Essential microelements for plants. The role of macro- and microelements in plant nutrition

Microelements are substances required for plant growth in minimal quantities. They must be in the soil, but in very small quantities. For example, the nitrogen content in a sandy substrate should be in the range of 120-150 mg/l, phosphorus - 60 mg/l, potassium - 150-200 mg/l, iron - 5-10 mg/l, zinc - 1 mg/l, and boron - 0.2-0.3 mg/l. The microelements needed by the plant include sulfur, iron, boron, molybdenum, copper, manganese, zinc, and cobalt.

❖ Sulfur is included in plant amino acid proteins: methionine, cystine, cysteine, enzymes, mustard and garlic oil. Sulfur takes part in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, in the process of respiration, and fat synthesis.

❖ Iron is part of redox enzymes, participates in the synthesis of chlorophyll, respiration and metabolism.

❖ Boron is involved in the reactions of carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism. It is not recycled (reused) in the plant, so young leaves suffer from its deficiency. Boron deficiency affects the formation of the plant's reproductive organs.

❖ Molybdenum plays an exceptional role in nitrogen nutrition. It is localized in young growing organs, less in stems and roots, more in chloroplasts.

❖ The role of copper is determined by its presence in copper-containing proteins and enzymes. Copper takes part in the process of photosynthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism.

❖ The physiological role of manganese is determined by the fact that it is part of redox enzymes and takes part in the processes of photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Manganese is mainly found in chloroplasts. It increases the water-holding capacity of tissues, reduces transpiration, and improves fruit formation.

❖ Zinc affects the metabolism in the plant, which determines its content in more than 30 enzymes.

❖ Cobalt is part of vitamin B12, its role is manifested in the biological fixation of molecular nitrogen. Cobalt accumulates in fruits and flowers.

On what soils are microelements most needed?

Heavy loamy and clayey soil with pH from 6 to 7 are richer in humus and contain more macro- and microelements found in bound state, - a lack of microelements on such soils is very rare. From sandy soils macro- and microelements are washed out, so they need to be fertilized during the growing season of plants. On peat soils plants often lack calcium, magnesium, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and boron.

When liming the soil, it is necessary to additionally add copper, manganese, and boron.

Plant nutrition, absorption (assimilation) by plants nutrients, coming from external environment; basis of metabolism. The sources of nutrients for plants are the soil, from which they receive minerals and nitrogenous substances dissolved in water, as well as carbon dioxide air from which organic matter is formed through the process of photosynthesis.

Nutrition from dead organic remains is called saprophytic, and plants that feed on dead organic remains are called saprophytes. This type of nutrition is characteristic of all putrefactive fungi and bacteria.

Most plants are able to absorb carbon from carbon dioxide, reducing it to organic compounds. This type of nutrition is called autotrophic (see Autotrophic organisms). It is characteristic of all higher green plants, as well as algae and some bacteria. The reduction of CO2 to organic compounds requires energy expenditure either through absorbed sunlight(photosynthetics), or due to the oxidation of reduced compounds absorbed from the external environment (chemosynthetics).

Many chemical elements enter the plant body in the form of ions dissociated in aqueous solutions, through the root, through which mineral, or soil, nutrition is carried out.

Mineral nutrition is a set of processes of absorption from the soil, movement and assimilation of chemical biogenic elements, that is, elements necessary for life plant organisms. In particular large quantities plants need macroelements N, S, P, K, Mg, Ca. On the contrary, microelements such as B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Co are needed in extremely small quantities.

The mechanism of ion entry into the root is complex. It is associated with their adsorption and active absorption from the soil, which consumes energy. (during the process of respiration, living cells release carbon dioxide, which dissociates into H and HCO3 ions. Then ion exchange occurs).

Macronutrients

Nitrogen is an element in the formation of organic matter. Regulates the growth of vegetative mass. Determines the level of productivity.

Phosphorus is an energy supply element (ATP, ADP). Activates the growth of the root system and the formation of generative organs. Accelerates the development of all processes. Increases winter hardiness.

Potassium is an element of cell youth. Stores and retains water. Enhances the formation of sugars and their movement through tissues. Increases resistance to disease, drought and frost.

Magnesium - increases the intensity of photosynthesis and the formation of chlorophyll. Affects redox processes. Activates enzymes and enzymatic processes.

Calcium - stimulates plant growth and development of the root system. Strengthens metabolism, activates enzymes. Strengthens cell walls. Increases the viscosity of protoplasm.

Sulfur - Participates in nitrogen and protein metabolic processes, is part of amino acids, vitamins and vegetable oils. Affects redox processes.

Microelements

Iron - Regulates photosynthesis, respiration, protein metabolism and biosynthesis of growth substances - auxins.

Copper - Regulates respiration, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Increases drought, frost, and heat resistance

Microelements are active substance microfertilizers.

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Microelements are common in earth's crust in concentrations not exceeding 0.1%, and in living matter they are found in quantities of 10 -3 -10 -12%. The group of trace elements includes metals, non-metals, and halogens. The only one common feature- low content in living tissues.

Microelements take an active part in many life processes occurring in plants at the molecular level. By influencing the enzyme system or in direct connection with plant biopolymers, they stimulate or inhibit the occurrence of physiological processes in tissues.

To adjust the content of microelements in the soil, foliar feeding during the growing season, pre-sowing seed treatment and planting material, as well as introducing necessary substances into the soil in the form of fertilizers.

Physical and chemical properties

Microelements differ in their physical and chemical properties. Among them there are metals (,), nonmetals (), halogens ().

Classification of trace elements

Chemical elements are divided into those necessary for plants and those useful to them.

Required

nutritional elements meet the following requirements:

• can't complete without element life cycle plants;
• physiological functions performed with the participation of a specific element are not carried out when it is replaced by another element;
• the element is necessarily involved in plant metabolism.

However, there are a number of conventions in using this term. The fact is that difficulties with its use arise even when comparing the need for this or that element for the life of higher and higher lower plants and, especially, animals and humans. For example, the need for boron for some fungi has not been proven; the need for cobalt to carry out the physiological functions of a number of plants is controversial. The undeniably necessary elements include chlorine and nickel.

Useful

- these are nutritional elements that have the ability to stimulate the growth and development of plants, but do not fully meet the three requirements given above. This group also includes those elements that are necessary only in certain conditions and only for certain types of plants. Currently, selenium, silicon, aluminum, and others are considered beneficial for plants.

Currently, only about ten microelements are considered vital for plants, and several more are considered necessary for a narrow range of species. For the remaining elements, it is known that they can have a stimulating effect on plants, but their functions have not been established.

Some physical and Chemical properties microelements, according to the data:
Microelement	Atomic number	Atomic mass					Physical condition under normal conditions
		10,81		non-metal	3700	2075	black powder
		50,94		metal	3400	1900	silver metal
		126,90		halogen	113,6	185,5	black and purple crystals
		54,94		metal	2095	1244	silver white metal
		59,93	VIII	metal	2960	1494	hard, malleable, shiny metal
		63,54		metal	2600	1083	red metal, pink when broken
		65,39		metal		419,5	bluish-silver metal
		95,94		metal	4800	2620	light gray metal

Microelements are found in small quantities almost everywhere: in rocks, soil, plants and, naturally, in the body of humans and animals.

Sod-

podzolic

1,5-6 ,6

0,08-0,38

0,1-47,9

0,05-5,0

20-67

0,12-20,0

40-7200

50,0-150

1,0-4,0

0,04-0 ,97

0,45-14,0

0,12-3,0

10-62

n.d.

0,5-4,4

n.d.

Chernozem

4-12

0,38-1,58

7-18

4,5-10,0

24-90

0,10-0,25

200-5600

1,0-75

0,7-8,6

0,02-0,33

2,6-13,0

1,10-2,2

37-125

n.d.

2,0-9,8

n.d.

Serozem

8,8-160,3

0,23-0,62

5-20

2,5-10,0

26-63

0,09-1,12

310-3800

1,5-125

0,7-2,0

0,03-0,15

n.d.

0,9-1,5

50-87

n.d.

1,3-38

n.d.

Chestnut

100-200

0,30-0,90

0,6-20

8,0-14,0

0,06-0,14

600-1270

1,5-75

0,2-2,0

0,09-0,62

0,1-6,0

n.d.

2,0-9,8

n.d.

Buraya

40,5

0,38-1,95

14-44,5

6,0-12,0

32,5-54,0

0,03-0,20

390-580

1,5-75

0,4-2,8

0,06-0,12

2,3-3,8

0,57-2,25

n.d.

0,3-5,3

n.d.

Role in the plant

Biochemical functions

The role of microelements for plants is multifaceted. They are designed to improve metabolism, eliminate functional disorders, promote the normal course of physiological and biochemical processes, and influence the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Under the influence of microelements, plant resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases and adverse factors increases environment(drought, increase or decrease in temperature, difficult wintering, etc.).

It has been established that trace elements are included in large number enzymes that play an important role in plant life. All biochemical reactions of synthesis, decomposition, metabolism organic matter occur only with the participation of enzymes.

,

as part of microfertilizers they increase the activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase enzymes in both cotyledons and pea roots, but do not change their activity in seedlings. At the same time, in both peas and corn, the peroxidase oxidative system predominates over the polyphenoloxidase system.

Role in the plant and the main functions of some essential micronutrients, according to:
Microelement	What components does it include?	Processes in which it participates
	Phosphogluconates	Metabolism and transport of carbohydrates, Synthesis of flavonoids, Synthesis of nucleic acids, Phosphate utilization, formation of polyphenols.
	Coenzyme cobamide	Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (possibly in non nodule plants), stimulation of redox reactions during the synthesis of chlorophyll and proteins.
	Various oxidants, plastocyanins, cenoplasmin.	Oxidation, photosynthesis, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, Possibly involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and redox reactions.
	Tyrosine and its derivatives in angiosperms and algae
	Many enzyme systems	Photoproduction of oxygen in chloroplasts and indirect participation in the reduction of NO 3 -
	Nitrate reductase, nitrogenase, oxidases and molybdenoferridoxin	Nitrogen fixation, NO 3 reduction - Redox reactions
	Porphins, hemoproteins	Lipid metabolism, photosynthesis in green algae and possible participation in N2 fixation
	Anhydrases, dehydrogenases, proteinases and peptidases	Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins

Lack (deficiency) of microelements in plants

If there is insufficient intake of any microelement from among necessary nutrients plant growth deviates from the norm or stops altogether, and further development the plant, especially its metabolic cycles, are disrupted.

With a lack of microelements, the activity of many enzymes decreases sharply. For example, it has been found that with a lack of copper, the activity of enzymes that contain copper, namely polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate oxidase, sharply decreases.

Symptoms of insufficiency (deficiency) are difficult to reduce to one denominator, but, nevertheless, they are characteristic of specific microelements. Chlorosis is most often observed.

Visual symptoms are very important for diagnosing deficiency, but disturbances in metabolic processes and, as a result, loss of biomass production may occur before symptoms of deficiency are noticeable. To improve methods for diagnosing micronutrient deficiency, a number of authors propose biochemical indicators. Unfortunately, wide application This method is limited due to the large variability of enzymatic activity and the difficulty of determining this indicator.

The most widely used tests are soil and plant analysis. But even in this case, immobile forms of trace elements located in old parts of the plant can distort the data. However, analysis of plant tissues has been successfully used to establish micronutrient deficiencies by comparison with the content of these compounds in the same tissues of normal plants of the same age and in the same organs.

When eliminating a deficiency of microelements with the help of fertilizers, one should take into account the fact that such a procedure is effective only if the content of the element in the soil or its availability is sufficiently low.

In any case, the formation of micronutrient deficiency in plants is the result of a complex interaction of several factors. Numerous observations have proven that the properties and genesis of soils are the main reasons causing a deficiency of microelements in the plant. Typically, a lack of microelements is associated with highly acidic soils (light sandy) and alkaline (calcareous) soils with unfavorable water regime, as well as with excess phosphates, nitrogen, calcium, iron and manganese oxides.

Symptoms of micronutrient deficiency nutrition in agricultural crops, according to:
Element	Symptoms	Sensitive toculture
	Chlorosis and browning young leaves, Dead apical buds, Disturbance of flower development, Damage to the core of plants and roots, Animation during cell division	Cabbage and related species, Celery, Grape, Fruit trees(pear and apple trees)
	Melanism, White curled tops, Reduced panicle formation, Violation of lignification	Cereals (oats), Sunflower,
	Chlorosis spots, Necrosis of young leaves, Weakened turgor	Cereals (oats), Fruit trees (apple, cherry, citrus)
	Chlorosis of the edge of the leaf blade, Coagulation disorder cauliflower, Fiery edges and deformed leaves, Destruction of embryonic tissues.	Cabbage, related species,
	Interveinal chlorosis (in monocots), Stopping growth Rosette leaves on trees Purple-red dots on leaves	Cereals (corn), Grape, Fruit trees (citrus).

Excess of trace elements in plants

Metabolic disorders in plants are caused not only by a deficiency, but also by an excess of nutrients. Plants are more resistant to increased rather than decreased concentrations of microelements.

The main reactions associated with the toxic effects of trace elements:

• changes in cell membrane permeability;
• reactions of thiol groups with cations;
• competition with vital metabolites;
• high affinity for phosphate groups and active centers in ADP and ATP;
• capture of positions in molecules occupied by vital groups, such as phosphate and nitrate.

Assessing the effect of toxic concentrations of elements on a plant is quite complex, since it depends on many factors. The most important are the proportions in which ions and their compounds are present in the soil solution.

For example, the toxicity of arsenate and selenate decreases markedly with an excess of sulfate and phosphate. Organometallic compounds can be more toxic than cations of the same element. Oxygen anions of elements are generally more toxic than their simple cations.

Most toxic to higher plants are, nickel, lead, .

Visible symptoms of toxicity vary depending on the type of plant, but there are also general, non-specific symptoms of phytotoxicity: chlorotic and brown spots on leaf blades and their edges, as well as brown stunted roots of a coral-like configuration.

Symptoms of Micronutrient Toxicity in common agricultural crops, according to data:
Element	Symptoms	Sensitive crops
	Chlorosis of the edges and ends of leaves, Brown spots on leaves Rotting of growth points, Curling and dying of old leaves	Potato, Tomatoes, Sunflower,
	White edges and leaf tips, Ugly root tips	Potato, Tomatoes, Sunflower,
	Dark green leaves Roots are thick, short or barbed wire-like, Inhibition of shoot formation	Citrus seedlings, Gladioli
	Chlorosis and necrotic lesions on old leaves, Brownish-black or red necrotic spots, Accumulation of manganese oxide particles in epidermal cells, Dried tips of leaves Stunted roots	Potato,
	Yellowing or browning of leaves Inhibition of root growth Tillering inhibition		Chlorosis and necrosis of leaf tips, Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, Stunted growth of the plant as a whole, The roots are damaged and look like barbed wire.

Content of microelements in various compounds

Microfertilizers are fertilizers in which active substance is one (or more) microelements. They can be presented as mineral forms, and organomineral compounds. Microfertilizers are classified according to the main element they contain (manganese, zinc, copper-containing, etc.).

Microelements can also be included in macrofertilizers in the form of impurities. A certain amount of microelements is added to the soil and as part of organic fertilizers. In practice, waste from various industries enriched with microelements is often used as microfertilizers.

Methods of using microfertilizers and fertilizers containing microelements

Microfertilizers are used for soil application, foliar feeding and pre-planting seed treatment. Doses of microfertilizers are small. This requires high dosing accuracy and uniformity of application.

Application to the soil

used to radically increase the content of microelements in the soil throughout the growing season. With this method, negative effects may be observed:

• formation of poorly soluble forms of microelements,
• leaching of trace elements beyond the root layer.

It is not recommended to apply expensive types of microfertilizers to the soil, especially in the fall. IN in this case It is better to use various macro-fertilizers modified with microelements, hard-to-reach industrial waste and long-acting fertilizers.

Pre-sowing seed treatment

- the most common way to use microfertilizers. This method is technologically advanced and allows you to combine seed treatment with sowing. It is this form of processing that helps optimize the plant’s nutrition with microelements at the earliest stages of development. Often, seed treatment with microelements is combined with the use of film-forming substances, growth regulators and disinfectants. This process is called seed encrustation.

Foliar feeding

It is recommended to carry out when a microelement deficiency is directly detected. This method allows you to adjust plant nutrition with microelements, avoiding negative consequences introducing microfertilizers into the soil.

Almost all elements have been found in plants periodic table DI. Mendeleev, but the role of many of them has not yet been sufficiently studied.

IN the greatest number plants absorb nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur. These elements are called macronutrients, their content in plants is calculated in whole percentages or tenths.

Nitrogen (N) is part of all proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids, chlorophyll, enzymes, many vitamins, lipoids and other organic compounds formed in plants. Lack of nitrogen causes growth cessation and yellowing of leaves due to impaired chlorophyll formation.

Nitrogen is a very mobile element; when there is a deficiency, it moves from old leaves to new, younger ones. Signs of nitrogen starvation appear - first in the yellowing of the most lower leaves, and then, if the process is not stopped, the leaves die higher.

Excess nitrogen leads to unnatural rapid growth, the formation of loose tissues, which makes them more susceptible to various diseases. The growing season is lengthened and the onset of flowering is delayed; some plants have an overdose nitrogen fertilizers can shift internal processes in such a way that it will lead to a complete refusal of flowering. Excess nitrogen also delays the plant's absorption of potassium.

Phosphorus (P) plays an extremely important role in plant life. Most metabolic processes are carried out only with its participation. It ensures healthy roots, formation of buds, ripening of fruits and seeds, and increases winter hardiness.

With a lack of phosphorus, flowering and ripening are delayed, defective fruits are formed, and the leaves acquire a red-brown tint. The old lower leaves are affected first, then the process spreads higher.

Excess phosphorus slows down metabolism, makes the plant less resistant to lack of water, impairs the absorption of iron, potassium and zinc, which leads to general yellowing, chlorosis, the appearance of bright necrotic spots, and leaf fall. The development of the plant accelerates, it quickly ages.

Some plants react particularly negatively to large doses. phosphate fertilizers. This applies, first of all, to people from Australia, where the soils are poor in phosphorus. They do not like phosphorus fertilizing conifers. Hibiscus also require special care when adding this element, for which it is not recommended to use fertilizers rich in phosphorus for flowering plants.

Potassium (K) plays a vital physiological role in the carbohydrate and protein metabolism of plants, in the processes of photosynthesis and water metabolism, increases resistance to wilting and premature dehydration, strengthens plant tissues and makes them more resistant to diseases and pests.

It easily moves from old plant tissues, where it has already been used, to young ones. A lack of potassium, as well as its excess, negatively affects the quantity and quality of the crop. With an excess of potassium, the supply of nitrogen to the plant is delayed, growth inhibition, deformation and chlorosis of leaves, especially old ones, occur. At later stages, mosaic spots appear, leaves wither and fall off. Excess potassium also impairs the absorption of magnesium or calcium.

Magnesium (Mg) is part of chlorophyll and is directly involved in photosynthesis. It is also necessary for the formation of the reserve substance phytin, contained in plant seeds, and pectin substances.

Magnesium activates the activity of many enzymes involved in the formation and transformation of carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, fats; affects the movement and transformation of phosphorus compounds, fruiting and seed quality. Maximum magnesium content in vegetative organs plants are observed during the flowering period. After flowering, the amount of chlorophyll in the plant sharply decreases and magnesium flows from the leaves and stems into the seeds, where phytin and magnesium phosphate are formed.

Magnesium deficiency manifests itself in yellowing of leaves and chlorosis.

Calcium (Ca) participates in carbohydrate and protein metabolism of plants, formation and growth of chloroplasts. It is necessary for normal absorption by the plant ammonia nitrogen, makes it difficult to reduce nitrates to ammonia in plants. From calcium to high degree depends on the construction of normal cell membranes.

Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are usually found in young tissues, calcium is found in significant quantities in old tissues; Moreover, there is more of it in leaves and stems than in seeds.

Sulfur (S) is part of the amino acids cystine and methionine, is integral part proteins and some vitamins, affects the formation of chlorophyll. Lack of sulfur leads to chlorosis, primarily of young leaves.

Other nutrients are no less important - iron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, cobalt, boron etc., which are usually called microelements. They are consumed by plants in small quantities, but their deficiency leads to serious defects in plant development. The content of microelements in a plant is calculated in hundredths and thousandths of a percent.

• Iron (Fe) is part of the enzymes involved in the construction of chlorophyll, although this element is not directly included in it. Iron is involved in redox processes occurring in plants; it is an integral part of respiratory enzymes. Lack of iron leads to the breakdown of growth substances (auxins) synthesized by plants, and the leaves become pale yellow. Most often it is observed with an excess of carbonates and in heavily calcareous substrates. Iron cannot move from old tissues to young ones.
• Copper (Cu) It is part of copper-containing proteins and enzymes; it also takes part in the process of photosynthesis, carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
• Manganese (Mn) is part of redox enzymes and takes part in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism.
• Molybdenum (Mo) plays an important role in nitrogen nutrition. It is localized in young growing organs and less so in stems and roots. With a lack of molybdenum, the development of nodules on the roots is delayed leguminous plants and nitrogen fixation. Adding molybdenum to the soil promotes the absorption of nitrogen fertilizers by plants, but high molybdenum content is very toxic to plants.
• Zinc (Zn) influences the metabolism of energy and substances in the plant. With a lack of zinc, the content of sucrose and starch decreases, the accumulation of organic acids increases, the auxin content decreases, protein synthesis is disrupted, and growth retardation is characteristic.
• Cobalt (Co) participates in the biological fixation of molecular nitrogen.
• Boron (B) participates in the reactions of carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid metabolism and other processes. It is necessary for plants throughout their entire life. Its deficiency primarily affects young leaves and growing points. Excess boron causes burns to the lower leaves, they turn yellow and fall off.

A deficiency of some nutrient will immediately affect the development of the plant, but it is often very difficult to determine the true cause of the growth disorder. An excess of one element can inhibit the absorption of another, so by introducing an excess of one substance, we can cause starvation of another. It is important not only to enter everything necessary elements nutrition, but also choose the right ratio.

Fig, fig, fig tree - these are all names of the same plant, which we firmly associate with Mediterranean life. Anyone who has ever tasted fig fruits knows how delicious they are. But, in addition to their delicate sweet taste, they are also very beneficial for health. And here's an interesting detail: it turns out that figs are completely unpretentious plant. In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in middle lane or in the house - in a container.

Quite often, difficulties in growing tomato seedlings arise even for experienced summer residents. For some, all the seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain in an apartment ideal conditions for growing seedlings. Seedlings of any plants need to be provided with plenty of light, sufficient humidity and optimal temperature. What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?

Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut- vegetarian salad from cooked and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from the French vinegar sauce, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century; perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for Austrian herring salad are very similar.

When we dreamily sort through bright packets of seeds in our hands, we are sometimes subconsciously convinced that we have a prototype of the future plant. We mentally allocate a place for it in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will eventually get the desired flower. I would like to draw attention to the reasons why seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.

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Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great way to start the day. The egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce that is seasoned with fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad is quite unusual, it is a dietary version of everyone’s favorite snack - with Feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. The day needs to start with positive emotions!

Perhaps every woman has at least once received a gift blooming orchid. It’s not surprising, because such a living bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids are not very difficult to grow. indoor crops, but failure to comply with the main conditions for their maintenance often leads to the loss of a flower. If you are just getting started with indoor orchids, you should find out the correct answers to the main questions about growing these beautiful plants in the house.

Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins prepared according to this recipe are eaten in no time in my family. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, exactly the same as my mother or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then you don’t need to add granulated sugar at all; without sugar, the cheesecakes will be better fried and will never burn. Cook them in a well-heated frying pan, greased with oil, over low heat and without a lid!

Cherry tomatoes differ from their larger counterparts not only in the small size of their berries. Many cherry varieties are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato one. Anyone who has never tried such cherry tomatoes with their eyes closed may well decide that they are tasting some unusual Exotic fruits. In this article I will talk about five different tomatoes cherry, which have the sweetest fruits of unusual colors.

I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but you’re amazed at how different the petunias of the past are from the many-sided hybrids of today! In this article I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen annuals, and also consider modern varieties unusual colors.

Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - aromatic and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods; in combination with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, you get a very nutritious snack, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with fire, use hot chili.

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Tender cutlets from chicken breast It’s easy to prepare with champignons according to this recipe with step by step photos. There is an opinion that it is difficult to make juicy and tender cutlets from chicken breast, but this is not so! Chicken meat contains virtually no fat, which is why it is a bit dry. But, if you add to chicken fillet cream, White bread and mushrooms and onions will turn out amazing delicious cutlets, which will appeal to both children and adults. IN mushroom season try adding wild mushrooms to the minced meat.