Social and personal development. Topic "History of the home"
Target: generalization of children’s ideas about the characteristics of a person’s home depending on the area, natural and climatic conditions in which he lives.
Tasks: Clarify children’s ideas about the houses of people inhabiting the Earth: traditional home people of the North - chum, yaranga; in the steppes and deserts - yurts; Russian people living in the forest region build huts; in the south of Russia and Ukraine - mud huts; North Americans (Eskimos) live in igloos.
To promote an understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships between home image and climatic conditions, available materials, people's lifestyle.
Develop cognitive interest, the ability to reflect information in productive activities.
How to build a reliable house,
The man didn't know yet.
In a complex primitive world
He was looking for his own place to live.
He suffered from the winter cold,
A predatory beast threatened him.
The man needed a home
Where would he live peacefully?
Where would he cook food?
He ate and rested peacefully.
He wanted to have a home
Where would I stop being afraid?
And in sad worries
A man sometimes dreamed
Like with heavy prey
Returns home.
How the family greets him
Sitting close by the fire...
And now he knows for sure -
It's time to find him a home!
|
|
Eskimo home - igloo Igloo – round house, which is built from ground large pieces of dense snow. In it, northern housewives managed to achieve the maximum possible comfort and coziness. Fur skins were laid out and a fire was lit. It became warm and light. The walls cannot melt from the fire, since the severe frost outside does not give them such an opportunity. Large slabs of snow were prepared for the construction of walls. Then a circle was marked in the snow and the first layer was laid out on it. The next rows were laid with a slight slope into the house, forming an oval dome. Gaps were left between the snow slabs. They were not joined closely. The cracks were then covered with snow and sealed with a special lamp containing seal oil. The heat from the burning lamp melted inner surface walls, the cold froze the water, forming an ice crust. The door to such a dwelling was made (sawed) very low, or a tunnel was even dug in the snow. The entrance hole was in the floor and you had to crawl to get home. The houses were made very small - at the maximum point of the dome it barely fit standing man. This made it easier to heat the house and retain valuable heat. A hole was cut in the dome to allow the air necessary for breathing to flow in. The family usually lay down opposite him to sleep on beds made of snow blocks covered with skins. Thus, the Eskimos built entire villages from snow. It is interesting that even in the short, cool summer the dense snow that makes up the walls does not have time to melt. Now, of course, the igloo is becoming more of a romance than a necessity. Many modern people they are happy to travel north to try to spend the night in a snow house built with their own hands.. |
|
|
|
Dwelling in the desert - yurt A yurt (tirme) is a portable dwelling for the Bashkirs. The frame of the yurt was easily disassembled and short time was installed again. Things in the yurt were placed along the walls, leaving the middle free. In the center there was a place for the hearth. Under the hole in the dome, a shallow hole was dug in the ground, and a tripod for the cauldron was installed above it. The hole was lined with stone, and the cauldron rested on a stone base in the shape of an open ring. The floor in the yurt was covered with dry grass. The living space was organized relative to the center. On the far half of the yurt, behind the fireplace, there was place of honor. Felts and carpets were spread here on top of the grass. This part was where guests were received and home-cooked meals were held. A certain order was observed in the arrangement of things and utensils. The right side of the yurt was considered female. Here there were cupboards and benches, tursuks with kumis, tubs with ayran and honey, boxes and baskets with cheese, dishes and food supplies were stored. On the left side of the yurt, which was more elegant, they stood on wooden stands forged chests with property. The bed was folded on them: blankets, pillows, colored rugs sewn onto felt. Traveling harnesses, saddles, weapons, and elegant clothes were hung on the walls. In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden backs. The interior decoration of the yurt depended on the level of wealth of the family: the richer it was, the more numerous and colorful the household items were. The decoration of the special guest yurts was luxurious. The entire floor was covered with carpets and the walls were decorated. Quilted bedding and pillows were laid out on top of them. On a stand at the entrance there was a vessel with kumis, and there were ladles for refreshments. In such yurts, visiting guests were received and family celebrations were celebrated. White yurts were considered the most solemn. Housing for receiving guests was covered with white felts. The yurt, covered with light felt, testified to the wealth of the family. The carts on the nomads were always lined up in a row and fenced in several pieces or all together with a fence of poles, so that the cattle did not approach the very carts. However, fences were rarely erected in the steppe. |
|
|
|
Chum - the dwelling of the inhabitants of the tundra Chum - dwelling nomadic peoples engaged in reindeer husbandry. In Komi-Zyryan it is called “chom”, in Nenets - “mya”, in Khanty “nyuki hot”. Reindeer herders chose lighter materials for its manufacture in order to make it easier to move from one site to another. In the old days, tents were covered with birch bark tires called yodum. Currently, such coverings are not used by reindeer herders. Advances in modern industry have allowed reindeer herders to use tarpaulin, which is faster to manufacture and easier to transport. Materials for making chum are convenient for frequent moves and serve to protect against external influence. In the center of the chum there is a stove, which serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking. The heat from the stove rises and prevents precipitation from penetrating into the chum: it evaporates due to the high temperature. In the summer, it is difficult to carry the stove, so instead of it, a small fire called “volney bi” is used, the smoke of which also repels mosquitoes. Opposite the entrance, in the front part of the chum, there is a shelf called 'jaj', on which there are icons and other objects especially revered by the owners. The dwelling of northern reindeer herders is the most suitable for harsh conditions. The tent is always warm and cozy. There is nothing superfluous here and everything is adapted to ensure that life passes in its measured rhythm, associated with constant nomadism across the tundra. Everything in the chum device is designed for quick and easy transportation, protection from negative external influences (cold, mosquitoes). The way of life of reindeer herders regulates warmth and order in their homes. The tent is a unique and at the same time universal dwelling for reindeer herders. |
|
Mud hut |
Izba |
Modern city houses |
Cottage |
Khata – common name rural houses in the southern settlements of the Eastern Slavs: in Ukraine, as well as in Belarus and southern Russia. A hut is called a hut built on adobe or straw technology, or combining these types of housing construction.
For centuries, the mud hut has been traditional home Ukraine. Local people were used in the construction of the mud huts. building materials, such as clay, straw, reeds, wood. Walls traditional mud hut consist of a frame (thin branches of a tree, or even brushwood) or mud brick and coated with clay (hence the name). Traditionally, the hut is whitewashed with chalk (white clay) inside and out. The hut must have shutters that close in the hottest weather. The floor in the hut is usually earthen or plank (with a high underground).
Izba - traditional Russian dwelling. The hut was built from logs, since wood was the most affordable and convenient material for construction. The roof is sloping so that snow remains less on it in winter. Required element Each hut has a stove for heating the home, so a chimney is visible above the roof.
Currently, a city dweller's apartment in an average city is mainly provided with cold and hot water, domestic gas, has sewerage and is electrified.
An igloo is built from snow blocks. Snow is compacted, because in this state it is lighter than ice. These snow panels trap air between the snowflakes. It protects against the cold and contains a lot of air between its snowflakes. Air conducts heat poorly and protects against cold well.
The igloo is built from the inside. To do this, blocks cut with a hacksaw are placed in a circle. The blocks should not touch each other with their lower corners. Because of this, the structure may lose stability and the house will collapse. To prevent this from happening, small holes are left in these places. triangular shape. Then they can be easily sealed. Vertical joints should also not match. Otherwise, a long crack along its entire length will form in this place. It is not recommended to move blocks. Protruding parts better later cut with a hacksaw.
To prevent the structure from melting, the outside air temperature should not be higher than 0°C. This condition is easily met. After all, for Arctic regions such temperatures are completely normal. The inside of the house does not melt even if it is heated with lamps. This becomes possible thanks to the rounded shape of the roof: water does not drip, but is absorbed into the walls. Therefore, it is dry inside the snow hut.
A vent is punched into the dome for ventilation. As a rule, on the contrary, a bed is built from the same blocks. And finally, they cut out the door.
Why is it warm inside an igloo?
To keep the room warm, the door to the hut should be below floor level. In this case, oxygen comes in and comes out carbon dioxide. The Eskimos heated and cooked food in their homes using a device for burning melted fat - a fat burner. They used live fire only for cooking food or tea. At the same time, the temperature there was never lower than 5 degrees Celsius. This temperature is quite comfortable to bear if you also take cover warm blanket from fur. If you sleep on animal skins, it will be even warmer. After all, it is an excellent heat insulator. In addition, it does not allow the snow floor to melt.
The colder it is outside, the higher the temperature in the igloo. This occurs due to the ability of wet snow to lose its heat-protective properties. Frost, freezing the inner surface of the walls that had begun to thaw. Thus, the temperature outside and inside the igloo is balanced. In addition, a snow dome has very little thermal conductivity. Therefore, human heat is sufficient to maintain a slight positive temperature.
Video on the topic
The nature in the northern regions is harsh. Once in winter time on a snowy plain or in a forest, it is not so easy to shelter from bad weather. But the Eskimos, the native inhabitants of Alaska, have long known how to maintain the warmth and comfort of their home even in severe frosts. To do this, you just need to build a snow house - an igloo.
An igloo is an original Eskimo hut made entirely of snow. The shape of the igloo resembles a rounded dome made of neatly stacked snow blocks. A mandatory attribute of such a hut is a low door. Made from snow, the Eskimos' home can retain heat for a long time, and one lit candle is enough to heat the air in the room.
Over many centuries, the Eskimos have become adept at building real settlements from snow blocks. Some buildings are used exclusively for housing, others are reserved for household needs. During a blizzard or blizzard, staying in an igloo is much safer than staying in a regular tent. Durable snow walls can withstand both severe frost and strong winds. In normal weather conditions for the far north, such a hut, installed at the beginning of winter, is quite capable of standing until mid-spring.
You can make an igloo yourself, using the knowledge and experience accumulated by the inventive North American people. First you need to select and prepare a flat area where the snow is deepest and densest. A circle is carefully drawn in the snow. Along this contour you need to lay the main layer of snow blocks.
Optimal size one “brick” - 50 cm in length, 40 cm in width, 10-15 cm in thickness. Individual blocks are cut out in deep snow with a long knife or shovel, rocking a little to separate them from the base. Masonry is carried out traditional way used in construction brick buildings. The gaps between the blocks are covered with snow. Also make sure that the vertical joints between blocks in adjacent rows do not coincide. To give the structure a dome shape, each row is laid with a slight slope into the structure.
Despite the simple technology, it is best for a beginner to carry out the work of constructing an igloo with the help of a partner. This will avoid mistakes when laying “bricks” and will speed up the construction process. Special attention give a few last rows, constituting the arch of the igloo; they must be installed especially carefully and carefully.
After building the walls, all that remains is to punch a hole in the dome (it will provide air ventilation), and also cut a small hole in the lower part of the hut. If this is your first time building a snow hut, be prepared that it will take you at least three to four hours. All that remains is to climb into the new cozy home and indulge in a well-deserved rest.
Video on the topic
A double needle for a sewing machine is essentially two needles in one holder. When using it, you will get two straight lines on the front side, and one zigzag line on the back side.
You will need
- sewing machine, double needle, 2 spools of thread
Instructions
With the help of a double needle you can: embroidery, sew on braid, form tucks, sew thread reliefs with cord, hem the knitwear. Depending on the fabric option, they are divided into three types - denim and stretch. The numbering of double needles differs from ordinary needles in that the gap between them is additionally indicated, expressed in millimeters. This device will allow you to embroider two designs parallel to each other at the same time. It is possible to thread different upper threads
Team coordinator:ValentinaZdanova060
Description of the home
What is the name of the home?
Igloo is an Eskimo hut built from snow.
In which countries are they building?
Such dwellings are being built in the Arctic, Alaska, Chukotka, Canada, and Greenland.
What are they built from? Why?
A dwelling is built from snow bricks, ice blocks or simply snowdrifts. The Eskimos built their homes from snow because there was no other material where they lived. Currently, igloo huts are used as emergency shelter in case of a long wait for better weather. A snowy home can protect a traveler from any bad weather.
How are they built?
Rectangular blocks stacked layers in a circle. Each subsequent layer moves a little closer to the center; this is how the dome turns out. The cracks were sealed with loose snow.A lamp was lit inside, in which seal or deer fat burned. When the inner walls began to thaw, the fat was extinguished, and the surface was covered with a continuous crust of ice.
What are the features of the building?
It is better to leave a hole at the bottom of the junction of adjacent blocks, which can then be sealed. The vertical joints of adjacent blocks should not coincide - otherwise the snow house will collapse.
What's inside?
Inside the igloo are snow beds covered with a double layer of skins. The ceiling and walls are also covered with deer skins. The igloo is heated using grease pots. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the house reaches +20°C.There is no door to the iglooenter the home in an unusual way- from below, through the floor. A long tunnel dug in the snow leads to the entrance hole in the floor.
For a person who knows how to build such a hut, it is enough to have a saw and a shovel to quickly build a shelter, no matter where night or bad weather overtakes him.
http://potomy.ru/school/226.html
Word cloud
Crossword
Impressions about the project
Participation in the project wasexciting and interesting. We learned a lot about homes, culture different nations. We enjoyed building an igloo - an Eskimo home, creating a word cloud and a crossword puzzle. Thank you for an interesting and educational project.
The traditional dwellings of the Greenlandic Eskimos, like other peoples of the North, are of two types - summer and winter. Summer is a cone-shaped wooden frame, covered with skins; winter can be made of stones or snow - in the polar region; in other places it is built only from stones or turf, sometimes driftwood; there are remains of dwellings made from parts of a whale’s skeleton.
In other words, everything that was available was used. Until very recently, dwellings were built from “local” material, and only its shape, size, etc. mainly depended on this. In addition, the very location of the dwelling was dictated by hunting conditions, fishing, climatic features district, etc.
In the polar and arctic regions, Eskimo camps were located in the depths of bays and fjords (where you can hunt from the ice) or at the mouths of rivers. In the subarctic region, winter dwellings were grouped near skerries or straits. In both the north and south, the camps were small - even in the 1920s, more than half had up to 50 inhabitants, and a quarter had only 25 or fewer people.
How does the Eskimo home work?
In general, the traditional Eskimo family, its size and structure, were originally determined by the economics of the hunting society and the cycle of the seasons. This was the so-called large family, consisting of old spouses (or one of them), married sons with wives and children, and sometimes other, more distant relatives. Often several " large families"lived in one winter house, going to separate summer huts for the summer.
The most typical dwelling for " big family"was a rectangular semi-dugout (its back part was often buried in the mountainside).
The turf roof rested on ceiling beam, resting on a number of pillars. The common sleeping bunks, located along the walls, were divided by partitions made of skins into compartments for “small families” (they were not spacious - a compartment 1.25 m wide was sufficient for one man, his two wives and 6 children). A grease lamp burned on low stands in front of each such compartment.
The lamps were made of stone in the shape of a crescent. Pieces of fat were located along a strongly curved back side, and moss was poured along the front. When laid correctly, it burns with an even, strong flame, producing almost no soot. A pot of melting ice constantly hung above the lamp; even higher, right under the ceiling, hung wooden frame with belts tightened, clothes were being dried on it.
In winter, the Eskimos living in the polar regions of Greenland build snow huts, which we used to call “ igloo". In fact, this is not entirely, or rather not at all correct - the Eskimo word “ igdlo“ (plural „ iglulik“) does not mean a snow hut per se, but means any dwelling in general, including one made of stone, wood and other building materials.
Eskimo snow huts are made from blocks cut out of dense snow. They are laid in a spiral with a gradual narrowing of the turns upward, which is why the building takes on the shape of a dome. Then the seams are sealed with snow, an entrance is made (undermining - this way heat is better conserved). After a fire is lit inside, and the walls thaw slightly and are “set” by frost, the hut becomes so strong that a person can even climb on top of it.
A more accurate image of an Eskimo snow house is a long narrow hole (sometimes dug under the snow), a “hallway” and, finally, a living space
The transition of Eskimo hunters from peat-earth winter and temporary summer huts, located extremely scattered throughout the area, to more modern, more concentrated dwellings was closely related to the process of transition from hunting to fishing.
And now the appearance of settlements differs depending on the occupations of the inhabitants. In the north and east of Greenland, where seal hunting has survived, people live in small camps. On the contrary, in the fishing areas of the west coast, where industry is most developed and the economy demands strict requirements to the concentration of the population, the largest villages of the island are located.
Man has always strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most avid adventurers, who are always attracted by the horizons, sooner or later return to home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created their homes, taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. Amazing shapes buildings, materials from which the dwelling was built and interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.
The human home is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the shape of the house appears from organic feeling. She has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, bee hive or mollusk shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main rooms and plan of the house - in the upper room, vestibule, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gyneceum.
BORDEY 
Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reeds. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature changes during the day, as well as from strong wind. On clay floor There was a fireplace, but it was heated in a black fireplace: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.
AIL "WOODEN YURTA" 
Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of Southern Altai. A log hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a fireplace in the middle of the earthen floor.
BALAGAN 
Balagan is the winter home of the Yakuts. Strengthened on a log frame sloping walls made of thin poles coated with clay. The low, sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.
VALKARAN 
Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling among the peoples of the Bering Sea coast (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large bones whale, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: the summer one - through a hole in the roof, the winter one - through a long semi-underground corridor.
WIGWAM 
Wigwam is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of fabric. From the outside, the covering was additionally pressed with poles. Wigwams can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called " long houses"). The cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepees" - are often mistakenly called wigwams. The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.
IGLOO 
Truly an amazing invention. It was invented by the Alaskan Eskimos. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That's why the Eskimos began to build themselves domed houses from ice slabs. Everything inside was covered with skins for warmth. This idea really appealed to the residents of Finland, a northern country where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants there built on the principle of igloos, and even competitions are held in which participants assemble igloos from ice blocks as quickly as possible.
KAZHUN 
Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cajun cylindrical with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry masonry method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially it served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.
MINKA 
Minka is the traditional home of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. The minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of interior walls sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the layout of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that snow and rain would roll off immediately and the straw would not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese people of simple origin were engaged in raising silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main space in the room was allocated for silkworming.
KLOČAN 
A clochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, walls were laid out “dry”, without a binder mortar. Narrow slits-windows, an entrance and a chimney were left. Such simple huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so you can’t expect much comfort inside.
PALLASO 
Pallasso is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). They laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters stone wall, leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes large pallasos had two rooms: one for living, the other for livestock. Pallasos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.
IKUKWANE 
Ikukwane is a large domed reed house of the Zulus (South Africa). They built it from long thin twigs, tall grass, and reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers believe that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.
RONDAVEL 
Rondavel is a round house of the Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was made of poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grass ropes. 
SMOKE 
Kuren (from the word “to smoke,” which means “to smoke”) is the home of the Cossacks, the “free troops” of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, and Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in plavny (river reed thickets). The houses stood on stilts, the walls were made of wicker, filled with earth and coated with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.
SAKLYA 
Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. Built from clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows, similar to loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-story, or it could be built of clay and have no windows. An earthen floor and a fireplace in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.
PUEBLITO 
Pueblito - a small fortified house in the northwest American state New Mexico. 300 years ago they were allegedly built by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who defended themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. Interior also covered with clay coating. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, on top of which rods are laid. Pueblitos were located on high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.
TRULLO 
Trullo – original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. The walls of the trullo are very thick, so hot weather It's cool there, but in winter it's not so cold. The trullo is two-tiered; one ascends to the second floor by ladder. Often a trullo had several cone roofs, under each of which there was a separate room. 
An Italian dwelling, now classified as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. This construction was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas houses were built illegally and could be easily liquidated in case of any claims from the authorities.
LEPA - LEPA 
Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Badjao people of Southeast Asia. The Badjao, "sea gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives on boats in the Coral Triangle. Pacific Ocean– between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing tackle, and also bury the dead.
TYPI 
Dwellings of Native Americans. This structure was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with reindeer skins on top. In the center there was a fireplace, around which the sleeping places were concentrated. A hole for smoke was always left in the roof. It’s hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.
DIAOLOU 
Diaolou – fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers operated in Southern China. In later and relatively safe times such fortified houses were built simply following tradition.
HOGAN 
Hogan – ancient dwelling Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often a “hallway” was added to this simple structure. The entrance was curtained with a blanket. After the first railway, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.
YURT 
Housing for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz. Why is it convenient in conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house takes a couple of hours. The base is built from poles and covered with mats on top. Shepherds still use such buildings to this day. Maybe, many years of experience suggests that good is not sought from good.
SLAVIC IZBA 
Log house, Slavic construction. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were laid according to a certain principle. The stove was being fired up in the house. The hut was heated in black. They began to install a chimney on the roof later, and then the smoke was removed from the house through it. The log houses could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new home from an old log house. This method is still used by summer residents.
NORTH RUSSIAN IZBA 
The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. Top floor- residential, lower (“basement”) - economic. Servants, children, and yard workers lived in the basement; there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows or doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts several meters deep! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced residential and outbuildings into a single whole.
VARDO 
Vardo is a gypsy tent, a real one-room house on wheels. It has a door and windows, a stove for cooking and heating, a bed, and drawers for things. At the back, under the tailgate, there is a storage box kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels, there is luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The entire cart is light enough that it could be pulled by one horse. Vardo got off skillfully carved and painted bright colors. Vardo flourished at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
YAODONG 
Yaodong is a cave house of the Loess Plateau of the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial have dug their homes right into the hillside. The inside of such a house is comfortable in any weather. 
TRADITIONAL HOUSING OF THE BONGU PEOPLE 
SODD HOUSE 
The turf house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the shortage of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with several layers of turf. They lived in one half of such a house, and kept livestock in the other.
No matter how ridiculous the structure may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created families, suffered and died. Life flowed through the houses of these people, history with all its features, events and miracles.