Floors between floors in a private house are structures that separate rooms in height, forming floors. These structures separate the basement and attic spaces from the main ones. They must be strong enough to support their own weight and payloads such as furniture, people, and equipment.
general description
The amount of payload per square meter will depend on the purpose of the room and the nature of the equipment. If we're talking about oh then given value no more than 105 kilograms per square meter. For interfloor ceilings, this value increases to 210 kilograms per square meter. The floors between floors in a private house must be strong, they should not bend under the influence of loads; the permissible bend value for attic floors is 1/200, while in the case of spans between floors this value should be 1/250.
Basic requirements for floors
During the construction of floors, a sufficient degree of noise insulation should be ensured; the value is established by design standards. To do this, you should close the gaps at the places where the material joins; only in this case, sounds from neighboring rooms will spread minimally. Floors that separate rooms with a certain temperature difference must meet thermal protection requirements. This indicates the need to use an additional layer of thermal insulation. Any structure, especially one made of wood, is not able to withstand prolonged exposure to fire. It should be remembered that each material is characterized by a certain fire resistance limit. For reinforced concrete floors it is 60 minutes, but if the structure is made of wood with backfill and has a plastered surface underneath, then the fire resistance will last 45 minutes. which are protected by a layer of plaster, can withstand flames for approximately 15 minutes. If there are wooden floors that were not protected with fireproof materials during the installation process, it should be taken into account that their fire resistance limit is even lower.
Types of floors
The ceilings between floors in a private house can be interfloor, basement, basement or attic. According to the design solution, the load-bearing part of the floors can be beam or beamless. In the first case, the system consists of beams and infill. In the second, the structure is made of homogeneous elements such as panels or slabs.
Features of the beam floor
The ceilings between floors in a private house can be beams, while individual elements are located at equal distances from each other, and filling elements are laid on the beams. The latter act as a fence. Beams can be metal, reinforced concrete or wood.
Features of the construction of floors made of wooden beams
In the construction of private houses, in most cases, timber beams are used. For beams, there are restrictions on the span width; they can be used for attic floors or interfloor structures, in which the span width should be 5 meters. Such products are made from coniferous or hardwood wood, and on the upper side there is a flooring, which is the floor. The design of such a floor provides for the presence of beams, rolls, floors and thermal insulation material.
If you decide to build floors between floors in a private house with your own hands using wooden beams, you should know that the house can have a rectangular plan. In this case, it is necessary to block the spans in the direction along the short wall. To ensure that the ceiling does not sag under its own weight, its elements are laid at a certain distance. If it is necessary to build a 3x4 meter floor, you should use 6x20 beams, which are laid along a 3-meter wall. If the floor is interfloor, then the beams should be 1.25 meters apart from each other; in the case of an attic floor, the distance increases to 1.85 meters. This indicates that as the span width increases, the distance between the beams becomes larger.
Work technology
If you are laying floors between floors in a private house made of wood, then the elements are initially treated with an antiseptic. When they are supported on concrete or stone wall the ends are wrapped in two layers of roofing material, and the beam is inserted into the prepared nest. In this case, the element should not reach back wall by 3 centimeters, the end of the beam should be beveled. Remaining free space filled with thermal insulation, which can be replaced with polyurethane foam.
On side faces beams are reinforced with 4x4 or 5x5 bars, which are called cranial bars. The roll from the wooden shields. The knurling plates are pressed tightly against each other and are attached to them using self-tapping screws. When overlaps are made between floors in a private house, it is recommended to review the photo in advance. This will allow you to understand that the design requires the installation of insulation. It will act as a noise-absorbing layer, and attic floor- thermal insulation function. The materials you can use are polystyrene foam, expanded clay, sawdust, mineral wool, shavings, straw, and wood foliage. After fixing the roll, thermal insulation is laid on top. You should first lay a layer of roofing felt between the beams, vapor barrier film or glassine, bending the material five centimeters onto the beams. Then comes the turn of laying a layer of thermal insulation.
Construction of a concrete floor
Concrete floors between floors in a private house may have in different forms. If we are talking about monolithic structures, then they are a solid slab, the thickness of which is equal to the limit of 8 to 12 centimeters. In this case, concrete grade M 200 is used, the slab itself rests on a mass square meter such an overlap can be 490 kilograms if the thickness is 200 millimeters. Installation is carried out in several stages, the first is the installation of load-bearing beams in the prepared place, then wooden formwork from unedged boards is installed, and at the next stage 6-mm reinforcement is laid. On final stage concrete is being poured. The thickness of the floors between floors in a private house can be equal to the above-mentioned limit, but it is also important to correctly construct the formwork, which is sometimes purchased ready-made. It consists of beams, plywood, and a tripod. If you use formwork made of aluminum or wooden beams, then the master will have the opportunity to build a ceiling of any configuration.
Conclusion
Floors between floors in a private house made of aerated concrete are usually made of wood, since the weight of the material at the base of the walls is not so large as to bear the loads of concrete.
Provides stability not only with a reliable foundation, but also with a system of durable floors. They are also necessary in any case in order to equip a basement or garage under it, and build a roof above it. Overlapping structures take up to 20 percent or more of all construction costs. Therefore, their installation is a very serious and responsible matter.
Installation interfloor ceilings in a timber house
- Interfloor;
- Basement;
- Basement.
The greatest load in the house falls on the basement and basement. Their horizontal partitions must support the weight of objects kitchen equipment, as well as severity interior walls dividing the first floor into an entrance hall and a dining room.
Scheme for arranging concrete interfloor slabs
In addition, they, together with the foundation, must ensure stable rigidity of the body made of any material: wood, brick, aerated concrete. For some, it rises above ground level. If it is heated, then the structure covering it is practically no different from interfloor devices.
The horizontal partition, designed to separate floors, has a relatively small load: its own weight, furniture, residents. It is important that for a comfortable stay it has good sound insulation. or this problem is not so acute. Moisture insulation and insulation are important for them.
Types of floors by material
- Wooden;
- Reinforced concrete;
- Metal.
However, in some cases, when building a house, you can do without them, because structural device The following types of floors are used:
Some ceiling systems are supported by horizontal beams. They are not required for the installation of other beams; slabs are sufficient required sizes, ordered at the factory. They are laid in the house using lifting equipment. And monolithic floors are poured directly on the construction site. Prefabricated monolithic devices between floors are a combination of beam supports and a concrete monolith.
Coffered horizontal structures are usually used for arranging the ceiling. On their lower side there are ribs that make up rectangles, which together resemble the surface of a wafer. They are used very rarely in private housing construction. And the tent roof is flat plate, bordered by ribs. Usually one is enough for the ceiling of the entire room, to the size of which it is made. 
Arched devices are necessary when it is necessary to cover the shaped spans of houses. In private one and two-story houses aerated concrete slabs are used. The overlapping structure made from it has very good sound insulation and retains heat for a long time, so in interfloor partitions additional insulation may be redundant. The material is light, odorless, and does not emit any fumes or harmful substances.
Its fire resistance is also very high. But it needs effective waterproofing, as it absorbs environmental moisture well.
IN construction practice mixed partitions are used various materials. Wooden beams are reinforced with metal to increase strength. Monolithic structures use a variety of permanent formwork. Sometimes their main part is hollow concrete panels, and the ceiling semicircular bay window– aerated concrete slabs, which can be easily given any shape and thickness using a hand saw.
Option for aerated concrete block floor construction
This variety of materials expands the architectural capabilities of ceiling devices, their sound insulation and insulation.
Requirements for floors
To all interfloor devices general requirements:
- Strength is the ability to withstand the weight of all building elements.
- Rigidity that allows you not to bend under the weight of your own weight or heavy things on the floor.
- Effective thermal insulation and sound insulation of floors.
- Fire resistance, which is characterized by resistance to fire for some time.
- Service life corresponding approximately to the time of use of the entire building.
Wooden beams
In construction country houses Solid larch or pine beams are widespread. They are used for the installation of floors 5 m wide. And for large spans, glued ones are used, the strength of which is much higher.
Installation of floors made of wooden beams
Rounded timber is a wonderful building material for floors. They lay him down north side downwards, defining it at the end by the density of growth rings in wooden log. In Rus', huts have long been built with the stronger side of the round timber facing out.
A wooden I-beam has high strength. Its profile is the letter “H”, glued together in the factory from three parts. Some craftsmen assemble it in a home workshop or in the country. Interfloor partitions using them provide effective insulation and excellent sound insulation.
Scheme of the construction of wooden floors made of logs
They are very convenient not only for lining the ceiling, laying insulating materials and laying the subfloor, but also for installing all communications. The niches in the I-beam seem to be specially designed for hidden installation of water supply pipes, gas pipelines and electrical wires.
Wooden beams are used in almost any low-rise dwelling: wooden, block. But most of all they are suitable for buildings made of aerated concrete blocks. This material is porous, inferior in strength to all others and cannot withstand the point load of load-bearing beams. Since wood is not heavy, aerated block walls can easily withstand its weight. Installation of the overlapping structure is possible without the involvement of complex technical means. And it will cost the developer relatively inexpensively.
Laying wooden beams
Builders are aware of the shortcomings of wood and try to reduce them to a minimum. Before installing the ceiling, all wooden parts are treated with antiseptics to prevent rotting and damage by insects. Places of contact between timber beams and bricks, concrete slabs and aerated concrete blocks are insulated with various materials.
And to increase fire safety, the wood is treated with solutions that do not allow it to flare up immediately when an open fire appears.
The installation of interfloor structures begins with pre-prepared load-bearing beams. They are laid parallel to the short wall of the home. The laying step depends on the span width, but on average it is 1 m. Next you will need simple materials that provide insulation, and you cannot do without the following tools:
Laying process wooden floor from beams and boards
- saws;
- hammer;
- assembly knife;
- roulette;
- construction stapler.
Beams are reinforced with anchors in niches brick wall. But before laying, they make an oblique cut at the ends of the timber and impregnate it with an antiseptic. The area of contact between the wood and the brick is tarred and wrapped in roofing felt. The ends of the supports in the niches must be tightly closed. The gaps can be eliminated with polyurethane foam.
Then floor joists are laid on the supporting beams, and rubber pads are placed under them to reduce the vibration of the structure.
The ceiling is lined underneath. Attic and basement ceiling systems require insulation. Interfloor partitions can do without it, but good sound insulation is required. Interfloor ceilings constructive principle
However, the design technology of each of them will be different, and the performance characteristics will depend on the correct manufacturing.
According to the design principle, ceiling devices are divided into 4 main types:
- monolithic reinforced concrete floors;
- slab floors made of precast reinforced concrete;
- frequently ribbed ceilings (prefabricated monolithic);
- wooden floors.
Let's consider the two most common methods of organizing floors - wooden and monolithic
Wood, unlike other bases ( reinforced concrete slabs, monolith), used for floors, environmentally pure material. Besides wooden ceiling or flooring give the room a distinctive look and retain heat well. Previously, wood was used for these purposes quite often. Nowadays, interfloor wooden floors, as a rule, are made only in wooden houses, although there are exceptions.
In private low-rise construction When constructing interfloor floors, massive reinforced concrete slabs are rarely used, preferring structures based on wooden beams. The advantage of such load-bearing structures is the relative simplicity of their construction, light weight and sufficient strength. Next, you will learn what material is needed to create the ceiling, and how the installation of the structure is carried out in practice.
Scheme of an interfloor partition - from base to finishing
The basis of floors constructed in private houses are those based on. The following types of lumber can be used:
- timber (solid, glued);
- rounded (calibrated) log;
- boards sewn together with nails, bolts or screws.
The lumber listed must be made from wood coniferous species, such as larch or pine. Spruce lumber is less durable due to the high content of branches, so it is used as beams of short length. Hardwood beams and logs are not used as the basis for floors, having low bending strength. The use of such material will inevitably lead to deformation of the structure under the influence of vertical load.
To create a continuous rough surface, the beams are sheathed on both sides with boards or slabs (OSB, plywood). On the side of the lower floor, a ceiling is subsequently formed ( plastic panels, drywall, wooden lining) On the second floor. Second floor floors wooden beams can be laid directly on slabs, boards with which load-bearing elements of floors are sheathed, or along additionally installed joists.
The beams are mounted with a certain spacing, which causes the presence of voids between the floor sheathing. This feature is used to install materials that have sound-proofing and heat-saving properties into empty spaces. If wooden floors separate living spaces, their thermal insulation is not necessary - in this case, noise insulation is more important. When an interfloor partition separates a heated space from a non-residential attic, the task of reliable insulation of the floor is in the foreground.
The most reliable soundproofing material is low-density mineral wool. To create a thermal insulation barrier, polymer insulation materials (foam plastic, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane foam) or the same basalt wool are often used. When using mineral (basalt) wool as insulation or soundproofing material, a vapor barrier must be installed on the side of the lower room and waterproofing on top.
We calculate beams - section, pitch, length
In order for the wooden floor between floors to be reliable, safe to use and withstand the expected loads on its surface, you need to correctly calculate what cross-section of beams is needed and with what step they should be placed. It is clear that the thicker the timber or log, the greater strength on bending they have. The strength of the entire interfloor structure depends not only on the cross-section of the beams, but also on the frequency of their location. The normal pitch of load-bearing elements of floors is considered to be a distance from 0.6 to 1 meter. Placing beams less often is unsafe, and more often it is not rational.
The strength of a beam with the same cross-section decreases in inverse proportion to the distance between its supports, that is, load-bearing walls, therefore the thickness of the main elements of wooden floors increases along with their required length. The normal distance between supporting walls is considered to be 4 m or less. For larger spans, it is necessary to use non-standard beams with an increased cross-section or reduce their pitch. Sometimes additional supporting structures (columns) are installed to strengthen the floors.
As beams, beams are predominantly used, having a rectangular shape at the end, and the installation of load-bearing elements is carried out so that big side The section was located vertically. Normal sections of beams are considered to be 16-24 cm on the vertical side in cross section and 5-16 cm in the horizontal section. Boards fastened together also form a beam, but the strength of such a tandem is somewhat lower than that of a solid one. wooden part, which is taken into account when calculating the load on wooden floors. The most irrational type of lumber used as load-bearing beams is considered to be a log, which has approximately the same strength as a conventional beam that could be obtained by processing round timber, but at the same time much greater weight.
Exact calculation permissible load on floor beams is the domain of professional civil engineers. To calculate the design strength of floors, very complex formulas are used, which can be operated by people with special education. However, there are tables with which you can approximately select the cross-section of wooden beams depending on the distance between the supports and the pitch of the load-bearing elements of the floor. For example, with a span of 2 m between supporting walls, a beam with a section of 75x100 with a step of 60 cm and 75x150 with a distance between beams of 100 cm is recommended. With the same distance between supports, logs with a diameter of 13 cm (step of 1 m) and 11 cm (step of 0.6) will be needed m).
The indicated sections of load-bearing lumber are valid for operational loads on floors not exceeding 400 kg/m2. This load is calculated in the case of a full-fledged living space on the second floor. If the floors separate the lower rooms from the non-residential attic, a load of 160 kg/m2 is assumed, at which the cross-section of the load-bearing beams is correspondingly reduced. If an increased concentrated load is expected in a certain area of the second floor floor (installation of massive objects), additional floor beams are installed in this place.
Methods of attaching load-bearing elements to walls - reliable fixation
The most the best way installing wooden floors between floors involves inserting beams into special niches that are formed during the construction of walls. Load-bearing logs or beams are inserted into the walls at least 12 cm on each side, which provides reliable support for the ceiling. This method is relevant when building walls from any building materials - in brick house, in a building made of building blocks or made of wooden materials.
Niches for installing beams or logs are made larger than the sections of lumber. This is necessary for them correct installation into the sockets and the possibility of alignment in one horizontal plane. Sections of beams that are inserted into the walls are first treated with antiseptic impregnations, then coated bitumen mastic, after which they are wrapped in roll waterproofing material in two layers. The end part of the beam is cut at an angle and is not insulated. This is necessary to ensure the free release of steam generated when the wood is heated.
A wooden beam that has been treated and protected from moisture is installed in a wall niche so that there is no direct contact with the building material used to construct the walls. A piece of wood treated with protective impregnations is placed underneath the log or timber; on the sides and at the end, the gaps left for ventilation are filled with tow or glass wool. To increase the strength and reliability of the floor, every fourth or fifth beam is pulled to the load-bearing wall using an anchor connection.
Inserting beams into wall niches is in the classic way, which has proven its reliability over many years of operation. But this method of fastening load-bearing elements of interfloor ceilings can only be used at the stage of building a house. To secure beams to built walls, special metal fastenings, representing a kind of case for the end of the beam. Such parts are first attached to the walls, then load-bearing elements of the floor are inserted into them and fixed with bolts or self-tapping screws.
The second method of fastening wooden beams is considered more technologically advanced; the process of installing floors is faster. But if we take into account the reliability of the connection, classic method, which involves supporting beams or logs directly on load-bearing walls, no competition.
Creating floors between the first and second floors
The construction of a wooden floor between floors occurs in several stages, separated by time. If the installation of load-bearing beams is done during the construction of walls, then their further rough sheathing, thermal insulation of floors, finishing of the ceiling on the first floor and floor on the second - much later, when the house is built and covered.
Installation of beams is usually done when the walls are raised to the level of one floor. The masonry of the walls, made along the perimeter, and the erected load-bearing walls constitute a horizontal base on which it is convenient to lay wooden beams with minimal adjustment of them to the same level. First, install the outer beams, which are laid within 5 cm of the vertical surface walls Their mutual arrangement during installation it is controlled using a water level or a laser level. The intermediate load-bearing elements of the interfloor structure are aligned in a horizontal plane according to a reference point - a thread stretched between the outer beams or a long plank installed on top.
Before installation, lumber is treated with antiseptics and solutions (over the entire surface) that reduce the wood’s ability to burn. The edges of the beams laid on the walls are processed as described in the previous section. To prevent the bars from moving, they are often fixed to the walls with clamps or wire, after which the laying of the walls of the second floor continues, during which the lumber is finally fixed. Without reaching one or two rows to the final level of the walls (depending on the masonry building materials used), we lay the ceiling of the second floor on wooden beams in the same way. Afterwards we complete the laying, bypassing installed beams, and on top we form a reinforced concrete reinforced belt, which is the basis for starting the roof structure (installation of the Mauerlat).
Beams are the basis of floors, their supporting part. To make the basis for finishing on both floors, it is necessary to create a continuous rough surface, not forgetting to insulate (soundproof) the floors and, if necessary, lay a vapor barrier. This is done in the following sequence.
- 1. Roll from below. To do this, it is better to use boards (not edged ones are possible), which are sewn completely across the beams, fixed to them with self-tapping screws. If a layer is needed vapor barrier material(film), it is attached to the load-bearing beams of the floor before forming the roll.
- 2. The next stage of work is carried out from the side of the upper floor and consists of laying thermal insulation material, which fills the spaces between the beams.
- 3. After laying the insulation (sound insulator), we form a layer of waterproofing and sheathe the beams. It is more profitable to sheathe beams from the side of the upper floor OSB boards or plywood, which will immediately create a base for laying the finishing flooring material. If you use low-quality boards, you will have to additionally install logs and form the floor covering on them.
On the side of the lower floor, a sheathing is made on the basis of rolling boards, which is sheathed with plasterboard, decorative or other finishing material. On top floor The finished floor covering is being laid.
The main advantages of this method between floors in high quality concrete surface, the absence of joining seams and the ability to make such a ceiling in a house of any architectural shape. It is also important that with this type of installation there is virtually no need for expensive special lifting equipment. If you have time and opportunity for the device, then delete wooden formwork over the entire floor area, then this constructive solution among will be the best.
The essence of the design of prefabricated monolithic floors is that the space between the beams is filled with hollow blocks, on top of which a layer of concrete is applied. This type of flooring has improved thermal insulation properties. In addition, the installation of such an overlap significantly reduces construction time. However, when laying such a structure, you have to do everything yourself; this process is very labor-intensive, and it is not practical to use it when building a house above the second floor.
A prefabricated monolithic floor is mounted as follows: the beams are laid on the walls at a distance of 60 cm. A linear m of beam weighs no more than 19 kg, which makes it possible not to use lifting devices for laying the beams. Expanded clay concrete or polystyrene concrete hollow blocks are laid on the beams (the weight of one block of expanded clay concrete is 14 kg, of polystyrene concrete - 5.5 kg). This weight allows the blocks to be laid manually.
After laying the blocks, the prepared structure is actually a permanent formwork, on top of which, reinforced with reinforcing iron mesh with cells of 100x100 mm, a layer is laid monolithic concrete stamps 200.
Construction Tools:
- saw;
- hammer;
- hacksaw for metal;
- shovel;
- trowel.
In one material, which is also limited in volume, it is not possible to fully reveal such difficult topic, as a device for interfloor ceilings, especially considering the diversity of their types. Therefore, the task was to bring together in one material the main, key points of constructing floors between floors made of different materials, so that you can use them to your greatest benefit.