For many trees and shrubs, green cuttings are one of the most productive methods vegetative propagation. In June - early July, when the plants are in the phase active growth, the time is coming good time for green cuttings.

Many trees and shrubs can be propagated using green cuttings, but it must be taken into account that the ability to root cuttings depends on the type and variety of the plant.

The method of propagation by green cuttings is based on the ability of stem cuttings to form adventitious roots, which is expressed to varying degrees in different plants. The greatest ability for differentiation is possessed by evolutionarily younger herbaceous perennials and shrubs, and to a lesser extent by tree species, especially the most ancient conifers, although among them there are species with a high ability to root by green cuttings. Lianas (clematis, grapes, virgin grapes, actinidia, petiolate hydrangea), and many shrubs (mock oranges, lilacs, hydrangeas, privet, honeysuckle) are easily rooted. For roses, it is advisable to use cuttings only for small-leaved groups; the main assortment of varietal roses grows better and overwinters on the rootstock.

The process of formation of adventitious roots on cuttings begins with the formation of callus as a reaction to wounding. Callus gives cuttings resistance to unfavorable conditions external environment and the penetration of infections. Callus formation is most pronounced in plants that are difficult to root.

Harvesting cuttings

Green cuttings are leafy parts of the stem with one or more buds. It is preferable to take cuttings from young plants; very old mother plants are first subjected to anti-aging pruning. The best material for cuttings are side shoots, formed on last year’s growths in the lower but well-lit part of the crown, which have large developed buds and do not show signs of disease. Vertically growing shoots, as well as ankle-shaped shoots, will take root worse, since they contain insufficient amounts of carbohydrates necessary for successful rooting.

During the process of preparing cuttings, it is important to ensure the preservation of moisture in the tissues, on which the success of rooting largely depends. The shoots are cut off in the early morning, when all plant tissues are saturated with moisture. At all stages of working with cuttings, they should not be allowed to dry out; cut shoots should be immediately placed in water in the shade. Start cutting cuttings as quickly as possible. If transportation is required, the cuttings, without spraying with water, are placed obliquely in a container c wet sphagnum. In such packaging they can be stored in the refrigerator, but the total storage duration should not exceed 2 days.

Cuttings are cut 8-12 cm long with two or three internodes; plants with short internodes may have more. In a number of plants - roses, rhododendrons, hydrangeas, grapes, mock orange, lilacs, cuttings with one axillary bud, called phyllobuds, take root well. Such cuttings allow you to get a large number of planting material of valuable species and varieties in the presence of a small amount of material for cuttings. When cutting cuttings at the optimal time, it is better to use the middle and lower ones, in late dates – top part escape. The cutting is done on a hard board with a very sharp tool - a grafting knife or blade that does not compress the tissue. The lower cut is made oblique to increase the absorption surface, 1 cm below the kidney, the upper cut is straight, directly above the kidney. In large-leaved plants (for example, lilac, viburnum, bladderwort), to reduce the area of ​​evaporation, the leaf blades are cut by ½ or 1/3, but in difficult-to-root plants, as well as variegated, yellow-leaved, purple forms that have a low chlorophyll content, this technique must be used carefully, since assimilation may not be sufficient to ensure root formation. It would be good to trim the leaf blades the day before cutting the cuttings; this will also reduce moisture loss. The cuttings are sprayed with water and placed under a non-woven covering material before planting to prevent them from wilting.

To increase the efficiency of rooting, simple techniques are used: cutting the bark near the buds by 2 mm, bending the branches, ringing copper wire or etiolation of shoots. All these measures help prevent the outflow of carbohydrates and growth substances - auxins from the shoots. Etiolation is carried out by tying the shoot with foil, paper or black non-woven material 2-3 weeks before cuttings. Metabolism is redistributed in the shoot and rooting efficiency increases.

Methods to improve rooting efficiency

It is known that the process of root regeneration is regulated by growth substances - auxins, carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances. In many species and varieties, under the influence of growth regulators, the percentage of rooting cuttings, the number of roots, and the quality of plants increase, and the rooting time is reduced. Some difficult-to-root crops become easy to root, but sometimes, depending on biological features specific species or variety, there may be no response to stimulants.

Good root formation stimulators are:

Heteroauxin (indoleacetic acid (IAA)) – from 50 to 200 mg/l,

Kornevin (indolylbutyric acid (IBA)) – 1 g/l of water,

Zircon (mixture of hydroxycinnamic acids) – 1 ml/l of water.

Treatment with stimulants should be done in the dark, at a temperature of +18...+22 degrees. The cuttings are immersed in the solution so that the leaves are not processed. The concentration of the solution and the exposure time must be maintained precisely; exceeding them may lead not to an increase in the effect, but to a toxic effect. Therefore, it is better to use Kornevin in solution and maintain strict exposure for 16-20 hours, rather than dust cuttings with it.

Planting cuttings

Ready cuttings are planted in pre-prepared breeding beds, which are arranged in the shade (in most cases, the optimal illumination for successful rooting is 50-70%). Rooting proceeds better when the substrate temperature is 3-5 degrees higher than the ambient temperature. To create such conditions, they lay biological fuel– horse manure in a layer of 25-30 cm, which, when decomposed, generates heat and provides bottom heating for the cuttings. Next they pour fertile soil a layer of 15 cm, and finally, a substrate for rooting with a layer of 3-4 cm. As such a substrate, you can use a mixture of neutral peat with sand in a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 with the addition of finely chopped sphagnum moss, which has moisture-retaining and bactericidal properties. It is useful to shed the substrate with one of the drugs - Shining, Baikal, Vozrozhdenie, Fitosporin to suppress pathogenic microflora. These same preparations can be used in the process of caring for cuttings, adding them to irrigation water once every 1-2 weeks.

The cuttings are planted at a distance of 5-7 cm from each other to a depth of 1.5-2 cm. The top of the ridge is covered with glass, plastic film or non-woven covering material along arcs at a height of 25 cm from the cuttings. Each of these materials has its own disadvantages - in hot weather, the temperature under polyethylene and glass can rise too much, and under a non-woven covering material it is more difficult to maintain high humidity. For most tree and shrub species, the optimal temperature is +20...+26 degrees and humidity 80-90%. In industrial environments, humidity is maintained using fogging units that spray moisture at regular intervals. At home, cuttings are sprayed with water several times a day. Cuttings need to be regularly examined, fallen leaves and unrooted specimens removed.

With the beginning of rooting, the plantings are ventilated, opening the film first for 1-2 hours, each time increasing the time, and reducing the number of sprayings. After hardening the rooted cuttings, the film is removed. After a month, feed with liquid complex mineral fertilizer.

A small number of cuttings can be rooted in boxes by adding 8-10 cm of soil and 1.5-2 cm river sand. 1-3 cuttings can be rooted in a pot, covered with a transparent plastic bottle with the bottom cut off. By removing the cap from the neck, it is convenient to ventilate. It is convenient to move pots or boxes with rooted cuttings to the basement for wintering.

The cuttings rooted in the cuttings are left in the ground, covered with a dry leaf for the winter, or dug up and stored in the refrigerator or buried in the basement, at a temperature of +1...+2 degrees.

In the spring, the cuttings are transplanted into a “school” for 2-3 years for growing, then transplanted to a permanent place.

The table presents data on the effectiveness of green cuttings in different crops*:

	Plant type	Period of cutting cuttings	Rooting temperature	Rooting percentage	Duration of rooting, days	The need for root formation stimulants
	polyanthus, climbing small-leaved, patio, miniature	Budding - beginning of flowering (semi-lignified cuttings)		on average, 83.9%, in some varieties up to 100%	from 10-15 to 28
	Common lilac: Early varieties Late varieties S. hungarian S. Wolf S. pilosa S. Zvyagintseva	Flowering phase Flowering phase Attenuation, but not stopping the growth of shoots				IMC 25-50 g/l
Clematis		Budding – beginning of flowering (cuttings from the middle part of the shoot)		40-100% depending on the variety		IMC 25-30 g/l, 12-24 hours
Chubushnik		Decay of shoot growth - beginning of flowering
	Spring-flowering species Summer-flowering species	Beginning – sir. VI Con. VI – middle VII		from 30 to 100% in different species		IMC 25-100 g/l increases rooting by 10-15%
forsythia	F. ovoid	Decay of shoot growth (first half of VI)
	K. vulgaris "Roseum" (Buldenezh) K. gordovina	Mass flowering period				IBA 25-50 g/l or heteroauxin 50-100 g/l
cotoneaster	K. brilliant K. horizontal	Con. VI – beginning VII
	D. rough	Beginning VI – middle VII				0.01% IBA, 16 hours
Privet	B. vulgare	Ser. VI – beginning VII
	D. male D. offspring
Honeysuckle	G. offspring J. Gecrota J. Tatar F. blue (f. edible)	End of shoot growth
Hydrangea	G. paniculata G, tree-like G. Bretschneider G. petiolate					Responsive to BCI
Rhododendron	R. ponticus R. katevbinsky R. japonica					IBA 50 mg/l Powder 2% IMC 0.005% IBA, 17 hours
Actinidia	A. acute A. kolomikta
	S. leather	Con. VI – beginning VII

Growing planting material by green cuttings

In solving the problem of intensification of horticulture, a system for the production of high-quality healthy planting material is essential. IN last years carried out in the country big job on the transition of nursery farming to the production of virus-free planting material. The demand for seedlings is constantly growing promising varieties fruit and berry crops with improved biological and agrotechnical qualities.

The further development of nursery farming is associated with the transfer of the industry to a modern industrial basis, as well as with the organization of fruit nurseries, agricultural-industrial complexes, scientific and production associations and small nurseries. Specialization and concentration of production ensure great opportunities rapid growth in the production of planting material, increasing labor productivity, reducing production costs.

An important area of ​​technical progress is the use of promising plant propagation technologies, in particular green cuttings. A high reproduction rate and dense placement of cuttings during rooting make it possible to speed up the process of growing seedlings, increase their yield per unit area, and improve quality. The presence of an active meristem and actively photosynthesizing leaves promotes the rooting of green cuttings of many plant species that cannot be propagated vegetatively by other means, and, therefore, green cuttings make it possible to expand the range of crops and varieties that can propagate vegetatively.

Green cuttings are carried out in protected soil conditions, which makes the cultivation of planting material less dependent on weather conditions.

The prospects for green cuttings are significantly expanded due to the possibility of combining it with other methods of plant propagation. Using this technology, it is possible to grow not only own-rooted plants, but also grafted ones, which for a number of crops is successfully combined with propagation by layering, lignified cuttings, picking rosettes and other techniques. At the same time, the yield of seedlings increases, the organization of labor improves, and the plant is used more evenly. work force. The technology of green cuttings with the correct selection of propagated crops and varieties is highly profitable. The funds spent on the construction of protected soil and its equipment pay off in 1-2 years.

In the production of planting material Special attention call for security environment. The organization of agrochemical laboratories makes it possible to rationally use mineral fertilizers, use low-volume sprays to protect plants from diseases and pests, and reduce the use of pesticides to a minimum.

BIOLOGICAL BASES OF GREEN CUTTINGS

Green cuttings- one of the methods of vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings. During the process of regeneration, green cuttings form adventitious, or adventitious, roots from stem tissues. The growth of shoots is carried out due to the development of existing buds.

Green cuttings of many species, prepared from aged-young mother plants, take root well. As the age of plants increases, the root-forming ability of cuttings weakens and sometimes is completely lost. This feature is clearly expressed in plants that are difficult to root.

A characteristic feature of young plants is a long period of shoot growth during the growing season. During this time, they reach a significant size, and lignification of the cell walls proceeds relatively slowly.

Since with age in plants the water content of tissues and their water-holding capacity, as well as the level of metabolic processes, decrease, they exhibit structural changes associated with a decrease in the degree of tissue meristematization. Therefore, various effects on mother plants that affect metabolism are important for the formation and implementation of regeneration mechanisms by changing the conditions of cultivation of mother plants, exposure to chemical and other reagents.

The regeneration of adventitious roots, in addition to the age of the mother plant, largely depends on the condition of the cutting itself, its location on the plant and on the shoot.

It is known that cuttings taken from different places tree or shrub, exhibit different ability to form roots. Thus, cuttings prepared from shoots of the lower tier of the crown take root better than cuttings from shoots of the upper tier. Apple tree cuttings from shoots of the crown of a fruit-bearing tree are characterized by a low ability to regenerate roots, and cuttings from top shoots, on the contrary, have a high ability- like cuttings from shoots of young seedlings. Cuttings prepared from coppice shoots have a high ability for root formation. Young shoots develop on roots from adventitious buds and play an important role in reversing the aging process. Secondary meristems take part in the formation of adventitious buds, the abundant occurrence of which in the roots determines the metabolism in plants at a level closer to juvenile forms of development. Besides, distinctive feature coppice shoots, in particular cherries and plums, are characterized by high growth activity over a long period.

Differences between cuttings from coppice shoots and from the fruiting zone of a tree are manifested in the rate of root formation and development of the root system. For example, when cutting cherry shoots, on average, 3-5 times more roots are formed per cutting than from the fruiting zone. Cuttings of coppice origin are also distinguished by earlier awakening of buds and stronger growth of shoots. Cuttings from vegetative shoots take root better than flowering shoots, so agricultural technology of mother plants should be aimed at preventing them from flowering and fruiting.

It is known that cuttings taken from axial shoots take less root than from lateral shoots. Side shoots are characterized by accumulation more carbohydrates compared to nitrogen.

Currant and gooseberry cuttings prepared from shoots of zero branching order take root poorly. They contain a lot of protein, nitrogenous substances and little- carbohydrates. An imbalance of carbohydrate-protein metabolism with an excess of the latter leads to inhibition of the formation of root buds. Excess nitrogenous substances lead to rotting of cuttings during rooting.

Cuttings prepared from shoots of the 1st and higher orders of branching root much better than cuttings from basal shoots.

Root formation processes are largely related to the location of the cutting along the shoot axis. During the annual development cycle, the shoot undergoes significant morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes. The lower leaves and internodes usually grow for a short period and reach small sizes. The middle part of the shoot is characterized by the most active and prolonged growth. In more early date cuttings, it is advisable to use cuttings from the lower part of the shoot, at a later stage- from the apical one.

In the process of rooting cuttings, the leaf of the plant plays a decisive role. The regeneration of roots on cuttings depends on the intensity of photosynthesis.

When cuttings are taken, the integrity of the plant is severely compromised. The interrupted growth process leads to a restructuring of the tissues of the stem of the cutting, both physiologically and structurally. In the tissues of the cutting stem, pockets of small, rapidly dividing cells appear, which give rise to new tissues that do not arise in normal conditions. Formation of new tissues and then organs- roots is associated with increased physiological activity. During the rooting process, the leaf supplies the cutting with plastic and other energy and hormonal substances. Without leaves, the ability of green cuttings to form roots is lost. Even cuttings of easily rooted black currants reduce their root-forming ability when the area of ​​the leaf blade is reduced. When the leaves are completely removed, roots do not form on the cuttings.

Gooseberries, cherries, plums, as well as clonal rootstocks of pome and stone fruit species have varieties (rootstocks have forms), some of which take root easily, others - moderately, and others - difficult.

The study of the biological characteristics of plants in connection with the formation of adventitious roots on cuttings ensures a constant replenishment of the group of easily rooted plants.

Easily rooted gooseberry varieties include Sadko, Rodnik, Russian, Smena, Slivovy, Pioneer, Record, Yubileiny, Cherny Negus, Houghton, as well as a number of new promising ones. domestic varieties with thornless or slightly thorny shoots, characterized by resistance to adverse factors, high yield and high content of biologically active substances (Eaglet, Northern Captain, Kolobok, Captivator, etc.).

The prospects for the development of horticulture are largely associated with the use of vegetatively propagated clonal rootstocks. A rich hybrid fund has been created in Michurinsk, from which a large group of clonal apple tree rootstocks has been selected, among which the group of easily rooted ones includes weak- and medium-growing winter-hardy ones. middle lane forms obtained at the All-Russia Research Institute named after I.V. Michurin by S.N. Stepanov by hybridizing a Siberian apple tree with rootstocks of the M-3-5-44, 3-6-3, 7-24-139, 15-72, 2-18 series -121, 2-19-324, 2-46-77, as well as a series of rootstocks selected by V. I. Budagovsky: 54-118, 57-146, 57-233, 57-257, 57-490, 57-545, 62-396, the rooting rate of which reaches 80-95%.

In our conditions, the winter hardiness of S. N. Stepanov’s rootstocks against hybridization of the Siberian apple tree is high, and they do not require protection; the rest of his hybrid rootstocks require protection of the aerial parts. All rootstocks selected by V.I. Budagovsky in our conditions require protection of the above-ground part, and some of them also require protection of the root system.

The apple tree rootstock T-273 Bystretsovsky, obtained at the Research Institute of Horticulture of the Non-Chernozem Strip (NIZISNP) by B. A. Popov and N. F. Seryogin, is also distinguished by its good rooting of green cuttings and does not require special protection from us.

A good and very winter-hardy rootstock for apple trees is the Progress rootstock, obtained by selection from Manchurian apple seedlings at the Far Eastern horticultural selection station of M. P. Plekhanova. This rootstock reproduces well green cuttings.

A range of clonal rootstocks are easily propagated for stone fruits: cherries - P-3, P-7, VP-1, PN, 11-59-2; plums - OKD, OD-2-3, AKU-2-31, OP-23-23, OPA-15-2, E-13-27, SVG 11-19, 140-1, etc.

Of the indicated rootstocks for cherries, all of them are subject to strong heating, just like the indicated rootstocks for plums, except for 140-1. In addition, these plum rootstocks, with the exception of SVG 11-19 and 140-1, have insufficient winter hardiness in our conditions.

The rooting rate of cuttings of this group of plants is high and reaches 70-100%. The process of root formation proceeds smoothly. Roots form 2-4 weeks after planting the cuttings. In black currants, sea buckthorn favorable conditions roots can appear even faster - on the 5-8th day after planting.

For comparatively short period a large number of adventitious roots are formed on the cuttings (up to 8-12 1st order of branching). On blackcurrant cuttings, especially when treated with growth regulators, up to 40 and sometimes more roots are formed. Cuttings of clonal apple rootstocks of type MM106 and 62-396 form up to 60 roots or more on average per cutting.

Cuttings of this group are distinguished by good bud awakening and shoot growth. The amount of growth depends on the breed, variety, agricultural technology, weather conditions, etc. Shoots on cuttings of most easily rooted crops reach 20 cm or more by the end of the growing season. Their root system is well branched and fibrous.

The group of medium-rooting varieties includes the following varieties: gooseberry - Finik, Moskovsky Krasny, Varshavsky.

In cuttings of this group of plants, the root formation process is less active, lasting 6-8 weeks, root system And aboveground part plants develop weaker than those that are easily rooted.

Green cuttings of most European varieties are difficult to root: gooseberries - Barrel, English yellow, Triumph, Victoria; as well as a number of varieties of apple, pear, mountain ash, hazel, hazelnut and other nut-bearing fruits. On cuttings of these difficult-to-root plants, roots usually form very slowly, over 6-8 weeks or more. The number of rooted cuttings is insignificant (30% or less). A small number of roots (1-5) develop on the cuttings. There is most often no shoot growth in the year of rooting.

Difficult rooting of green cuttings is a biological problem. A more in-depth study of the biology of mother plants, internal and external factors of shoot growth, and rooting regimes will help identify the potential capabilities of plant root formation.

T. Kilmakaev

Unlike propagation by lignified cuttings, the green cuttings method makes it possible to obtain rooted plants of a much wider range of crops.

Since many species in which lignified cuttings are not capable of developing adventitious roots, take root well at the stage of green and semi-lignified shoots.

Propagation by green cuttings has been known for a long time. It has long been practiced in floriculture for cloning crops such as carnations, phlox, chrysanthemum, dahlias, geraniums, etc. But after the discovery of growth regulators - auxins and the creation of artificial fog systems, this method gained a strong position in fruit and berry nursery farming.

The timing of green cuttings depends on the phase of shoot development. For stone fruit crops (cherry, plum, peach), the most successful is green cuttings in the phase of intensive shoot growth, which is characterized by rapid growth, green color bark and weak lignification of the lower part of the shoot. In the middle zone, this phase usually occurs in the first half of June.

For crops such as apple, quince, gooseberry, lemon and the like best timing occur at the end of the growth phase, when the shoots become semi-lignified and the bark partially turns brown.

Crops characterized by high root-forming ability, for example, sea buckthorn, black and red currants, can be cut in both phases.

Practice has established that root formation processes occur more actively in tissues lacking chlorophyll. Bleaching of fabrics is carried out in the absence of light. Therefore, in order to bleach parts of the stem of young shoots, it is recommended to install light insulators made of black film or paint the bark with black oil paint based on soot. As a rule, every second internode on the shoots of the mother plant is subjected to bleaching.

Film light insulators about one and a half centimeters wide are wrapped around the internodes and secured with adhesive tape. Black paint is also applied to the internodes in a ring 1.5 centimeters wide. The paint must be thinned only with natural drying oil without turpentine.

Two weeks after light isolation, the shoots are cut and cuttings are cut from them. For each cutting, the bleached internode should be the bottom one. Bottom sheet the cuttings are removed, and at the top leaf blade cut in half.

On top nutrient soil wet sand is poured into the nursery in a layer of 5 centimeters. The bases of the cuttings are treated with a growth substance and immersed in sand to the level of the petiole. top sheet. The nursery is covered with a transparent film and in the daytime, with constant frequent spraying, the air humidity in it is maintained close to one hundred percent. Rooting is carried out within 25 - 40 days.

Green cutting method Unlike propagation by lignified cuttings, the green cutting method makes it possible to obtain rooted plants of a much wider range of crops. Since many species in which lignified cuttings are not capable of developing adventitious roots, take root well at the stage of green and semi-lignified shoots. Propagation by green cuttings has been known for a long time. It has long been practiced in floriculture for cloning crops such as carnations, phlox, chrysanthemum, dahlias, geraniums, etc. But after the discovery of growth regulators - auxins and the creation of artificial fog systems, this method gained a strong position in fruit and berry nursery farming. The timing of green cuttings depends on the phase of shoot development. For stone fruit crops (cherry, plum, peach), green cuttings are most successful in the phase of intensive shoot growth, which is characterized by rapid growth, green color of the bark and weak lignification of the lower part of the shoot. In the middle zone, this phase usually occurs in the first half of June. For crops such as apple trees, quinces, gooseberries, lemons, and the like, the best timing occurs at the end of the growth phase, when the shoots become semi-lignified and the bark partially turns brown. Crops characterized by high root-forming ability, for example, sea buckthorn, black and red currants, can be cut in both phases. Practice has established that root formation processes occur more actively in tissues lacking chlorophyll. Bleaching of fabrics is carried out in the absence of light. Therefore, in order to bleach parts of the stem of young shoots, it is recommended to install light insulators made of black film or paint the bark with black oil paint based on soot. As a rule, every second internode on the shoots of the mother plant is subjected to bleaching. Film light insulators about one and a half centimeters wide are wrapped around the internodes and secured with adhesive tape. Black paint is also applied to the internodes in a ring 1.5 centimeters wide. The paint must be thinned only with natural drying oil without turpentine. Two weeks after light isolation, the shoots are cut and cuttings are cut from them. For each cutting, the bleached internode should be the bottom one. The lower leaf of the cutting is removed, and the upper leaf blade is cut in half. Moist sand is poured in a layer of 5 centimeters on top of the nutrient soil in the nursery. The bases of the cuttings are treated with a growth substance and immersed in sand to the level of the petiole of the top leaf. The nursery is covered with a transparent film and in the daytime, with constant frequent spraying, the air humidity in it is maintained close to one hundred percent. Rooting is carried out within 25 - 40 days.

HE. Aladina, doctor of agriculture. sciences,

g.s.s. laboratory of fruit growing, prof. Department of Fruit Growing

Green cuttings are one of the most promising methods of vegetative propagation, allowing one to obtain own-rooted plants on an industrial scale. The main stages of the technology were developed by the early 80s. Scientists such as M.T. made a great contribution to its development. Tarasenko, Z.A. Prokhorova, V.V. Faustov, B.S. Ermakov, F.Ya. Polikarpova, E.G. Samoshchenkov, V.K. Bakun, V.A. Maslova, A.G. Matushkin, I.M. Posnova, L.P., Skaliy et al.

Green cuttings are based on the natural ability of plants to regenerate - restoration of lost organs or parts, formation whole plants from leafy stem cuttings after the formation of adventitious roots. Regeneration manifests itself differently and depends on many factors: life form, hereditary characteristics, age, condition of mother plants, rooting conditions, etc.

Green cuttings allow you to increase the yield of cuttings from one mother plant (up to 200-300 pieces) and significantly (4-5 times) reduce the area of ​​mother plants. It allows you to expand the number of species and varieties that can reproduce vegetatively and is indispensable for rapid reproduction forms available in the mother liquor limited quantities(valuable breeding forms, rare varieties, healthy plants). Green cuttings contribute to the improvement of planting material: growing shoots are less populated by pests (glasswort, gall midge, kidney mite) than lignified ones. A significant advantage of green cuttings is that planting material are self-rooted plants that are distinguished by their physiological integrity and genetic homogeneity; it provides not only a high reproduction rate, but also a shorter growing period. This technology is successfully combined with other methods: microclonal propagation, propagation by green grafting, lignified cuttings. It is possible to combine it with picking strawberry rosettes to produce seedlings of flower, vegetable and medicinal plants.

Green cutting technology uses modern means mechanization and automation technological processes. Rooting of green cuttings and, partly, their growing are carried out in protected soil under controlled conditions, while the results of growing planting material do not depend on unfavorable climatic factors. Thanks to the intensive use of protected soil (dense placement of cuttings per unit area, use of containers, development of the vertical profile of greenhouses, introduction of crop rotation), green cuttings are highly profitable.

Bottleneck existing technology- large losses of rooted plants during storage and after transplantation for growing. Crops that are difficult to propagate have a long period of root formation, rooting rate is no more than 30-50%, and poor development of the root system is the reason for poor survival rate during transplantation, low winter hardiness of rooted cuttings and low quality of planting material. The method is effective, but requires significant additional costs for laying intensive queen cells, constructing a fog-forming installation with automated system regulation of external conditions, construction of cultivation facilities, rooms for cuttings and winter storage of rooted cuttings, etc. Green cuttings, despite the apparent simplicity of implementation, require good knowledge biological characteristics of propagated species and varieties, a well-thought-out system of measures for organizing production and precision in the implementation of all technological methods.

Over several decades of research, the basic elements of the technology were developed. It was found that the effectiveness of green cuttings depends on the life form of plants (woody ones take root poorly, lianas and herbaceous perennials are best) and species and varietal characteristics. It turns out that even within the same species (for example, varieties of apple, stone fruit, gooseberry, barberry), the rooting of cuttings is not the same.

It turned out that in order for the production of planting material to be profitable, the selection of breeds and varieties must be carried out taking into account their production value, consumer demand and natural ability to propagate by green cuttings. The rooting rate should be at least 60-90%, and the yield of standard seedlings should be at least 30-40% of the initial number of cuttings. Range garden plants- varied and regularly updated. In this regard, it is necessary to provide for prompt replacement of mother plantings.

In general, the role of mother plants is difficult to overestimate. It was found that the ability to propagate by green cuttings is determined not only by hereditary characteristics, but also by the age and physiological state of the mother plants.

As a rule, plants in the early stages of their ontogenesis exhibit a high regenerative ability, which subsequently decreases as they age. In this regard, it is advisable to use queen cells up to 10-12 years of age, and in some breeds - even less.

The costs of planting queen cells with pure-grade, healthy planting material are completely justified, which significantly increases the cutting productivity of plantings and reduces protective measures and pesticide loads.

Many researchers rightly believe that when developing technologies for propagation by green cuttings and in sterile culture, the condition of the mother plant is of paramount importance and consider it necessary to highlight a preliminary stage, the purpose of which should be the targeted preparation of plants for propagation.

Mother plants are planted densely in rows (like a hedge) with sparse row spacing. Within two years, the plantings are pruned fairly short to obtain branched, uniformly growing plants. With restrained growth, the shoots develop properties that promote the formation of root primordia. The compact placement of bushes and heavy pruning ensure an increase in the total growth and, consequently, the yield of green cuttings per unit area of ​​the queen cell.

A highly effective technique is growing mother plants in protected soil: the yield of cuttings is 5-20 times higher than in open ground(increasing vegetative productivity is especially important in initial stages reproduction), increases to three weeks favorable period for cuttings, in a number of difficult-to-propagate plants, the rooting rate of cuttings increases by 20-35%.

Good water supply to the shoot tissues contributes to the successful rooting of cuttings, so the soil moisture in the queen cells should be at least 70-80% of the field moisture capacity. In this regard, especially in protected soil conditions, continuous mulching of the soil with black polyethylene film is justified. Moisture is better retained under the film, the soil warms up earlier in the spring, and manual weeding is eliminated. Favorable temperature and water conditions in the root layer ensure powerful root growth and promote better growth above-ground part and increases cutting productivity by 20%.

The provision of mother plants with mineral nutrition elements is of great importance, but it should be borne in mind that excess nitrogen and excessively strong growth of shoots prevents the rooting of cuttings. That's why nitrogen fertilizers Apply only as top dressing at the beginning of summer.

Well-known techniques include etiolation of mother plants: in early spring, annual and biennial branches are fixed horizontally and covered with an opaque film for 3-4 weeks. After removing the film, young etiolated shoots are spudded, leaving the tops. When the shoots reach a length of 20-25 cm, they are cut off at the base and cut into pieces. In our country, this method is widely used when growing clonal rootstocks. Etiolation activates the awakening of the kidneys, incl. dormant, enhances shoot formation, increases the yield of cuttings from the mother plant, positively influencing the formation of root buds. The reason is that etiolated shoots are younger in tissue development and superior to green shoots in terms of the supply of plastic substances, the activity of enzymes and hormones, especially IAA (β-indolylacetic acid), which induces adventitious root formation.

In an effective way preliminary preparation shoots for cuttings is their local etiolation, which consists of isolating from light those parts of the stem that are basal when cutting cuttings. As the shoot grows, starting from a length of 5-7 cm, a spiral tube 30 mm long made of black is placed on the upper part of the rapidly growing shoot. polyethylene film. As it grows, several more tubes are placed on the shoot according to the number of cuttings. With local etiolation, the rooting period is reduced by 2-3 times, and the quality of the root system improves. Local etiolation allows for a long time to preserve the ability of the middle and lower parts of the shoot to root. Using the entire shoot for cuttings ensures a high yield of planting material. In easily rooted species and varieties, root primordia are formed in shaded areas, which reduces the rooting time by 2 times

Complete shading of mother plants after heavy pruning in combination with local etiolation of the base of the shoots is very promising. Of particular interest is etiolation in combination with growing mother plants in protected soil, which makes it possible to significantly increase the reproduction rate and increase the number of rooted cuttings with growth by 1.5-2 times. When grown in a greenhouse and local etiolation, a similar reaction occurs, which is expressed in the restructuring of the anatomy of the stem of the cuttings and increased meristematic activity.

A new direction in preparing source plants for cuttings is associated with the use of growth regulators on queen cells. Processing plants biologically active substances affects the physiological state of plants, causing a chain of reactions not observed in familiar conditions. The action of growth regulators is based on profound changes in the functional state of membranes, hormonal status and many metabolic reactions.

Our twenty years of experience have proven the feasibility of processing mother plants of fruit, berry and ornamental plants growth regulators before cuttings. The most effective is the use of retardants (chlorocholine chloride, cultar, pix, kim-112) and drugs with cytokinin activity (dropp, 6-BAP). After treating the mother plants with growth regulators, root formation in stem cuttings of medium- and difficult-to-root species and varieties increases, the yield of rooted material with a well-developed root system increases, winter hardiness and the proportion of standard seedlings increase. An undoubted advantage is the combined use of growth regulators with urea nitrogen (5 g/l) and a complex of microelements (cytovit, 1 ml/l). A positive effect is achieved without treating the cuttings themselves with root formation stimulants, which significantly simplifies the cutting process, especially when propagating thorny plants (gooseberries, barberries, rose hips). After using retardants, cuttings of easily rooted plants take root well in simple greenhouses; It is better to root cuttings of difficult-to-root species and cuttings from open ground under controlled conditions. In easily propagated plants, especially in at a young age, a positive aftereffect is observed the following year.

It should be noted that the effectiveness of this method of preparing mother plants depends on a number of factors.

A high effect is achieved when treating mother plants only in a certain phase of growth of annual shoots: for easily rooted plants - at the beginning, for difficult to root plants - at the end of the fading growth phase. In the latter, the optimal phase is short and occurs earlier than in easily rooted crops. In protected soil, the favorable period for treatment increases by 2-3 weeks.

In manifestation maximum effect great importance It also has a processing time of 24 hours. Spraying of plants should be carried out in the morning (from 7 to 11) and evening (from 17 to 19 hours), when turgor is restored. There is an obvious connection with the state of the stomata, which in turn depends on temperature, illumination, moisture supply to plants, and the intensity of assimilation processes.

We obtained the best results in years with humid and very warm weather. Experiments have confirmed that in dry years, the quality of treatments increases against the background of irrigation (60-70% PV). In this case, difficult-to-root forms are especially responsive.

When growing mother plants in protected soil with continuous mulching and regular watering, the effectiveness of treatments increases and is less dependent on the weather during the growing season. In addition, when keeping queen cells in a greenhouse, the period from processing to the start of cuttings is reduced to 3-6 days; in open ground it is longer and lasts 2-3 weeks.

Annual pruning of mother plants is necessary, but it should be borne in mind that with very strong shortening, the total growth is significantly reduced. In addition, it is important to preserve several orders of branching in order to limit the number of strongly growing axial, fattening shoots, the cuttings from which root weakly.

In green cutting technology, the size and type of cutting are indeed of great importance. To prepare cuttings, it is best to use one-year growth of higher orders of branching, average growth vigor, from the well-lit side of the crown. The size of the cuttings depends on the planned release of planting material and the characteristics of the crop. It is known that plants develop better from long cuttings, however, in normal practice, the average cutting length is 12-15 cm. When propagating species with large leaves use 2-3 node cuttings. As a rule, combined (with part of last year’s wood) and apical cuttings However, much depends on the timing of cuttings.

In some breeds, the optimal cutting period is relatively short (10-14 days) and clearly coincides either with the phase of intensive shoot growth (cherry, plum, peach, lilac, barberry, golden and red currant, etc.), or with the phase of fading growth ( European varieties gooseberries, sea buckthorn, clonal rootstocks, apple, quince). As a rule, these are breeds with a reduced ability to reproduce. In easily rooted plants, the period of green cuttings is more extended and can last in central Russia from early June to mid-August. Coniferous plants (thuja, juniper, cypress, biota) with long period It is better to take rooting from cuttings in the middle - end of June. When the queen cells are kept in protected soil, the cutting period for certain species is longer. When determining the timing of cuttings, you should pay attention to such indicators as the flexibility or fragility of the shoot, the degree of lignification, and the presence of a grassy top. When harvesting shoots and cuttings, do not allow them to wither. It is better to harvest them in the morning, when plant tissues are saturated with moisture.

Treatment of the basal parts with growth regulators was the most effective technique, stimulating the processes of regeneration of adventitious roots in green cuttings. This technique provides great economic effect at low labor and cost costs. At one time, thanks to the discovery of the ability of certain hormonal drugs to stimulate root formation, many difficult-to-propagate crops were transferred to the rank of medium- and easy-rooting ones.

β-indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) or heteroauxin (50-200 mg/l) is most often used as rooting stimulants; β-indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA; 5-100 mg/l); α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA, 5-50 mg/l). In production conditions, 4 methods of treatment with growth regulators are used:

- weakly concentrated aqueous solutions (the lower ends of the cuttings are immersed in the solution for a sufficiently long time (16-24 hours);

- concentrated alcohol solutions; the depth of immersion in the solution of the lower ends of the cuttings is minimal, the treatment exposure is from one to several seconds;

- growth paste; the paste can be applied in advance to shoots on mother plants or to the lower part of prepared cuttings

- growth powder; The cuttings are dipped into powder (kornevin) with their bases, and then planted for rooting.

Treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions is the simplest, most accessible and widely used method in green cutting technology. Optimal temperature working solution - +18...+20°С. The concentration of the drug and the duration of treatment depend on the root-forming ability and the degree of lignification of the shoots.

Despite the high stimulating activity of synthetic auxins, their use is currently limited because they are toxic compounds. A search is underway for equally effective but environmentally friendly drugs. It turned out that vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine) and the drug zircon, acting as antioxidants, IAA, as well as phenolic compounds (rutin, succinic, gallic, salicylic, ferullic acids) and steroidal glycosides (emistim, ecost) showed stimulating properties.

Our research has made it possible to identify as effective root formation stimulators preparations derived from endophytic fungi (nikfan, symbiont, mycephyte), epin, potassium lignohumate, salts of cresoacetic acid (kresacin, kresival, ethiran), chitosan derivatives (ecogel), the drug Baikal EM- 1.

Researchers and practitioners are unanimous that rooting conditions (humidity, temperature, lighting, substrates) are perhaps the most important factor in the successful rooting of green cuttings. Active root formation requires a complex of factors that can simultaneously ensure maximum reduction of transpiration, intensive photosynthesis and hormonal activity of leaves. The classical literature on green cuttings provides comprehensive material on the reaction of cuttings different breeds and varieties on external conditions, on the design of greenhouses and fogging plants, optimization of regimes, arrangement of beds, preparation of substrates, hardening methods, etc.

However, despite the fact that the basic elements of the technology at the rooting stage are quite well developed, we cannot ignore some new techniques that make it possible to increase the yield of high-quality and viable rooted material per unit area of ​​greenhouses, and to increase its shelf life after replanting and during winter storage.

We obtained good rooting results on a substrate containing the following components: high-moor peat, coarse-grained perlite and fresh dehydrated, stabilized urban sediments. Wastewater(OGSV; Kuddek fertilizer) in equal parts by volume. This substrate has good physical properties, contains everything necessary elements nutrition, free from pathogenic flora, characterized by significant hormonal activity, incl. auxin. The latter property allows you to root easily propagated shrubs without the use of growth regulators. It can also be added that when growing rooted cuttings in containers, the inclusion of OGSV in the substrate promotes rapid initial growth, powerful development of the root system and above-ground parts of plants.

An unconventional, but very effective approach to the problem of rooting is the use of foliar treatments of green cuttings with growth regulators. Known positive influence foliar feeding of cuttings mineral fertilizers(urea, superphosphate, potassium chloride or potassium salt, complex fertilizers), which provides good development root system.

We have established that single non-root treatments of green cuttings at the beginning of root formation with physiologically active substances and their mixtures have a significant positive effect on both the formation of roots and the resistance of rooted plants to adverse external factors and the yield of high-quality planting material. The phase of onset of root formation varies depending on the root-forming ability of plants: for easily rooted plants it occurs after 2-4 weeks, for difficult-to-root plants - 4-6 weeks after planting. According to the results many years of experience stable results are obtained by foliar treatments with drugs with cytokinin activity (dropp, 6-BAP, citadef (20-50 mg/l); potassium lignohumate (150-200 mg/l), epin (0.2 ml/l); mycephyte (10 mg/l), cherkaz (40-50 mg/l). Treatments with compositions containing the listed cytokinins and salts of cresoacetic acid (kresacin, cresival, ethirane (10-40 mg/l) are effective. The effect is enhanced by the combined use of substances and compositions with urea nitrogen (5 g/l) and microelements (cytovit, 1 ml/l).

The problem of winter hardiness of rooted plants, especially such as gooseberries, honeysuckle, cinquefoil, barberry, cherry, etc., which do not overwinter and are stored well, can be solved by rooting cuttings in plastic cells with a diameter of 5 cm. As a rule, cuttings root worse in cassettes than in ridges, but the listed methods (use of combined cuttings and substrates with OGSV, foliar treatments) reliably increase the yield of rooted material with an intact root ball entwined with roots. Such cuttings are well stored in cassettes and in bulk in the basement at low positive temperatures, successfully winter in open ground after transplantation and are ideally suited for container culture. When planting in February, by the beginning of June it turns out good quality planting material for berries and ornamental shrubs. And after growing in open ground, almost all planting material can be classified as standard.

Report made at the V annual conference of the APPM, February 2012.