Pallet (other names: pallet, pallet, pallet, pallet)- This is a flat stand for a rectangular load. It has recesses at the bottom for gripping by a loader and protrusions for slings, designed for moving in weight. Pallets are used in freight transportation, using them to form enlarged cargo units. UGE represent a certain amount of goods, fastened in some way, and are used to speed up loading and unloading operations.

Types of pallets

There are several types of pallets, one of the most common is Euro pallets. Standard Euro pallets have dimensions of 1200x800x145. Upper part consists of 5 boards: 3 wide (145 mm), 2 narrow (100 mm), alternating in width. The lower part consists of three boards: two narrow on the sides, wide in the middle. The pallet stands on 9 legs, the outer ones have dimensions of 78x100x145 mm, the middle ones - 78x145x145 mm.

The dimensions of a standard Euro pallet correspond to the internal dimensions of the containers. On the right legs of the pallet there is always a branded EUR stamp in an oval. The most common are wooden pallets. Standard Euro pallet sizes are determined by the international standard UIC435-2.

Currently, pallets are made from wood, plastic, chipboard, and metal. Pallets vary in weight. The weight of a Euro pallet 1200x800 is not specified by the standard, so they can be made from various materials. The most common wooden pallets weigh from 15 to 20 kg, the weight of wooden double-deck pallets is up to 40 kg. The weight of a 1200x800 Euro pallet made of wood depends on its species. For the transportation of light loads, for example, clothing, lightweight wooden pallets of the same dimensions are used. The weight of a lightweight Euro pallet 1200*800 ranges from 8-10 kg. Such a pallet will support a weight of up to 2.5 tons in a static state and up to 1 ton in motion. The maximum permitted load capacity of a standard Euro pallet is 2 tons.

Loads can be attached to a pallet in three ways:

1. special laying, in which the load is held by its own weight, suitable for heavy objects (for example, bags of sugar, flour, gold bars);
2. tying with fastening tapes, the tapes must be durable (can be metal, polymer, woven);
3. wrapping the cargo with a special film, most often stretch film. The maximum height of a Euro pallet with cargo is 1.8 m.

How many pallets fit in a container?

Since the size of a standard pallet is 1200x800x145 mm, this allows you to load 11 euro pallets into a standard 10-ton container in one tier. The width of the container does not allow pallets to be placed in two rows equally (along or across the body), so 7 pallets are placed across the first row, and 4 pallets are placed along the body in the second row.

A 20-ton container includes 25 euro pallets. Just like in a 10-ton container, one row of pallets is placed across the body, so you can put 15 pieces, the second - along, another 10 pieces.

In a standard truck with a length of 13.6 m, you can place 32 Euro pallets if they stand with the long side across the body (16 rows of 2 pallets - 0.8 x 16 = 12.8 m) or 33 if the pallets stand with the short side - “threes” (11 rows 3 pallets 11x1.2=13.2 m). In the second case, the load will stand stronger.

Containers of any other size are loaded according to a preliminary calculation according to the size of a standard pallet and the parameters of the vehicle according to the same principle. The load on the pallet should not protrude beyond the edges. Wooden Euro pallets must be strong to support the weight of the load.

In cargo transportation around the world, standard Euro pallets are actively used, the dimensions of which allow the maximum amount of usable space to be used. These devices have become so widespread due to the fact that they make work in warehouses much easier.

Concept of pallets

Pallets (pallets) are special devices, with the help of which loading and unloading operations are carried out during transport. The specifics of their use provide for the movement of the pallet along with the load that is piled on it. Therefore, pallets can be equated to the simplest containers. But they differ from the latter in that they do not pack or protect the cargo, but only facilitate its faster movement.

In global logistics, the size of a Euro pallet is strictly standardized. This was done with the aim of more rational use of usable space in transport. And it’s easier to design loading equipment if all the pallets are the same size.

It is known that several standards are used around the world. But the most popular is the Euro pallet 1200x800. It fits perfectly into all types of cargo transport.

European style

In accordance with regulatory documents that monitor compliance with standards, the size of a Euro pallet should be 1200x800 mm. These dimensions are considered optimal for international cargo transportation.

Moreover, each such pallet is marked with a corresponding mark, which looks like an oval with the letters EUR inside. Without such a sign, the cargo may not be allowed through European customs. And it's not just about size. This sign indicates that they are also observed.

It is also important to remember that the height of the Euro pallet must be strictly 145 mm. This is exactly the size that all those used in European warehouses are designed for. If the pallet is lower, it cannot be lifted. A pallet greater height takes up a lot of space, which means there is a risk of increasing total cost cargo transportation. Therefore, all pallets of this standard must strictly comply established standards production.

Euro pallet design

Much in the use of pallets depends on their design. Since the first prototypes of this device appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century, over the course of a century people were able to choose the most best option. Standard Euro pallets, the dimensions of which are documented, have several design solutions.

There are two types of pallets based on the method of loading them: two-jaw and four-jaw. The former are stronger, but less versatile. To rearrange them, sometimes you have to twist around quite a bit. But the latter are less durable. Therefore, they are often used as disposable ones.

The upper platform of the pallet consists of five boards of different widths, which alternate in the following order: wide - narrow - wide - narrow - wide. It is this solution that allows us to obtain maximum strength with such dimensions.

The longest-lasting pallets are those that are based on three longitudinal beams. Three boards are attached to them from below: two wide at the edges and one narrow in the middle. For reusable Euro pallets thickness top boards should be equal to 22 mm.

Grade of reusable pallets

Since pallets are used more than once, they must meet certain requirements that help select the right load for the intended load. In this case, the condition of the Euro pallets is important, the dimensions of which are ideal for transportation.

The highest grade corresponds to white and clean pallets without stains or darkening. They should not have cracks, chips or breaks. Premium quality pallets are used no more than three times. Then they are transferred to the next grade.

The second class includes pallets that are the same as the previous ones, but have been used significantly more times. No external or internal damage. Also, in the second grade there are no repaired pallets.

Minor chips and cracks up to 30 cm in length are a sign of third grade. Pallets may be a little dirty and darkened with age. It is possible to use pallets after minor repairs.

Hygienic standards

Most require pallets imported into their territory to have phytosanitary certificates. These are documents that confirm that the wood used has been treated against fungi, microorganisms and insects. Thus, governments are trying to protect the country from getting into its territory. hazardous factors, which can damage equipment in warehouses.

Fortunately, the Euro pallet, the dimensions of which are ideal for cargo transportation, has several places on which you can put a stamp confirming the presence of such processing. It looks like an abbreviation indicating the type of processing, the serial number of the process and the code of the country where it was carried out. Together with the certificate, such pallets are allowed into any country. Without it, the cargo may be returned, which will entail serious losses.

Load capacity

It is structurally confirmed that the size of a Euro pallet has a certain load capacity, exceeding which can lead to its damage. Standard maximum weight disposable pallet is equal to 600 kg. Reusable pallets can hold up to 2 tons. Moreover, in accordance with the rules of cargo transportation, any cargo whose weight exceeds 70 kg must be palletized.

The weight of a Euro pallet 1200x800 is 15-20 kg. Some manufacturers say that their pallets weigh 40 kg, but this is the maximum weight allowed for this equipment. Otherwise, it is completely unprofitable to use it, since such pallets significantly increase the total weight of the transported cargo.

Loading into containers and eurotrucks

The loading method determines the volume of products that can be transported at one time. The more compact the pallets are, the more cargo will fit in a truck or container.

It has long been calculated that a 20-foot container fits 11 euro pallets in one layer. A photo of this method is available to everyone. So does the image of placing 23-24 pallets in a 40ft shipping container.

There is an ideal way to load Euro pallets into a standard truck for international transport. This method allows you to tightly fit 30 pallets in one layer.

Thus, how much cargo can be transported in one trip depends on the skill of placing pallets. Therefore, standard pallets are ideally suited for these purposes.

Methods of securing cargo

The standard Euro pallet size requires compliance certain rules cargo transportation to ensure everything is delivered safe and sound. To begin with, it is worth remembering that it is not recommended to place any load so that it extends beyond the boundaries of the upper platform. This guarantees a tight fit of the pallets in the container, and therefore its absolute filling.

All cargo must be firmly secured so that it does not fall apart during transportation. For these purposes, binding materials or stretch film are used, which tightly wrap the load to the pallet.

Coils and barrels on pallets are fixed in a special way. The main thing is that they are strictly in the middle and do not roll on the surface of the pallet. It is advisable to place them in a vertical position, this makes it easier to maintain the dimensions of the pallet.

Safety precautions

Compliance with safety rules when working with pallets guarantees the preservation of health, order in the warehouse and the integrity of the equipment used for these purposes.

You should never overload pallets. If the cargo is stored in several layers, the most reliable pallets must be placed on the bottom, otherwise they may burst under the weight of the cargo.

You should never skimp on pallets. A Euro pallet, the price of which is not so high (200-500 rubles for 1 piece), has a certain After its expiration, it is better to throw away the worn-out device than to pay compensation for damaged cargo if it breaks.

You should also be very careful in areas where forklifts are operating. Due to the large dimensions of palletized cargo, it is easy to miss a person: run over them or place a pallet.

Overcrowded forklifts often overturn and damage everything in their path. There are often cases when, as a result of such an accident, the entire warehouse collapses, like a house of cards or dominoes. Therefore, it is better to make an extra trip than to eliminate the consequences of overload.

Non-standard application

The fairly widespread use of Euro pallets was the reason that they began to be used for other purposes than their intended purpose. Their relatively low cost (or even a free option in the case of discarding worn-out pallets) makes them an attractive material for a variety of crafts.

Craftsmen suggest making furniture from pallets. Moreover, it can be both garden and indoor. If decorated nicely, the bed will become the highlight of an urban interior.

Garden furniture is also made from used pallets. In this case, there is no longer any need to knock together wooden surfaces. It’s enough just to saw off in one place and add legs or a back in another.

Thus, Euro pallets have become an indispensable means for loading and unloading operations in almost the entire Old World. Today, their use is a prerequisite for all large and heavy cargo that moves from one country to another.

Size 800x1200x145mm. It is mandatory to have the EUR brand mark in an oval, burned into the right supporting legs of the pallet. The remaining legs also bear markings indicating the manufacturer (PKP, FS, DB, etc.) and digital information (series, year of manufacture). The upper part of the Euro pallet consists of five boards, alternating in order: wide (145mm), narrow (100mm), wide, narrow, wide. The lower part consists of three boards (narrow, wide, narrow) with chamfers. It is mandatory to have chamfers on the corners of the Euro pallet.

2. Certified finpallet (FIN-pallet, Finnish pallet).

Size 1000x1200x145mm. It is mandatory to have the FIN brand mark in a rectangle burned on the right supporting legs of the pallet. The central legs are also marked with digital information indicating the manufacturer's code and production date. The upper part of the finish pallet consists of seven boards, alternating in order: wide (120mm), two narrow (100mm), wide, two narrow, wide. The lower part consists of three boards (narrow, wide, narrow) with chamfers. It is mandatory to have chamfers on the corners of the finishing pallet.

3. Non-disposable cargo pallet 800x1200mm.

Size 800x1200x145mm, board thickness 20-22mm. There is no company mark, the design is identical to the design of the Euro pallet.

4. Non-disposable cargo pallet 1000x1200mm.

Size 1000x1200x145mm, board thickness 20-22mm. There is no company mark, the design is identical to the design of the finpallet.

5. Eurobox (EUR-box)

Metal cage with a metal base in the form of a Euro pallet, size 800x1200x800mm. Has a plate with an embossed EUR stamp in an oval.

Pallet varieties

If you ship manufactured goods abroad or use production lines with strict requirements for the pallets used, then it is likely that you will need certified European or Finnish pallets. They are manufactured in accordance with GOST standards adopted in European countries, as evidenced by the presence of a stamp on each pallet. Based on their condition, these pallets are divided into three grades:

1. Top grade

• practically new, white, strong pallets;
• no chips or cracks;
• were used no more than three times.

2. First grade

• white, strong pallets;
• no chips or cracks;
• have not been repaired.

3. Second grade

• allowed slight dirt, and darkening of wood over time;
• small cracks and chips are allowed (but no more than 3cm in width and 30cm in length);
• some of them may be after renovation.

For work in the domestic market

Any pallet is usually suitable for work on the domestic market - the choice of a specific type and grade depends entirely on the manufacturer. In addition to certified Euro and financial pallets, there are non-disposable cargo pallets of the following types:

1. Non-certified Euro pallet 800x1200x145mm
   • the dimensions and design are absolutely identical to certified Euro pallets, including all tolerances and chamfers;
   • screw nails are used;
   • board thickness 22mm;
   • It differs from a certified Euro pallet in the absence of a company mark.
2. Pallet 800x1200x145mm, first grade
   • the design is similar to Euro pallets, but the sizes of boards and bars can vary;
   • screw nails are used;
   • board thickness 20-25mm;
   • the corners of the pallet were chamfered;
   • does not have significant stains or darkening of the wood over time.
3. Pallet 800x1200x145mm, second grade
   • the design is similar to Euro pallets;
   • Both screw and construction nails can be used;
   • board thickness 20-25mm;
   • the distance between the flooring boards is no more than 50 mm;
   • Minor contamination and darkening of the wood over time are allowed.
4. Pallet 800x1200x145mm, third grade
   • the main dimensions of the pallet are 800x1200 mm, other dimensions may vary and do not have a single standard;
   • board thickness 15-25mm;
   • there are no chamfers on the corners of the pallet;
   • construction nails were used;
   • Contamination and darkening of the wood over time are allowed.
5. Pallet 1000x1200x145mm
   • in size and design they are made similar to certified financial pallets;
   • chamfers may be missing;
   • regular nails can be used instead of screw nails;
   • board thickness 15-25mm.
6. Special types pallets
   • plastic standard EUR;
   • wooden standard SR;
   • Triplett;
   • metal EUR boxes.

Pallets are widely used in many countries. When using pallets, we recommend paying attention to the following:

• There are two main types of pallets: Europallet and standard pallet. The size of a Euro pallet is 800mm x 1,200mm, and a standard pallet is 1,000mm x 1,200mm.
• A 20-foot container can be loaded with 11 “Euro pallets” or 9-10 standard pallets in one tier (see figure). * A 40-foot container can be loaded with 23 - 24 "Euro pallets" or 20-21 standard pallets in one tier (see figure).
• Wooden pallets must be strong enough to support the weight of three tiers.
• Cardboard boxes should not protrude beyond the edges of the pallet.

Dimensions and layout of the Euro pallet

Pallets are widely used in international trade. They happen different types and sizes. Pallets are made of wood or plastic. Pallets greatly facilitate loading and unloading from a container or other vehicle due to a design that allows a pallet with cargo to be transported by a manual or mechanical loader. Pallets can support cargo weights of up to 2 tons.

A 40 foot container holds 24 pallets. A standard Euro truck holds up to 33 pallets.

Pallet(aka pallet, aka pallet, she's the same pallet And pallet) - a flat rectangular stand for a load, in which there are recesses (approaches) at the bottom for the grips of a forklift and protrusions for attaching slings (when moving in a suspended state).
PALLET PLT, PLL

What are pallets for?
Losses from the use of pallets

Pallets allow you to store cargo efficiently and carefully and have quickly replaced old forms of packaging, such as boxes, boxes, and barrels. The use of pallets in freight transportation allows the formation of enlarged cargo units. It is inconvenient to transport cargo in small containers or in bulk; this increases the time of loading and unloading and during transport it is difficult to fix it motionless; the goods may break and become unusable. At the same time, a similar volume of the same products packed on a pallet creates....

In addition to regular, flat pallets, there are special pallets for transporting valuable, fragile or simply non-standard cargo. As a rule, these are standard pallets, which, using sets of special parts, are equipped with racks, shelves, drawers, frames, corner profiles and lattice walls. In railway (sometimes also in road) cargo transportation, special pallets are also used - flats, tilts, bolsters. These are huge pallets the size of a loading platform, equipped with fittings (eyes for....

Pallet weight. Volume and dimensions of pallets.

The requirements of the international standard UIC435-2 do not specify the weight of Euro pallets due to the fact that they are made from different materials and can be combined. The weight of most wooden pallets varies from 15 to 20 kg, double-deck - up to 40 kg. In practice, the customs declarant often has to blindly determine the weight of these pallets, called the tare weight. He defines the weight of pallets as the difference between gross weight and net weight. Let's look at specific example: the carriage contains 1380 polyvinyl chloride bags on 24 pallets....

History of pallets. Reasons for the popularity of pallets

The “great-grandfather” of the modern pallet was the skid, which was used in American factories at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was a wooden shield, to which two boards were attached at the sides at the bottom. With the development of loading devices, the skid design changed and improved. In 1925, another shield was nailed to the bottom of the boards, and the prototype of the pallet acquired a completely recognizable appearance.

What is a pallet or pallet? What does PLT mean?

• Pallet(aka pallet, aka pallet, she's the same pallet And pallet) - container, flat rectangular stand for cargo with a rigid platform for forming a large cargo unit. A pallet is designed to store cargo on it and move it using various mechanical means. The design of the pallets has recesses or entries for gripping forklifts and other lifting devices, as well as protrusions for attaching slings in cases where cargo is moved in a suspended state.
  This word comes from English PALLET(pallet) and is abbreviated in the documentation as PLT, PLL. The “Russian Spelling Dictionary” of the Russian Academy of Sciences hints to us that there is only one letter “l” in the word pallet, but we will write it as it is more common for ordinary people).
  In freight transport Pallets are used to form so-called enlarged cargo units. What is it? Here is a chocolate candy - transporting it alone is inconvenient and troublesome. A box containing 20 candies is more convenient and profitable to carry. A box with boxes of chocolates is even more profitable: you can reload and transport 800 chocolates at once. The next stage of enlargement will be a pallet on which there are 20 boxes with boxes of chocolates. This will allow you to move and reload 16,000 candies at a time. This is already a full load of chocolates, and not a bunch of chocolates in bulk. Finally, the standard 20ft container, which holds 11 pallets, is the pinnacle of this cargo evolution.

What are pallets for? What are the benefits or losses associated with using pallets?

• Pallets allow you to store cargo efficiently and carefully and have quickly replaced old forms of packaging, such as boxes, boxes, and barrels. The use of pallets in freight transportation allows the formation of enlarged cargo units. It is inconvenient to transport cargo in small containers or in bulk; this increases the time of loading and unloading and during transport it is difficult to fix it motionless; the goods may break and become unusable. At the same time, a similar volume of the same product packed on a pallet creates a larger unit of goods, which is convenient to manipulate when moving and securely fastened in the cargo space for safe transportation.

• Benefits of using pallets:

  • Loading and unloading operations using pallets are carried out much faster. Filling a container or unloading cargo without them will require the involvement of many loaders who need to be paid. To handle palletized cargo, you need one forklift and one worker. The savings in time, money and nerves are obvious.
  • The degree of security when transporting cargo on pallets is much higher. The cargo is placed within the boundaries of the pallet and, if it is securely and tightly tied, it does not crumble or become deformed. Access to cargo placed on pallets is significantly difficult, this is an additional guarantee of its safety.
  • The use of pallets in certain situations has become mandatory. Yes, safety rules maritime transport require that general cargo subject to packaging must be formed into enlarged cargo units. They are transported on two and four-way pallets.
  Losses from the use of pallets:
  • The use of pallets reduces the usable volume of cargo space.
  • Pallets add additional weight to the load, which can amount to more than a ton for a single truck carrying 33 pallets.
  • The pallet is not free, it has its price.
  • Used pallets must be returned to the place of new loading or disposed of while fighting for the environment

Classification of pallets. Pallets and their types

• There are many types of pallets, but there are main types into which they are classified. To choose the optimal type of pallets for yourself, you need to take into account all the nuances of their upcoming use.
  • Open pallets, also known as Euro pallets.
    Home distinctive feature The advantage of these pallets is that their design allows them to be taken from either side. They are most popular in Europe, which is why they got their second name. True, such pallets are not very popular in the UK and Ireland. These pallets are designed in the form of a block, at the bottom of which there are strips on both sides and in the center, which allows them to be lifted from all four sides. Thus, cargo handling is greatly simplified, because almost all models of forklifts can work with such pallets.
  • Block pallets, also known as GKN pallets.
    Equipped with a bottom bar along the entire perimeter. The design is block, except for the bottom bar on all sides, there is also a bar in the center. It is convenient to take such pallets from any side using forks or any type of equipment, the only exception being those models whose forks are of the support type. To make the pallet slide more easily along the rack, surface grinding is used. Such pallets are most widespread in the United Kingdom.
  • Longitudinal pallets
    These pallets have several other names: they are called stringer, grocery, block, pallets with a bottom bar, in America they are called GMA pallets, and in Canada they are called CPC pallets. The design of these pallets is block-based; on the side there is a longitudinal strip on which cutouts are made specifically for forks. If necessary, they can be picked up with a pitchfork from all four sides. In order to move such pallets in a horizontal plane, you can use both electric and manual models of your warehouse equipment. To a greater extent, such pallets are used in Asia, Africa and North America.
  • Closed pallets
    Such pallets are picked up with forks only from both sides. The design is block, equipped with slats on the sides and in the center. Any model of warehouse equipment can work with these pallets, with the exception of those with support forks. Such pallets are also most widely used in Asia and Africa.
  • Roller pallets
    They are also loading containers or roller containers. These are metal structures equipped with rollers and side rails. Thanks to the rollers, they can be moved around flat floors not only with the help of technology, but also manually. Empty pallets are easy to fold and transport. Typically they are used in daily work in workshops in production with various parts.

  Pallet classification

  • According to service life. There are disposable pallets, which are recycled or destroyed after use, and reusable pallets, which are used repeatedly. Reusable pallets are designed for long term operation without performance degradation.
  • By the number of fork passes. Double-way pallets are picked up only from two opposite sides.
    Four-way ones are more universal; picking up is possible from any side.
  • According to the material of manufacture.
    The most common ones are wooden.
    Wood is an environmentally friendly and clean material, easily disposed of and recycled, and cheap. Wooden pallets are very easy to repair.
    Plastic pallets are more practical and reliable than wooden ones, they weigh less, are easier to store, do not absorb moisture, do not rot, and do not require special treatment. They are simply recycled. But they are more expensive.
    Metal ones are the most durable and powerful. Used for the longest period. They are heavy, which affects ease of use, and are susceptible to corrosion.
    In addition, pallets made of combined materials are used.
  • By the number of platforms for placing cargo.
    Single-deck pallets allow you to place cargo on only one side. Double deck pallets have two decks: top and bottom. Due to this, the pallet can be turned over. It is more convenient to stack such pallets on top of each other without the threat of damage to the cargo.
• 
  For special cargo there are special pallets.
  Valuable, fragile, non-standard-sized cargo is transported on standard pallets, where racks, shelves, boxes, frames, corner profiles, lattice walls, etc. Special pallets - flats, tilts, bolsters - are used for transporting goods by rail, sea and sometimes by road. They are huge pallets that are made to fit the dimensions of a railway cargo platform. They are provided with fittings, i.e. fastening elements for chains and cables with which the load is attached to them. Special pallets can have folding walls, end sides, frame superstructures, full walls, half the height of a standard container. Each type is used depending on the nature of the cargo being transported.
• 
  How to choose a pallet.
  If you need pallets, first decide on the material. Depending on the material, pallets are made of wood, metal and plastic. As a rule, wooden ones are the most universal and they are made from coniferous wood or deciduous wood (birch).
  Once you have decided on the material, you need to decide on their size. The size is selected depending on the size of the product package, but if the goods are intended to be delivered for export, you can only choose from two standards - 1200x800 and 1200x1000. These are pallets that are used by companies engaged in foreign trade activities.
  If you need Euro pallets, we recommend that you first clarify the conditions for clearing customs. Very often there is a requirement for mandatory phytosanitary treatment of all wood products and pallets are no exception. If necessary, please indicate in your request. Firstly, you will initially be correctly calculated the cost of the order, and secondly, the supplier will clarify whether he provides such services or not.
  After choosing the sizes, you need to decide on the design. If you need to place goods on both sides of the pallet, the order must be placed on double-deck pallets, if only on one side - single-deck. If the loader must grab pallets from 4 sides - 4-way, if only two sides are enough - 2-way.
  It happens that the customer does not have suitable pallets for his product. standard sizes or design, in this case the manufacturer needs to provide drawings of the container that you need specifically for your cargo.
  As for the packaging itself and placing the goods on a pallet, the packaging of cargo items depends on the wishes of the customer and the technical conditions of transportation and storage of cargo.
  Basic packaging recommendations can be formulated as follows: if the cargo must be completely protected, protective pallet packaging is needed with the product completely wrapped in shrink film. If not, securing it with straps is enough.

Pallet weight and pallet dimensions. Pallet volume. Pallet specifications

How is the load attached to the pallet? Height and weight of cargo on a pallet.

History of pallets. Reasons for the popularity of cargo pallets

• • The “great-grandfather” of the modern pallet was the skid, which was used in American factories at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was a wooden shield, to which two boards were attached at the sides at the bottom. With the development of loading devices, the skid design changed and improved. In 1925, another shield was nailed to the boards below, and the prototype of the pallet acquired a completely recognizable appearance.
  • A powerful stimulus for the development of palletization of cargo transportation was the Second World War, and more specifically, the entry of the United States into it. The situation required the most organized dispatch possible huge amount There were military and humanitarian supplies all over the world, and, of course, there were not enough male workers during these years. The use of pallets has reduced the need for loaders and increased throughput warehouses and warehouses. And although pallets were used to a greater extent in the Pacific region, Europe also appreciated the benefits of this type of packaging.
  • Most EU countries require that wooden pallets imported into their territory have a phytosanitary certificate confirming that they have undergone phytotreatment. After undergoing disinfection according to Standard No. 15, special markings are applied to the pallets and fastening materials - a registration number assigned by the national service for quarantine and plant protection, as well as the country code and the designation of the disinfection method (HT - heat treatment, KD - kiln-drying - chamber drying, MB - methyl bromide - treatment with methyl bromide).
  • GOST standards for pallets in Russia have not changed since the times of the USSR. Experts came to the conclusion that the maximum load capacity of pallets (1 ton) stated in GOST is underestimated. The new Euro pallet can normally withstand loads weighing 1500 or even 2000 kg. However, there are other factors to consider. Firstly, the carrying capacity of the vehicle, which cannot be exceeded. So, when the truck is fully loaded with standard pallets (33 pcs.), permissible load per pallet will be only 800 kg. Secondly, the power of most forklifts and similar warehouse equipment, which is not designed to weigh more than 1800 kg.
  • In transport documents for international cargo transportation, you are often required to indicate how many pieces of cargo you have - COLLI; in CMR and TIR they are usually abbreviated to CLL. This term means a separate cargo (transport) piece - any cargo that can be loaded and unloaded as one whole: boxes, bags, crates, cans transported without pallets, as well as cargo on a pallet. Thus, if 5 pallets and 12 boxes are loaded into a container or truck, then 17 collies can be indicated in the transport documents. (from French colis - box, bale, package, piece of luggage)

  Reasons for the popularity of cargo pallets:

  Safety precautions when loading and transporting pallets

  • • When loading/unloading pallets, they must be placed in such a way that there is clearance for the forklift. If pallets are simply pushed, they may tip over or break.
    • Depending on the type of cargo and transportation conditions, a individual scheme placing cargo on a pallet. For example, barrels of oil are placed on a pallet exclusively in one tier, and a larger indentation than usual is made from the edge of the pallet. If these conditions are not met, there is a high risk of the barrel walls rubbing against each other during transportation.

  Cardboard pallets

  • Cardboard pallets or cardboard pallets are a type of container made from thick, thick cardboard. Pallets made of multilayer corrugated cardboard are particularly durable. Cardboard pallets have limitations on loading capacity. A standard cardboard pallet can accommodate loads weighing up to 700 kg, but some types can easily withstand a load of several tons.
  • 
    Compared to other pallets, cardboard pallets have a number of advantages:
    • The pallet may have a laminated surface;
    • Cardboard is 100% pure environmental material, which is easily and completely recyclable and can be reused;
    • Cardboard pallets are very light, which in turn significantly saves transportation costs;
    • Do not require thermal, phytosanitary, or other types of treatment;
    • Moisture resistant;
    • Complies with hygiene standards, recommended for food packaging and pharmaceutical products;
    • Very economical in storage, taking up 9 times less space than wooden pallets.
    • Applicable without any restrictions worldwide;
    • The use of cardboard pallets does not harm the environment and has a positive effect on the company's image.

  • The secret to the strength of cardboard pallets

    The secret to the strength of cardboard pallets lies in their design. This is very good combination from pallet supports, which are U-shaped profiles made of cardboard with sleeves (cardboard sleeves) inserted inside, and honeycomb cardboard panels as platforms with a laminated surface. Often, corrugated cardboard, perforated sheets, and cardboard corners are used instead of panels. The pallet elements are glued together with glue.
    The cardboard pallet can be made entirely from recycled materials and is 100% recyclable.
    A standard europallet made of cardboard can withstand a significant dynamic load of even one ton, while itself weighing 4 times less - about 5.5 kg. If the operating rules are followed, it can be used up to 5 times.

    Shapes and sizes

    • Cardboard pallets can be of a standard shape or made to order according to customer requirements. Options can be manufactured with precise dimensions for maximum loading of any type of transport.
    • Can be used different kind panels - corrugated cardboard, cardboard corner, etc.;
    • Manufactured in any size;
    • Ideal for use on belt conveyors;
    • May be part of the final product packaging.
    The number of bushings in the supports can be different, and their number is adjusted depending on the requirements for strength and load capacity. Pallet support height dimensions at automated production can be minimum 400 mm, maximum 1200 mm in height, with manual production- sizes are not limited. In addition, they can be made in a self-adhesive version.

    Weight of cardboard pallets

    Cardboard pallets are the lightest among pallets. If a wooden pallet weighs approximately 15-25 kg, then a cardboard pallet weighs 3-6 kg. The light weight of these pallets is a huge advantage when transporting them by land and air.

    Cardboard pallet is an environmentally friendly product

    Cardboard pallets are environmentally friendly and safe. Fully recyclable and can be made from recycled materials. Does not require fumigation. The processing process is very cheap, production is simple. Accepted without any restrictions all over the world.

    Strength

    Leading independent laboratories conducted tests on the strength of cardboard pallets in different conditions and under different loads. Studies have shown that 4-support pallets are capable of withstanding a static load of 10 tons without much damage.

    Production of cardboard pallets

    The technology for producing cardboard pallets is so simple and fast that it eliminates the need to keep them assembled for storage in warehouses. They can be assembled. The poles can be supplied with a special self-adhesive surface for simple yet durable mounting. If necessary, you can assemble a truckload of cardboard pallets in an hour.
    Automated lines for the production and supply of cardboard pallets are also used. One operator is enough to service the entire production. The process is fully automated; the components are a special roll of cardboard that is fed onto a conveyor. At the same time, production capacities are capable of ensuring the production various forms pallet, and modular design allows you to respond flexibly to customer requirements. This production produces up to 10 pallets every minute.

    Who uses cardboard pallets?

    Increasingly stringent requirements for protection, security environment, sanitary standards in the field of hygiene and health, make cardboard pallets one of the most popular options for transporting goods, especially for products from the food and pharmaceutical industries. They have also become the most ideal option for sea and air transportation in many European countries, in Japan, USA, China.

  Pallet terminology

  • Pallet place.(pallet space)
    The cargo placed on a pallet, without protruding beyond its edges, is called a cargo unit or pallet space. A pallet space is a special case of a cargo space.
  • Cargo space.(colli)
    A unit of cargo accepted for transportation, consisting of individual containers (packaging) and its contents, excluding access to the cargo. CLL is a pallet, a box, a bundle, and a bale.

A pallet is a rectangular pallet for storing and moving goods. The design has recesses for easy forklift grip and lugs for slings. Using pallets provides many advantages:

• fast loading and unloading operations;
• standard sizes for easy packing;
• more compact placement cargo in warehouse;
• the ability to grab the pallet from any side, including using a crane.

Types of pallets by specific use

Depending on the frequency of use, disposable and reusable pallets are distinguished. The former are destroyed after use, while the latter type can be sent for reloading. Some reusable pallets have been used successfully for many years and are made from wooden boards.

There are several other types of structures:

1. Plastic. A common type of pallet. Plastic does not rot, does not rust, and is not damaged by rodents and insects. Frost-resistant, impact-resistant polymers are used for production.
2. Metal. Quite an expensive and heavy type of pallet. Metal structures the strongest and most durable.
3. Pallets for transporting oversized and valuable cargo. The products are equipped with racks, walls, gratings and other elements.

Characteristics and size of pallets

Certified Euro pallet, EUR pallet:

Certified Finnish pallet (FIN-pallet, finpallet):

American pallet:

• boards with a thickness of at least 6 mm, heat-treated;
• design dimensions 1200x1200x145 mm;
• the top row is seven boards 100 mm wide, the bottom row is three boards.

Non-disposable cargo pallet 800x1200 mm:

• standard pallet size 800x1200x145 mm;
• board thickness 20-22 mm;
• no mark is applied;
• The design is similar to a Euro pallet.

Non-disposable cargo pallet 1000x1200 mm:

• dimensions 1000x1200x145 mm;
• no mark;
• board thickness 20-22 mm;
• The design is similar to a financial pallet.

Eurobox – metal cage:

• designation EUR-box;
• the base is made in the form of a Euro pallet;
• dimensions 800x1200x800 mm;
• equipped with a plate with an oval EUR stamp.

Constructions made according to European standards, are universal, widely used for international container transport. The dimensions of an American pallet in two dimensions will be similar to a Euro product, and such unification makes the task of transport companies easier.

Depending on the condition of the wood and appearance, structures are divided into three grades:

1. Top grade. The pallets are strong and have been used no more than three times. Boards light shade no defects.
2. First grade. The pallets are strong, light, have no visible defects, and have never been repaired.
3. Second grade. There may be slight dirt on the boards, dark spots. The presence of cracks no wider than 3 cm and no longer than 30 cm is allowed. Several products in a batch may be after repair.

In some European countries Mandatory processing of boards for the manufacture of pallets has been introduced. After impregnation with special phytocompounds, the product is marked with a quarantine service mark, a digital code for the processing technology and the country in which it was manufactured.

Types of domestic pallets

The manufacture of devices in our country is not regulated by a standard. Strictly speaking, for use in the domestic market, you can use wooden pallets, the size of which will be convenient in a particular case.

Such reusable pallets are produced in sizes 800x1200x145 mm and are divided into grades.

1. Uncertified Euro pallet. The design matches the dimensions of certified products, is made with standard chamfers and tolerances, but does not have a mark. Pallets are made from boards 22 mm thick and fastened with screw nails.
2. First grade. The design is similar to a Euro pallet, but different beams and boards 20-25 mm thick and fastened with screw nails can be used. The chamfers on the corners have been removed. The wood should not have any darkening or contamination, the pitch in the flooring should be 50 mm.
3. Second grade. The design is similar to Euro pallets and is made using construction or screw nails. Flooring - boards 20-25 mm thick with a pitch of 50 mm. Wood with stains and dirt is allowed in second grade pallets.
4. Third grade. The length and width of the pallet are maintained in accordance with standard values, 1200 and 800 mm, respectively, there are no chamfers on the corners. Boards 15-25 mm thick, fastened with construction nails. There are no special requirements for the quality of wood.

The following designs are also possible on the domestic market:

• pallet 1000x1200x145 mm, similar to a certified fin pallet, but without chamfers. 15-25 mm boards and construction nails are used;
• special pallets: wooden CP, plastic EUR, metal EUR boxes and Triplett.

The structures weigh about 15-21 kg with a load capacity of 1000 kg or more.

Schemes for loading pallets into containers

Pallet type	Europallet	Finpallet	Asian pallet
Size	800x1200	1000x1200	1100x1100
Load capacity, kg	1500	1500	1300
Capacity in a 20-foot container 2.33x5.918 m, pieces	11	10	10
Capacity in a 40-foot container 2.33x12.015 m, pieces	24	21	22
Capacity in Eurotruck 2.45X13.60 m, pieces	33	26	22

The values ​​are for loading in one tier and provided that the edges of the boxes do not protrude beyond the edges of the wooden pallet. Most often, pallets are stacked in three rows.

There are several standard layouts:

Pallets are laid across the body in twos or threes (long or short side). In the first case, 32 units will fit in a Eurotruck, in the second – 33 units. Diagram for a 40-foot truck with a 12.015 m body, which stacks 25 pallets in a row. 11 units fit in a 20-foot car With this method of stacking, 11 euro pallets are placed in a 20-foot container in a row and 7 pieces across the body. When loading standard pallets, 4 units are stacked crosswise and 6 units are stacked lengthwise. Scheme for a 40-foot container, capacity - 24 euro size pallets or 21 units of standard pallets. Inside a 20-foot refrigerator with this arrangement can fit 10 euro pallets or 9 financial pallets. 23 Euro pallets, 21 financial pallets, 20 standard structures are stacked in a 40-foot container.

The values ​​are for installation in one tier. When installing the top row, you must ensure that the packaging is strong enough to support the weight of the load.

Last year, my neighbor and I came up with a great idea to chip in and deliver bricks and other materials to our plots. building material directly from the supplier, so as not to overpay to stores and intermediary stores. No sooner said than done. Savings amounted to approximately 15%! To organize transportation, we needed special transport Euro pallets, the dimensions of which are given below.

The pallet, familiar to every forklift driver today, originates from a wooden pallet that was originally used for transportation by rail. The standard was approved and put into operation by the UIC (International Union Railways) in 1961. The author - the creator of this simple design We will most likely never know, but thanks to know-how, the rate of unloading and loading increased by 10%.

Pallet classification

• Top grade. The pallets have been used no more than 3 times, have no cracks/chips, are strong, and are white.

• First grade. Pallets white, have no cracks/chips, strong, have not been repaired.

• Second grade. Darkened wood has minor stains and chips/cracks small size(width no more than 3 cm, length no more than 30 cm). The pallets were undergoing repairs.

EUR certified pallet

Linear dimensions: 80 * 120 * 14.5 cm. At the top of the Euro pallet, 5 boards of different widths alternate: wide (14.5 cm), narrow (10 cm) and then according to the same principle. There are 3 pieces in the lower base: narrow (10 cm), wide (14.5 cm), narrow (10 cm).

There are always chamfers on the corners of the Euro pallet; on the supporting legs on the right side, the brand logo is burned into the oval: EUR (see photo). On other legs, according to the standard, the following data is indicated: series, year of manufacture, manufacturer's logo: DB, FS, PKP.

FIN certified pallet

Linear dimensions: 100*120*14.5 cm. The picture below clearly demonstrates the difference between the dimensions of Eur (top) and FIN (bottom) pallets.

At the top of the Finnish pallet, 7 boards of different widths alternate: wide (12 cm), two narrow (10 cm), wide, 2 narrow, wide. At the bottom, only 3 boards are used (narrow, wide, narrow), and there are no chamfers.

The option without alternating sizes is also actively used - with boards of the same width as in this diagram:

There are always chamfers on the corners of the Finnish pallet, and the corresponding FIN logo is burned into the rectangle on the supporting legs on the right side. The other legs have digital data indicating the date of manufacture and the manufacturer's code.

American pallet - 120*120 cm

American-made pallets meet the basic requirements of ISPM15. Pallets are made according to international codes and are designed to transport goods across international borders.

Capacity of typical pallets. Weight

The load is placed on the pallet so that its edges do not protrude more than 20 mm beyond the edges of the pallet. The height including the pallet should not exceed 1.8 m ( GOST 24597). This means that the dimensions of pallets 800*1200*145 mm with cargo can be equal to dimensions 840*1240*1800 mm. And the dimensions of the pallets are 1000*1200*145 mm, respectively. 1040*1240*1800 mm.

The weight of a pallet is determined by the material from which it is made. They are made from different breeds wood, while the weight varies in the range of 10-24 kg. Standard pallet can withstand maximum load up to 2.5 t.

Brick pallet weight: 1200 kg.

Weight of foam block pallet 800x1200: 970 kg.
Weight of foam block pallet 1000x1200: 1200 kg.

Pallet weight paving slabs 800x1200: 1090 kg
Weight of a pallet of paving slabs 1000x1200: 1480 kg

Loading schemes for Euro pallets

How many Euro pallets can be loaded into a Gazelle?

The exact answer to this question depends on the Gazelle base and the type of pallet. Take a look at the diagrams.

A pallet (pallet, pallet) is a special container of a flat rectangular design, designed to simplify and rationalize loading and unloading operations using specialized equipment, and can also be used for storing goods. It is distinguished by obvious practicality in use, despite its simplicity, as well as safety during operation.

The use of pallets made it possible to simplify and standardize the loading act. Loads placed on pallets can be secured in several ways:

Fastening with belts or fastening tapes;

Wrapping with shrink or stretch films.

If possible, pallets can be captured by loading mechanisms with two-way and four-way pallets. Double-entry pallets allow fork entry from both sides (opposite); four-way, respectively, on all four sides.

Pallets can also be single-deck or double-deck. For the former, a platform for placing cargo is provided on only one side, while for the latter, it is possible to use both sides of the pallet flooring.

The material used is mainly wood and plastic, but metal or metal can also be used. combined materials. Wooden pallets do not tolerate a humid environment and high temperatures well, while plastic pallets are not afraid of moisture, but at high temperatures melting and deformation are possible. Currently, wooden pallets dominate the market. Some manufacturers impregnate them with special ones. The reasons for this probably lie in the price and manufacturing process - a wooden pallet is cheaper than its plastic and other analogues and is easy to manufacture, while creating a plastic or metal pallet requires a mold or specialized technological equipment. The advantages of using certain pallets are determined directly from operating conditions and price preferences.

Pallets are either disposable or reusable. Disposable ones are usually disposed of after a single use. Reusable (reusable) ones have their own service life, after which they can also be disposed of or recycled.

Dimensions, requirements for strength and markings applied to reusable pallets have their own standardization. In particular, in Europe a standard EUR pallet is used (popularly referred to as a “Europallet” or “Europallet”), it has dimensions of 800x1200x144 mm. Used Euro pallets are divided into three grades:

Highest grade - almost never used, clean, strong pallets, used for their intended purpose no more than three times;

First grade - white, strong pallets; no cracks; have not been renovated;

Second grade - may be after repair; presence of small cracks/chips; There may be darkening of the manufacturing material over time.

Empty pallets can weigh between 15 and 21kg, with most easily carrying over a tonne. Their design is basically approximately the same: in the manufacture of pallets, elements common to all types are used, regardless of size. These are “skis” - lower load-bearing boards; transverse boards - flooring is attached to them, on the surface of which loads are placed; “cubes” are pieces of timber that make it possible to insert the forks of loading equipment.

In a modern market economy, the movement and storage of goods is an important component of the process of delivering goods from the manufacturer to the consumer. The use of pallets as special platforms to which in various ways cargo is secured, which is directly related to ensuring their safety. At correct use With high-quality pallets, damage to goods is reduced to a minimum.

What is a pallet?

Pallet is a flat transport structure made of wood, plastic and metal. The pallet is intended for use as an independent container in various transport, warehouse and loading and unloading operations, during storage and transportation. For ease of movement, goods placed on a pallet can be secured with belts, fastening tapes, shrink or stretch films.

In the USA, pallet sizes are established by the UNIFORM STANDART FOR WOOD PALLETS document, approved by the NWPCA (National Wooden Pallet & Container Association). American standards: 4x6 ft or 6x6 ft.
In Europe, Euro pallets (with the EUR stamp) with dimensions of 1200x800 mm and fin pallets (with the FIN stamp) with dimensions of 1200x1000 mm are common. The EPAL (European Pallet Association) organization unites pallet manufacturers and controls the quality of their products, regulated by documents ISO3676, ISO TK/22, ISPM 15, UIC norms 435-2/ 435-4.

In Russia in at the moment Soviet-era GOST standards 19434-74, 9078-84, 9557-87 are in effect.

The weight of an empty pallet is 15-21 km.
The loading capacity of pallets varies from 700 kg to 5 tons.

Pallets are used in warehouses, retail, industrial enterprises, when transporting goods by rail, sea or road. Their use allows you to ship large number cargo, it is convenient to group boxes with goods and protect them.

Any lifting equipment of various sizes can move the pallet. Often, the muscular strength of one person is enough to do the job. The pallet is designed to allow a forklift or pallet truck to pick it up from either 2 or 4 sides.

The most common pallets are made of wood (spruce, pine, aspen, birch). In their production, edged lumber is used. Wood of natural moisture, meeting the requirements of grades 1,2,3,4 GOST 8486-86 or grade 3 GOST 2695-83. Load capacity: 700-2000 kg.
Pallet flooring, 18-25mm thick, consists of 5 or 7 boards. With or without chamfers on the corners. The distance between the boards does not exceed 4.5 cm, length 1200 mm. There are three cross boards. The pallet stands on nine “checkers”. To assemble the pallet, rough or rolled nails are used.

The metal pallet is made from profile pipe, covering sheet metal or metal mesh. Load capacity up to 3 tons dynamically and up to 5 tons statically. Available in heat-painted or galvanized versions. Pallet painting - powder, high-temperature.

Modern solution for warehouse storage - this is a polymer, plastic pallet. It is characterized by high strength, low weight, resistance to atmospheric changes and aggressive liquids, hygiene, ease of cleaning and disinfection. Recyclable.

The warranty on metal and polymer pallets is 12 months. Wooden pallets last 6 months or more, or 7 - 8 cycles. The service life depends on the quality of the pallet and its operating conditions.

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