avoid litigation in court.

Types of mandatory medical examinations

Mandatory medical examinations of institution employees can be divided into periodic and extraordinary ( Part 1 Art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Note!

If an employee has not passed a mandatory medical examination through no fault of his own, the time of suspension from work is paid

Periodic tests are aimed at determining the suitability of employees for the work assigned and at reducing the risk of occupational diseases. An extraordinary employee undergoes medical examination for medical reasons. There is another type of medical examination - preliminary. They are carried out in relation to future employees. Before hiring a candidate for work related to harmful or dangerous working conditions, including underground work, as well as traffic.

Medical examinations are financed by the institution as an employer. During the period of their completion, the employee retains his place of work (position) and average earnings ( Art. 185 , Part 2 Art. 212 , part 6 art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

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4. LETTER OF ROSPOTREBNADZOR dated January 13, 2005 No. 0100/63-05-32

On the procedure for applying the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 16, 2004 No. 83

Due to numerous requests from the territories in order of application Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 16, 2004 No. 83 “On approval of lists of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during which preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the procedure for conducting these examinations (examinations)” The Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare explains.
Order No. 83 dated August 16, 2004 designed to fulfill Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 27, 2003 No. 646 “On harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during which preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the procedure for conducting these examinations (examinations).” This order ( applications 1, , ) determines the procedure for conducting PME, the list of harmful factors in the working environment and the list of works during which preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, which should be used to guide the planning of PME. The procedure for conducting PME ( Appendix 3) also determines the frequency of inspections.
Order No. 90 dated March 14, 1996 “On the procedure for conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations and medical regulations for admission to the profession” applies in terms of determining medical contraindications" for admission to work with harmful factors, the composition of specialists and the scope of laboratory tests required during examinations, as well as the list of occupational diseases approved by it.
It is planned to develop and approve uniform forms for lists of contingents, name lists and referrals to PMO by a separate order.
On the issue of classifying substances as allergens, carcinogens, reprotoxicants, etc., it is necessary to be guided by the current hygienic standards, as well as information from the certificate of registration of a potentially hazardous chemical or biological substance (information card). This data can be obtained from the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (tel. 973-30-21, e-mail: [email protected]).
Order No. 83 dated August 16, 2004 does not cancel the validity of existing orders (N 90-96, 555-89, 405-96) regarding issues not reflected in it.
Periodic medical examinations are carried out on the basis of lists of contingents and police lists of workers agreed upon with the territorial bodies of the Federal Service, while the number of hours worked per shift in contact with a harmful factor and its level are not taken into account (unless otherwise specified in sanitary rules or other regulatory documents).
The official text of the order was sent to the territories of the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development.

Deputy Head
Federal Service for Supervision
in the field of consumer protection
and human well-being
L.P. Gulchenko

Everyone who works in a school is familiar with the procedure for mandatory professional examination of teachers. Our advice will help those who work at school to undergo a medical examination as quickly and efficiently as possible.

How can we make the medical examination procedure easier for teachers?

For the convenience of modern professional medical examinations of teachers, today special medical complexes have been created, as well as a medical center, which greatly facilitate this procedure. In this case, a special medical commission is created, headed by an experienced occupational pathologist. The commission includes all the specialists necessary to carry out this procedure. The commission arrives at the educational institution and begins a professional examination - this procedure is called on-site medical examinations.

Our medical examination center offers the opportunity for employees of educational institutions to undergo all the necessary doctors in a short time and receive quality care

Which doctors should I visit for a professional examination?

The list of doctors usually includes the following:

  • Therapist;
  • Psychiatrist;
  • Neurologist;
  • Dermatovenerologist;
  • Gynecologist;
  • Ophthalmologist.

It will also be necessary to take a fluorography photo and undergo some tests.
The result of the professional examination should be an entry in the medical examination report, as well as an entry in the teacher’s medical record book. Some medical institutions provide as an additional document a citizen’s health passport, which includes the results of a medical examination, as well as the results of all his tests.

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How to persuade teachers to conscientiously undergo a professional examination?

For many school principals and heads of educational institutions, this issue becomes relevant before each professional examination.

Teaching staffs, as a rule, consist of women, so school administrations, before each medical examination procedure, have to listen to women’s “oohs” and sighs, as well as dissatisfied remarks and reproaches in their direction.

Practice shows that our fellow citizens do not like to go for medical examinations. But only thanks to such medical examinations is it possible to identify the disease at an early stage and cure it!

And if we also take into account the fact that the teaching profession is one of the difficult professions associated with great emotional stress, then how can we do without a professional medical examination!

Therefore, school principals need to be very patient, using all their endurance and life experience to persuade their colleagues to conscientiously treat the procedures for medical examinations.

However, today there are ways through which you can undergo a medical examination with much less nervous stress.

In any case, undergoing a professional examination is both more convenient and enjoyable. We are waiting for you at our medical center!

01.09.2012

The Teacher trade union has received numerous complaints regarding fees for medical examinations of teachers. We bring to your attention comprehensive legal comments from State Duma deputy Salia Murzabaeva:

“Teachers should not pay for a medical examination - this well-known axiom is explained by State Duma deputy, member of the Health Protection Committee Salia Murzabaeva at meetings with heads of educational institutions. - I receive requests from teachers that they are often forced to pay for medical examinations from personal funds, - notes the deputy. - For example, this question was raised by students and employees of the Institute for Educational Development of the Republic of Belarus. This fact was confirmed by the data of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Belarus, presented at my request. Based on the results of inspections of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Belarus in 2011, in many cities and regions of the republic, the founders and heads of educational institutions were not. The rights of workers to undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations free of charge are ensured; these examinations are not financed from local budgets.

Salia Murzabaeva explains that in this way Article 51 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” is violated, which stipulates that teaching staff must undergo periodic free medical examinations at the expense of the institution. The right to undergo medical examinations free of charge, at the expense of the employer, is enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, according to Article 212, the employer is obliged to organize, at his own expense, mandatory preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic (during employment) medical examinations of employees, extraordinary medical examinations at their requests, in accordance with medical recommendations, while maintaining their place work and average earnings at the time of examination. On January 1, 2012, a new order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia came into force (dated April 12, 2011), defining the List of works for which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations and the procedure for their conduct are carried out. This list includes work in educational organizations of all types and types. In accordance with the order, teachers are required to undergo a medical examination once a year, including a visit to a dermatovenerologist, otolaryngologist, dentist, and, if indicated, an infectious disease specialist, a chest x-ray, and tests for helminth infections. The costs of examinations are paid on the basis of an agreement concluded between an educational institution and a medical organization licensed for this type of activity. “Periodic medical examinations of employees of educational institutions are the most important component in the system of preventive measures to preserve health and prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases,” emphasizes Salia Murzabaeva. - At the same time, undergoing periodic examinations does not exclude participation in additional medical examinations. Additional medical examination of working citizens is carried out within the framework of a priority national project in the field of healthcare using funds from the federal budget and is aimed at the early detection and prevention of diseases, including socially significant ones. As is known, additional clinical examination includes examinations by a therapist, surgeon, neurologist, ophthalmologist, electrocardiography, fluorography, blood and urine tests, and testing for cancer markers (after 45 years). Women are examined for the presence of gynecological diseases and diseases of the mammary glands. If deviations in health status are identified, all those in need are given the opportunity to undergo an in-depth examination. This assistance is provided free of charge within the framework of the State Guarantee Program for the provision of free medical care to citizens. According to the deputy, the current legislative and regulatory framework makes it possible to ensure free medical examinations for employees of educational institutions. A complete and timely medical examination can guarantee health preservation, prevention and early detection of the disease. Salia Murzabaeva believes that organizing this work requires constant attention and control. Provisions on carrying out measures to prevent morbidity should be included in collective agreements, agreements on labor protection, and teachers should be promptly informed about their rights" Maria Shumilova, Bashinform.rf


The law of the Russian Federation requires employees of educational institutions to undergo the following types of medical examinations and examinations:

  • Preliminary medical examination - during employment.
  • Routine medical examinations - once a year.
  • Examinations by a psychiatrist - during employment and then every five years.

Pre-school medical examinations

A preliminary medical examination is required in order to get a job. The employer will definitely require a conclusion from a medical commission and a health passport. To undergo a preliminary medical examination, you need to contact a medical institution that has the appropriate license and provide a referral from the employer - from this document, medical workers will learn in what position and under what conditions the teacher or educator will work, and what professional hazards he or she will have. The list of doctors and tests that will be included in the teacher’s medical examination depends on this.

If you come to the clinic without a referral, the doctors will most likely conduct a general medical examination, without taking into account the specifics of the teacher’s future work. The conclusion after such a medical examination may turn out to be inappropriate, and the employer will either refuse employment, or, less likely, will still hire such an employee, but will take the risk of being fined.

Based on the results of the medical examination, a conclusion from a medical commission and a health passport for teachers are issued. These documents must be kept by the employer. Often they bypass the employee’s hands and go directly from the medical institution to the employer. Upon dismissal, the teacher receives a health passport in hand.

In addition, every employee in the educational sector, in accordance with Article 34 of the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population,” must keep a medical record. Its absence will be grounds for refusal of employment. The results of the medical examination are simultaneously entered into the medical record and health passport.

Routine preventative medical examinations for school

Teachers must undergo routine medical examinations annually. This is regulated by clause 9, part 1, art. 48 Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”. This applies not only to kindergartens and schools, but also to any sections, clubs, institutions that organize recreation and leisure for children.

Medical examination for school employees includes:

  • Examinations by doctors: dentist, dermatovenerologist, ENT doctor, infectious disease specialist.
  • Laboratory and instrumental studies: blood test for syphilis, test for helminthiasis, smear for gonorrhea, chest x-ray.
  • Studies that help identify additional contraindications: salmonellosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, leprosy, dysentery, infectious skin diseases, tuberculosis, etc.

All data is entered into the employee’s medical record book. The employer must enter into an agreement with a medical center that is licensed to conduct medical examinations, and provide there with lists of employees who are subject to preventive examinations. The list must be compiled in the established form, which can be obtained from Rospotrebnadzor.

Who pays for professional examinations for teachers?

The obligation to pay for medical examinations for employees, in accordance with Article 213 of the Labor Code of Russia, lies with the employer. Typically, mutual settlements occur according to one of two schemes:

  • The employer pays for medical examinations independently from his bank account.
  • The employee makes the payment from his own funds, and then provides the employer with checks from the medical organization and receives compensation.

Some companies, contrary to current legislation, shift costs onto the shoulders of employees. It all depends on the integrity of the employer.

Psychiatric examination of teachers

According to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 28, 1993 No. 377, teachers fall under the category of specialists who need to undergo a mandatory psychiatric examination. It takes place upon hiring and every five years thereafter. This is due to the fact that, firstly, teachers work with children, and secondly, their profession involves significant mental stress.

The employer must issue an appropriate order and draw up a list of employees who are subject to a psychiatric examination. An employee may refuse the procedure, but in this case there is a reason for his removal from his duties and dismissal.

To undergo examination, the employee needs to come to ProfMedLab and provide a passport, as well as a referral from the employer.

Who is responsible?

In accordance with the law, an employer does not have the right to allow people to work who have not passed a medical examination. Otherwise, there are serious penalties:

  • For officials and individual entrepreneurs - 15,000–20,000 rubles.
  • For LLCs and other legal entities - 110,000–130,000 rubles.

For comparison: an assessment of working conditions (to compile lists of employees subject to medical examinations) and a routine medical examination cost from 550 rubles per employee.

If the employee did not undergo a medical examination on time, was seriously injured, and the regulatory authorities saw a connection between these two events, the employer already faces criminal liability.

Timely medical examinations save money, time and nerve cells for the employer, the best way to prevent administrative and criminal liability. At the ProfMedLab clinic, medical examinations can be organized quickly and conveniently. Contact us for details:

  • For private individuals - reception phone number:

From our article you will learn how a medical examination is carried out for trade workers, catering workers, teachers and education workers; employees of kindergartens and schools, other educational institutions, preschool educational institutions, social workers. In the material you will also find personnel documents necessary in case of medical examination of different categories of workers.

From the article you will learn:

  • Which categories of workers need to undergo a medical examination;
  • Medical examination of teachers: which doctors must undergo mandatory examination;
  • Medical examination for trade and catering workers: what are the features;
  • What documents must be completed during the medical examination.

A medical examination is a necessary procedure for workers, regardless of their position or profession. Permission to work for those employees for whom the procedure is mandatory, the fact of passing a medical examination will serve as a basis.

Differences for different categories of workers in mandatory medical examination may include: frequency and list of doctors. The result of the medical examination is entered into medical/health record marks on a person’s suitability and compliance of health status with a profession or position. In medical records, such a mark is stamp or seal of a medical institution along with an indication dates medical examination, signature of the employee responsible for the quality of the examination and the issuance of a conclusion.

Features and rules for conducting medical examinations for different types of professions are presented below.

Medical examination of teachers

Medical examination of employees of educational institutions, including professional institutions, must be carried out in accordance with the mandatory list of those doctors who need to be examined, as well as tests:

  • examination by a dermatovenerologist;
  • examination by an otorhinolaryngologist;
  • examination by a therapist;
  • X-ray examination of the lungs;
  • analysis for the detection of helminths;
  • blood test for syphilis and a number of sexually transmitted diseases.

Such a list provides medical examination of teachers, kindergarten teachers and other children's organizations during periodic (according to plan) inspection, which should be carried out once a year. When hiring, a medical examination of employees of children's (preschool) educational institutions (DOU) and teachers requires mandatory examination by the following specialists:

  • dermatovenerologist;
  • dentist;
  • otorhinolaryngologist;
  • therapist.

Question from practice

Which teaching staff are required to undergo a medical examination?

The answer was prepared jointly with the editors

Alexander Zavgorodniy answers,
Associate Professor, Ph.D. Sc., Associate Professor, Department of Labor Law, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University

Teaching staff of educational organizations, including higher education organizations, are required to undergo periodic free medical examinations, which are carried out at the expense of the founder. The legislator in this case proceeds from the interests of students. Therefore, it does not matter in what level of educational organization the teaching staff works. A medical examination upon hiring, and thereafter periodically, is mandatory.

This responsibility is enshrined in Part 1 of Article 48 of the Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ...

Ask your question to the experts

Medical examination of employees of educational institutions

For employees of preschool educational institutions, when applying for a new job, the following is additionally carried out:

  • analysis for the detection of typhoid fever;
  • pathogens of intestinal infections;
  • scraping for enterobiasis.

Such rules must be followed if teachers' medical examination, educational workers, employees of children's organizations, including various sports and development sections, children's leisure organizations.

Upon entry to work, medical examinations for educational workers also require a record of vaccination against diphtheria, which is performed once every 10 years, as well as against measles. Data on vaccinations must be entered accordingly (stamp, date, signature, name of the medical institution that performed the vaccination, indicating the vaccine series) on the medical record page. In case of loss of documentary evidence of vaccinations, an educational worker can provide a document issued by a medical center that conducted an analysis for the presence of immunity to infections.

Medical examinations of school and preschool employees are carried out regularly once a year).

The assessment of working conditions is carried out in accordance with the standards specified in .

Harmful factors that do not require special assessment are indicated in the letter .

The plan and scope of medical examinations and preventive measures are approved by the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund. The categories of workers subject to mandatory medical examination are defined.

Actions of the employer when conducting a medical examination of employees

The first thing you need to do is enter into an agreement with a medical institution that is licensed to conduct medical examinations. The basis for conducting medical examinations is an order, which must be created in the personnel department. The order specifies the order of examination in a medical institution. Next, the HR department, in joint cooperation with the labor protection department, creates a list of employees who must undergo periodic medical examinations. Based on the list, referral forms are filled out for each employee separately.

Requirements for filling out a medical book

A correctly completed medical record (MC) includes:

  • information about the Rospotrebnadzor organization that issued the MK and the signature of the person responsible for issuing it;
  • date of receipt by owner;
  • information about the owner (full name, year of birth, address, signature and indication of position);
  • employer information;
  • information about changing jobs, structural units, etc.;
  • data on previous diseases and vaccinations;
  • a doctor’s note about the possibility of holding a position (based on a completed medical examination);
  • recording the results of laboratory clinical tests;
  • recording of the assessment by a dermatovenerologist;
  • certification and hygiene training;
  • data on training on compliance with sanitary standards.

A medical examination of kindergarten employees, teachers, catering workers, and social workers must be reflected in the employee’s medical record book.

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