Classic European grape varieties. Red and black technical grades. Grape varieties of the Berlandieri group

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European varieties. Characterizing any European variety without reference to the rootstock would only make sense if it was grown on its own roots, and this is rare in Western European viticulture. Therefore we must consider the European variety as a grafted vine together with a rootstock.
Since the value of a vineyard depends on the number of grapes and their quality, vigor matters only to the extent that it affects the yield. In general, it can be said that Berlandieri X Riparia types promote growth and are therefore best used as rootstocks for large-fruited and high-yielding varieties. Being grafted onto Aramon X Ripa-ria and Riparia, all European varieties are characterized by increased fruitfulness and therefore require better care and plenty of fertilizer. Finally, some European varieties have their own “favorite” rootstock, that is, a rootstock with which they are especially in harmony. Such combinations are like ideal married couples, maintaining mutual fidelity even under the most difficult circumstances.
I have established in my experimental vineyard that many varieties are on a favorite rootstock, for example: Veltliner green, Riesling and Silvaner on Aripa; Italian Riesling, Neuburger, Rotgipfler, Portugieser gray and black at 5BB; Gray Veltliner, Elbling and pink Veltliner bear fruit better on Riparia than on their own roots. I list this best rootstock at the end of the description of each European variety.
The nutrient requirements of individual varieties are very different. I briefly note this in the final part of the description (designations: N - nitrogen, K - potassium, P-phosphorus). The most important nutrient for the variety is listed first. For example, the formula “fertilizer P + K + 1/2N” means that phosphorus (mass slag or superphosphate) is especially important for this variety; it also requires a lot of potassium (40-50% potassium salt, potassium sulfate or potassium magnesium). Nitrogen is less important, and large quantities are harmful, so only half the usual doses of ammonium sulfate or calcium ammonium nitrate should be added.

RieslingRhineland at 5BB it is characterized by strong and healthy growth, but only on dry soils and under especially favorable meteorological conditions during the flowering period does it produce a good harvest. The variety on this rootstock is resistant to high lime content, but, unfortunately, with an increase in its amount, the berries lose their bouquet. In the dry and thin crumbly soils of Wachau and Kamptal, Riesling generally develops well on 5BB, but in the first 3 years it needs to be given more load so that the growth of shoots is not too strong. With great growth, the variety often begins to bear fruit only in the 8-10th year.
In conditions of loess and sandy soils, it grows better on Aripa than on 5BB, and is also distinguished by greater fruitfulness and earlier ripening of berries. Good Riesling clones on this rootstock are quite resistant to flower drop. An early-ripening, large-fruited clone of Riesling No. 6, planted on my farm over a large area, produces yields that are almost as good as those of Veltliner green (on average 1 kg of bunches per 1 sq. m).
Despite extremely poor meteorological conditions during the flowering period, clone No. b produced a full harvest in 1949 as well. This circumstance is very important, since all other Riesling clones suffer from more or less severe shedding of flowers and berries. Of the eight clones on the farm, this one is undoubtedly the most valuable (obtained from Alzey). The Riparia Glouar rootstock is, of course, suitable only on fertile soils with a low lime content. On this rootstock the variety ripens early and is characterized by regular fruiting. Fertilizer: P + K + 1/2N. Best rootstock- Aripa.
Silvaner grafted on 5BB also tolerates only moderate lime content, maximum 25%. If the subsoil is very fertile and does not contain much lime, Silvaner grows excellently. On loess soils with a 25% lime content, Silvaner, grafted onto Aripa, develops satisfactorily, very
It bears fruit well, ripens early, but after the 10th year the growth of shoots gradually decreases, especially in open places where strong winds blow. Silvaner na Aripa very quickly enters the time of full fruiting, but it should be borne in mind that with low formation it is depleted after 20 years. However, thanks to the high yields during this period, the vineyard completely pays for itself.
Silvaner, grafted onto Riparia, grows relatively weakly even in favorable soil conditions, but despite this, it produces a good harvest. In general, this variety requires much more fertilizer than all the others, because only with a good nutritional regime can the plant develop normally for a long time. Large doses of nitrogen do not harm it. Fertilizer: 2K + P + N. The best rootstock is Aripa.

Veltlinergreen 1 is divided into a number of types, which relate somewhat differently to individual rootstocks. There are clear differences between the White types from Krems and the Zellendorf types. White from Krems has large, vesicular leaves with blunt teeth (Müller-Thurgau type). In Zellendorf, the leaves are generally somewhat smaller and the leaf blade is smoother (Rothgipfler type). The Poysdorf type has vesicular leaves and loose clusters, while the first two types have dense clusters. I have four types of Veltliner green, of which three have virtually no affinity for Aripa, and the fourth has poor affinity. The fusion percentage of these older types of Veltliner green with 5BB is not particularly high, but is still sufficient to be grafted onto this rootstock.
Occasionally, in favorable soil conditions, the old Veltliner green, grafted onto Riparia Glouar, develops quite satisfactorily, but in most cases its shoots remain herbaceous and it bears fruit poorly. The variety’s poor ability to grow together when grafted and numerous failures to grow it on rootstocks that are widespread in our country

1 Comes from Lower Austria, where it is also called Weissgipfler. Wine variety, also common in Czechoslovakia. (Editor's note)

prompted me to try to develop a new Veltliner green. From many thousands of seedlings, I selected a few and quickly propagated them by grafting into American varieties. The best of the selected seedlings turned out to be No. 7, which in 1929 distinguished itself with almost the same frost resistance as Rhine Riesling and Italian Riesling.
This variety has been called Green Veltliner Seedling since 1929. It is very similar to the old Veltliner green, but its growth is stronger, the clusters are larger, the skin of the berry is stronger, and the flesh is somewhat fleshier than the old types of Veltliner green. The acidity of the juice is the same, but the sugar content is slightly higher. Due to their thick skin, the berries of Green Veltliner Seedling are almost not subject to rotting, so I carried out late fees harvest until mid-November.
In my formerly rather extensive grape school, the green Veltliner seedling was propagated, and several hundred thousand bushes were obtained. According to the data collected so far, it develops very well on Aripa when planted in soil containing up to 25% lime. Grafted on 5BB it also tolerates only 25% lime. It has not yet been tested on Riparia Gloire. Veltliner green seedling grows both on thin and fertile soils, on mountain slopes and on plains. It is also capable of recovering very well and resuming shoot growth after spring frosts.
Cultivation of older types of Veltliner green on all rootstocks requires caution. Grafted at 5BB, they can be used on fertile loess, sandy and clayey soils containing up to 25% lime only if these soils are well warmed up and moisture does not stagnate in them. But where the soil is compacted and contains excess moisture, green Veltliner bushes grafted on both 5BB and AramonHRiparia often do not live up to 10 years. In such areas, the root-bearing bushes of Veltliner green also die.
In general, we should not forget that ungrafted Veltliner green (like many other varieties that have long been common in Austria) develops shallow roots. If such a variety is grafted onto a deep-rooting rootstock, for example 5BB or 8B, this can easily cause disruption of its development. In the presence of fertile subsoil with favorable conditions, grafted bushes grow normally, but if the subsoil is compacted, contains excess lime, is too acidic, or is characterized by other harmful properties, the development of the scion very soon stops.
It can often be observed that on loess soils, green Veltliner bushes grafted onto Aramon X Riparia, at the age of 3 to 6 years, more or less lose green color. Subsequently, the chlorosis disappears completely. When the lime content in the soil is no higher than 25%, chlorosis never manifests itself to such an extent that it affects the vigor of growth and fruiting. The cause of the disease is wet weather or application fresh manure. In conditions of high-standard culture, in which it is especially widely used on young plantings. green manure chlorosis does not occur. Fertilizer: K + P + N. The best rootstock is Aripa.

RieslingItalian has good affinity for Berlandieri X Riparia 5BB and 8B. Fruiting and wood growth are well balanced, early ripening, low soil requirements. Can grow on soils containing large amounts of lime and very thin soils. Its fruitfulness is also high when grafted onto Aramon X Riparia. In conditions of thin soils, too high fertility leads to delayed ripening of bunches and rapid depletion of bushes. Therefore, Aramon can be used as a rootstock only on soils that are more fertile and not too rich in lime. The same thing, but to an even greater extent, applies to vaccination with Riparia Gloire. Fertilizer: K + P + N. The best rootstock is Berlandieri X Riparia 5BB.

Veltlinerred when grafted at 5BB it grows too much and therefore must be planted on dry soils. On fertile soils it is prone to shedding and ripens too late. It grows well on Aramon X Riparia and Riparia Gloire and, subject to careful selection of scion material, produces stable and high yields. Fertilizer: K+P+1/2 N. The best rootstock is Riparia.

Neuburger has outstanding affinity for 5BB and 8B, is suitable for almost all soils and tolerates very high lime content. However, it is necessary to refrain from planting it on very fertile soils, because the growth force of Neuburger at 5BB is too great, and this leads to a decrease in the yield of young bushes. It also grows excellently on Aripa and Riparia Gloire, but, unfortunately, this variety is not frost-resistant enough. Fertilizer: K + P + 1/2 N. The best rootstock is Berlandieri X Riparia 5BB.

MuscatFrontignan, being grafted on 5BB, it is characterized by somewhat delayed ripening, but gives a satisfactory result on dry soils. On all rootstocks it does not tolerate large amounts of lime. In fertile soil conditions, it grows well and bears fruit on Aripa and Riparia Gloire. Fertilizer: K + P + N. The best rootstock is Riparia.

Traminer grows well at 5BB when planted on dry soils. It tolerates a very high lime content, has strong shoot growth, but is sometimes susceptible to flower shedding. Mass clonal selection of this variety is urgently needed, since in almost all plantings it is heavily clogged with bushes with unstable fruiting. Therefore, when planting Traminer, you should use only the best carefully selected pure clonal material. Traminer pink and Pinot gray bear fruit much better and have a higher sugar content on Aripa and Riparia Gloire than on 5BB. With a high-standard crop, the yield of selected Traminer and Riesling is in most cases almost the same, but the sugar content of Traminer is often 2% higher. Fertilizer: P + K+ 1/2 N. The best rootstock is Riparia.

Rothgipfler1 grows well on 5BB and tolerates high lime content. Its bushes are durable, characterized by excellent growth and sufficient frost resistance. When grafted onto Arip, Rothgipfler tends to become depleted as a result of strong fruiting, so it must be used on this scion
1 Chokeberry variation of Veltliner green. Produces extractive, strong table wines. (Prim. edit.)
only in very fertile soil conditions. The same applies to the Riparia vaccine. This variety also requires the strictest clonal selection. Only types distinguished by the intense red color of the shoots and veins on the leaves are resistant to flower shedding. In plants with lightly colored shoots and veins on the leaves, flowers fall off every second year. Fertilizer: K + P-j-N. The best rootstock is Berlandieri X Ri" paria 5BB.

Pinowhite It grows very well on all rootstocks, but if 5BB is used, the variety should be planted only on dry, thin soils, otherwise the inflorescences will be completely discarded in the first years. At 5BB it tolerates very high lime content and even at Aripa it can grow on soils containing up to 35% lime. When using Aripa or Riparia as rootstocks, the soil should also not be too fertile, because the bushes, especially when cultivated with low formations, become heavily fattened in the first years. The variety requires long pruning and is very suitable for high-standard crops. Fertilizer: P+K+ 1/2 N. The best rootstock is Aripa.

Spätrot (Zirfandler)! grows well on 5BB, Aripa and Riparia Gloire, if planted in soil that is not too thin and meets the requirements of the rootstock. Being grafted on 5BB, it is characterized by great durability, high yield and excellent product quality. If the variety is grafted onto Aripa or Riparia Gloire, you should not use too much pruning, otherwise the bushes will become depleted. Fertilizer: K + P + N. The best rootstock is Berlandieri X Riparia 5BB.

Veltlinergrey,VeltlinerpinkAndElbling grow well on all three rootstocks and are not picky about soil. They need to be cut fairly short. Under heavy load the bushes become depleted. However, pink Veltliner at 5BB or Aripa ripens quite late, so it is better to use one of the other two varieties instead. Due to their poor frost resistance, these varieties are unsuitable for high-standard crops. Fertilizer: K + P + 1/2 N. The best rootstock is Riparia.

1 Wine variety with black berries. Distributed in Lower Austria. (Editor's note)

Veltlinerredearly! - a vigorously growing variety that can be planted on all rootstocks only on thin soils. At 5BB and 8B in wet soil conditions, the yield leaves much to be desired. On Arip and Riparia, Glouar gives very good harvests High Quality. Although the variety never provides such high yields as Veltliner green, and the wine from it is devoid of any characteristic bouquet, the alcohol content and extract are higher than that of Veltliner green. The variety is suitable for planting in climatically less favorable areas (northern slopes). It has very good frost resistance and resistance to lime, is little demanding of fertilizers, and its clusters are slightly affected by mildew. Fertilizer: P + K+ 1/2 N. The best rootstock is Riparia.

PortugiesergreyAndblack They develop well on all three rootstocks and on almost all soils. They are unsuitable for high-standard crops because they are not frost-resistant enough. Fertilizer: K + P + N. The best rootstock is BerlandieriHRiparia 5BB.

Muller-Thurgau 2 grows very well in fertile soil conditions on all three rootstocks. Produces extremely high yields, characterized by high sugar content, excellent bouquet and low acidity. Accordingly, its need for fertilizers is very high. The variety has two drawbacks: its leaves and clusters are quite heavily affected by mildew, and for a high-standard crop it is not winter-hardy enough. But, despite this, I took the Müller-Thurgau variety in a high-standard vineyard large area and I try to prevent damage to the variety by frost with abundant doses of potassium, better nutrition of the bushes and moderate load. According to average long-term data, the result of high-standard crops is quite satisfactory. This can be explained primarily by the fact that the bushes quickly recover from frost damage and have very high fruitfulness. Fertilizer: 2K + P + N. The best rootstock is Aripa.

1 Wine and table variety, found under the name Red Malvasia. (Editor's note)
2 A variety obtained by Müller-Thurgau in 1891 in Geisenheim from crossing Riesling X Silvaner. (Editor's note)

Grapes actively spread throughout the planet during the Tertiary period, capturing even northern regions. However, the Ice Age significantly moved the regions of its growth to the south, preserving the plant only in the south of Europe, Central Asia, as well as along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The grapevine was already cultivated in Ancient Egypt, Assyria and Phenicia.

Nowadays, more than 8 thousand varieties of grapes are known, but of these, only about 800 varieties are suitable for cultivation, which is also quite a lot.

The influence of climate on vine cultivation

The distribution area of ​​modern cultural varieties extends from 40° south to 50° north latitude. There are varieties that feel comfortable in hot, dry or, conversely, very humid regions. Other varieties tolerate well winter frosts. Extensive vineyards can be found in Germany and Siberia, Chile or New Zealand.

The main influence of climatic conditions of growth is on the purpose of the cultivated varieties and the quality of the crop. Based on this feature, they can be divided into several main groups:

• wine (technical), that is, capable of preserving the entire range of taste and aroma during fermentation;
• dining rooms with excellent taste and appearance;
• universal, suitable for both dessert and technical use as raw materials for the preparation of juices and wines;
• seedless (raisin) - good after drying.

In addition, climate also affects some other features of the growing season.

• In too humid and warm subtropics, there is a high probability of fungal diseases and there is practically no dormant period. Here it is most advisable to grow vines in mountainous areas, since high altitude above sea level softens the summer heat and allows plants to rest in winter.
• In the tropical zone, grapes bear fruit continuously and, with proper care, can produce two or even three harvests a year.
• Dry and hot areas near the equator guarantee the absence of diseases, but increase the likelihood of pest damage. In addition, the vine here suffers from dry winds and lack of water.
• IN Western Europe Difficulties for cultivation are created by a too short and cool growing season, while grapes require at least 180 days of positive temperatures for full ripening.
• Eastern Europe and the regions of Siberia limit the possibilities of winegrowers with severe winter frosts. If many European varieties can withstand cold temperatures down to -15 °C without shelter, then in regions with harsh winter The bushes must be bent to the ground and protected.
• Zones with a moderate-warm climate, such as the Mediterranean or California, are considered the most favorable for growing grapes. The main problem here is sufficient irrigation of plantations, since when there is a lack of moisture, the quality of the wine always suffers first.

From climatic features The choice of varieties of the corresponding ripening dates depends on the region: ultra-early, early, medium or late. The closer to the north the zone is located, the earlier ripening varieties are recommended to be planted.

The most delicious varieties for the southern regions

For growing in warm, southern regions You can choose not only early and mid-ripening varieties, but even late-ripening grapes. In this case, you should pay attention to its taste and decorative qualities, as well as resistance to fungal diseases.

Heroic– mid-season table variety, perfect for consumption in fresh. Large clusters have a conical shape and moderate density. Golden-green, large and oval berries delight with fleshy pulp and very thin skin. The grapes are distinguished by good resistance to fungal diseases and good yield of medium-sized bushes.

Vierul-59– a mid-late table variety with increased winter hardiness. It forms vigorous bushes, which, with short pruning, produce high yields. Dense clusters consist of large (up to 6 g) berries of a black-gray hue and a traditional, but very good taste. The grapes are resistant to most fungal diseases and pests, but due to the structural features of the bunch, they are susceptible to leaf roller damage. The harvest is well stored and transported.

East– very tasty, heat-loving table grapes of medium late ripening. By mid-September, medium-sized bushes form large, somewhat loose clusters of large and sweet, purple-red berries with a slight nutmeg flavor of juicy pulp. The variety has average resistance to fungal diseases and leaf rollers, and is demanding on soil fertility. The crop tolerates transportation well.

Golden stable– mid-late grapes universal purpose characterized by increased productivity. Vigorous bushes form large clusters of low density, consisting of round, greenish-amber berries. The juicy pulp of the fruit has a refreshing, delicate taste. The variety tolerates low temperatures and drought well, is almost not affected by mildew, but is not sufficiently resistant to gray rot.

Autumn pink– mid-late variety table purpose, forming medium-sized plants. Slightly loose, very decorative clusters consist of elongated berries of traditional taste with fleshy and juicy pulp, covered with delicate, dark pink skin. The variety is resistant to most fungal diseases and pests and tolerates winter frosts well. Disadvantages include poor transportability of the crop.

What to choose for regions with temperate climates?

Pineapple early– technical early ripening variety of European selection. The harvest is recommended for making dessert wines, but is also tasty when consumed fresh. Medium-sized bushes are excellent for landscaping gazebos. Small clusters of small, amber-colored berries are slightly loose. The taste of the fruit pleases with a very pleasant, sweet taste with caramel notes. The juicy pulp surprises with a pineapple aroma with a light trail of Isabella. The grapes can withstand frosts down to -27 °C, are resistant to most fungal diseases and do not spoil for a long time while on the plant after ripening.

Little Dove– an early-ripening variety of Ukrainian selection exclusively for wine purposes. Forms medium-dense, medium-sized conical clusters of small berries covered with thin skin of a dark bluish shade. The dark ruby ​​pulp of the traditional taste is distinguished by the unusual flavor of poppy and black currant. It is recommended to harvest the wine for making wine at the end of September or beginning of October, depending on what kind of drink you plan to make: table drink or fortified. The grapes are distinguished by excellent winter hardiness (above European varieties) and high immunity to most fungal diseases.

Perlina Saba– ultra-early table grapes of Hungarian selection, ripening in the first half of August. Moderately tall bushes form loose clusters of medium size, consisting of medium-sized golden-green berries with thin skin and juicy, very tasty pulp with nutmeg notes. This productive grape has good winter hardiness, is moderately resistant to fungal diseases, but is susceptible to attacks by spider mites. The variety grows better on fertile chernozems and light loams, and actively responds to the application of fertilizers. The crop does not tolerate transportation well.

Lydia pink– universal mid-season variety native to North America. The grape is one of the Isabella grapes and is recommended for making wine or juice. Tall, productive bushes, prone to thickening, are suitable for vertical gardening, are not afraid of winter frosts and have a fairly high immunity to major fungal diseases. Loose clusters of medium size and conical shape consist of medium-sized berries with dense purple skin, decorated with a bluish bloom. The slimy pulp has a pleasant taste with original strawberry notes. The grapes are not afraid of waterlogging, respond gratefully to fertilizing, are salt-tolerant, but are susceptible to calcareous chlorosis.

Frost-resistant varieties for the middle zone

Capricious weather middle zone does not often frighten with really harsh winters, but it regularly presents surprises in the form of winter thaw, early autumn cold or late warmth in spring. Therefore, for such climatic conditions It is recommended to choose early-ripening and frost-resistant varieties that are not afraid of return frosts. It is these grapes that manage to ripen in a relatively short and not always hot summer, and will not freeze in a too cold winter with little snow cover.

White miracle– early ripening table grapes that form medium or tall bushes. Very large (up to 1.5 kg) clusters of medium density are collected from large (up to 8 g) berries with a pleasant, harmonious taste with an almost white tint of soft green skin. The variety is frost-resistant (up to -25 °C), productive, has excellent immunity to most fungal diseases, and is well transported. The grapes ripen quickly in the first ten days of August and can be stored on the plant for a long time without wilting or losing their taste.

Harold– an ultra-early, productive hybrid for table purposes, ripening in the last ten days of July. Tall bushes form large, dense clusters with large (up to 6 g) oval berries. The golden skin hides juicy, fleshy flesh with a balanced flavor and light nutmeg notes. The crop can remain on the plant for a long time without loss of taste. The variety is unpretentious in care, resistant to major fungal diseases, tolerates winter frosts down to -25 °C, and is not damaged during transportation.

Laura (Flora)– early-ripening, table grapes of Odessa selection quickly gained popularity among stockists thanks to large (more than 1 kg) bunches collected from elongated greenish-white, dense berries of impressive size (up to 9 g) and excellent taste with a high sugar content. Additional advantages of the variety are increased ability to adapt, resistance to most fungal diseases, and good frost resistance (up to -21 °C).

The most worthy choice for Siberia

Most Siberian regions have a sharply continental climate, which means that the grapevine will have to not only adapt to the bitter Siberian frosts, but also survive the summer heat. Just a couple of decades ago, Siberian gardeners did not even dream of growing such a heat-loving and capricious crop as grapes. However, the achievements of modern selection make it possible, even in such conditions, to obtain a harvest of aromatic and tasty berries.

Bashkir– universal grape domestic selection, characterized primarily by very high frost resistance and productivity of medium-sized bushes. Loose clusters of medium size are collected from round, dark-gray berries with a specific sweet and sour taste. The variety has increased immunity to fungal diseases and pests.

Russian early– table grapes ripen very early, form tall, productive, unpretentious bushes with increased frost resistance and relatively good resistance to major fungal infections. Medium-sized clusters are formed from impressive (up to 5 g) dark pink berries with a perfectly balanced taste of sweet, dense pulp. The crop tolerates transportation well.

Sharov's riddle– a high-yielding hybrid that ripens in the second ten days of August. It was obtained in the second half of the last century and since then has not lost its relevance due to its unpretentiousness and frost resistance. The small clusters consist of medium-sized dark purple berries with a sweet and sour taste. They are able to remain on the vine for a long time, which causes the berries to wilt slightly, becoming much sweeter.

Pinocchio– an ultra-early variety of local selection (Biysk), obtained at the end of the last century. Medium-sized bushes form small, loose clusters of white, very sweet, medium-sized berries that can be stored on the vine for a long time without loss of taste. The grapes are perfectly adapted and withstand all the vagaries of the Siberian weather without loss.

Grapes are grown for their sweet, aromatic fruits, which make excellent snack foods. Many varieties are easy to grow and can be a great addition to your home, garden or landscape.

The varieties with the best aroma, size, and juiciness are American, European, and hybrid. In most American varieties, the pulp easily slips out of the peel. Most grape juices for sale are made using American varieties.

European table grape varieties are sweet and their pulp is tightly connected to the skin.

Taifi grape - pink variety from the Arabian Peninsula

White Red, pink species more common than black, the cultivation of which is established in areas where winemaking predominates.

American table grapes

The Candice variety produces small, warm, seedless fruits that are resistant to black rot.

Steuben grapes have large black berries with a sweet, spicy taste.

Of all American varieties table grapes Schuyler is highly resistant to disease. The berries are sweet, medium size, blue.

Himrod is an American hybrid, but has one European parent - Thompson, seedless. The fruits are dark amber in color and grow in large, loose clusters. The variety is early and grows on any soil.

Candice grapes are rot-resistant and seedless

European varieties

Table grapes are most often found in grocery stores and farmers. These are usually medium-sized pink berries, seedless, have a crunchy texture and a slightly sweet taste - a good choice for home garden.

Concord is a dark purple grape variety that is very popular for making juice. This grafted species is suitable for a long and hot season.

Dark pink Globe is another variety, the berries are large, red-skinned, with a mild taste. Niagara Falls is one of the most popular white grapes.

The fruits are medium and large with juicy pulp, sweet in taste.

Table grape varieties such as Shabash are brown, almost black; Asma, are characterized by moderate frost resistance and are used for long-term storage.

The following varieties are also famous and popular among winegrowers: New gift to Zaporozhye (PZV-4-7); Lowland - a dark berry with fleshy-juicy pulp, harmonious taste; Original – late-ripening variety, Odessa selection with large conical clusters and pointed conical berries; Timur is an early-ripening variety (105-115 days), medium-sized, with large nipple-shaped berries. It is easy to propagate, has a high sugar content and is frost-resistant down to -25 degrees.

Nizina grapes produce sweet, fleshy berries

Muscat varieties

Black Thomas variety is one of the sweetest and most popular Muscat grape varieties. Nesbit produces many black, semi-sweet berries.

Doreen is another semi-sweet variety, Brown. The cultivation of Muscat of Yerevan is characterized by high yields, up to 100 centners per hectare.

Fruits with a pronounced nutmeg aroma.

The homeland of Muscat of Alexandria is Arabia, cultivation is difficult due to the high degree of damage from oidium, mildew, and frost. The yield is not high, the pulp is juicy with a nutmeg aroma.

Thomas grape - a popular muscat variety

The Uncrowned King of Red Wines

Cabernet Sauvignon is the world's most famous table grape variety. And not only because of its unsurpassed elegance presented in wines from the province of Bordeaux.

The strain is the most famous and widespread throughout the world, although in the 90s of the last century the superiority of Merlot was recognized.

Cabernet Sauvignon is nothing more than a hybrid of two other strains. This is even in its name. “Cabernet” is taken from the red variety Cabernet Franc and the second word is from the white variety “Sauvignon Blanc.”

In the production of red wines, the Cabernet variety is indispensable. Every year the world is replenished with strains of this variety.

This is largely due to the high climatic tolerance of the grapes. The vine can withstand frosts in winter and spring.

Late ripening fruit requires plenty of sun during the last stage of the plant's growth cycle. This problem is not familiar to most Spanish wine regions.

He is tolerant of the poor organic substances soils.

The grapes are small and have thick skins. The pulp and juice are aromatic and rich in tannins. Wine from it can mature for several years. It has the aroma of black currants, elderberries, cedar, chocolate, olive leaves.

When these aromas merge into one bouquet in a mature wine, it is not only very original, but also pleasant to the nose. Table grape varieties, their rich taste and aroma, are obtained from pink berries grown in temperate climates.

Strains grown in areas with lower temperatures or too high temperatures lose out on the richness of the bouquet.

Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are used to make fine wines

The aroma in Cabernet wine is not as pronounced as in other classic wines and you need a good “nose” to perceive it.

All qualities indicate that in each wine region, vineyards of a given variety occupy a larger area of ​​land compared to other types. The vineyard area of ​​the Syrah, Pinot, Noir, Chardonnay and white Tempranillo strains is much smaller.

The best wines containing Cabernet Sauvignon are produced in the southwest of France and in the New World - in California.

Another black grape variety, Merlot, is a strain related to the above. The clusters are cylindrical or conical, often with wings. The weight of the bunch is 110-150 g. The berries are almost spherical, 14x13 mm, black with a waxy coating.

The pulp is juicy, colorless, the skin is hard. Not unique in taste and bouquet. Sensitive to climate and soil conditions different regions and countries.

A classic grape variety grown in Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, Albania, Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, USA, Chile, Argentina and China. Merlot produces excellent wines such as Bordeaux.

–Fronsaz Cannon, Saint-Emilion, Pomerol (France), Masseto, Monit (Italy), Jorney Merlot (USA), Gran Reserva Merlot (Chile). We can say that the wine from this bush has a slightly softer taste.

Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, this wine does not smell of cigars, graphite, roses, plums or summer fruits. It is characterized by low frost resistance and a late ripening period. The name comes from the French word "merlem" meaning "braid".

In Crimea it ripens in 152-164 days (from the beginning of bud break) and needs sunny days. In cold years, the CS strain ripens better than Cabernet.

• Recommended on summer cottages Plant in the spring, when the soil has warmed up and the danger of frost has passed.
• Trim the seedlings, leaving only two buds on each.
• Dig a hole deep enough to avoid damaging the roots.
• Place it in the ground so that the pin is slightly higher than the ground.
• Firm the soil around the vine thoroughly.
• Water the plant.
• Place a post near the bush so as not to damage the plant.
• Fertilize the grapevine a week after planting.

The Merlot grape is a close relative of Cabernet Sauvignon.

Russian

A table grape variety, the bushes differ from others in their average size. The clusters have an oblong shape. The fruits are quite large, slightly rounded; when fully ripe, they acquire a dark pink color.

One berry can weigh up to 5 g. “Russian” is an early variety, collects sugar well, has an attractive subtle aroma and crispy texture.

The amount of sugar is about 21%. It is well preserved during transportation even over long distances. Can withstand temperatures down to -23 degrees. Resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew, gray mold

and downy mildew.

1. If you decide to grow “Russian” in your own garden or dacha, remember:
2. Its ripening period is 115 days - it can be harvested in early or mid-August.
3. The seedlings take root easily.

Compared to other grape varieties, high yield.

The planting hole should not exceed 50 cm. Planting can occur in the fall. Store fresh and frozen.

Green vines must undergo periodic summer pruning, which reduces the number of green branches that appear during the growing season. The purpose of the operation is to eliminate negative influence

environmental factors on the process of fruit formation.

Pruning is necessary and important for grapes.

Russian grapes require regular pruning

Isabel

A very fertile, frost-resistant variety with small clusters of medium size, sweet berries, sometimes 1.5 - 2 mm in diameter. The leaves turn yellow in autumn. The clusters are medium and small, cylindrical - conical in shape, not dense. The shape of the berries is spherical ellipsoidal, dark purple

with a slight waxy coating. The pulp is juicy, slimy, sweet, with a characteristic raspberry and strawberry aroma. The bushes are highly durable, tall, and require shaping. According to a study from 1991 to 1993 conducted at the Institute of Siebeldingen, Germany, fruits are resistant to powdery mildew

, and the leaves are moderately susceptible. Hanging bunches are well preserved for a long time.

Isabella grape - a common wine variety

Pink grapes were brought from eastern countries, from an Arabian port and quickly gained popularity in Europe.

Tyfi Pink's calorie content is quite low compared to other varieties, but the nutritional benefits are great. The seedlings are tall and strong, the cuttings take root quickly.

The ripening period is long, from bud opening to harvesting 160-175 days.

The grape clusters are large, cylindrical-conical in shape, with numerous lateral branches. Weight up to 2300 g. The berries are long, with a flattened top, dark pink in color with a purple tint, berry weight 7-9 g.

The skin is dense and hard. The pulp is juicy, fleshy, with a pronounced pleasant taste. It is characterized by high productivity, capable of bearing fruit even on stepsons.

It is not picky about soil, but requires shelter for the winter.

Weak resistance to disease. Affected spider mite, oidium, mildew. It is recommended to chemically treat the bushes.

Storage. The annual production of table grapes in the world is 16.5 tons.

They are grown in China, Turkey, Europe, Brazil, Chile and the United States of America.

The most popular table grape varieties: Cabernet, Merlot, Thompson, seedless, Flame, Red Globe, Pink, Muscat, Isabella, etc.

Long-term storage is associated with excellent quality of fruits and compliance with harvesting and storage deadlines in accordance with rules and protocols.

Source: http://SeloMoe.ru/vinograd/stolovye-sorta.html

Table grape varieties: description and characteristics

The best table grapes are designed to be consumed without any processing.

As a rule, they are served at the table along with other fruits during a small snack.

The table variety is distinguished by its appearance: large bunches and berries (a bunch of Nimrang grapes reaches 3 kg!) of a pleasant color. In addition, they are very sweet and much tastier than wine.

According to the speed of ripening they are distinguished into:

• early ripening;
• mid-season;
• late ripening.

Early ripe

As a rule, early ripening varieties ripen by the end of July. The best grape varieties in this category:

• Tomaisky. One of the most popular types of Moldavian berries. It is round and purple in color. Resistant to diseases and bears fruit well (one cluster - approximately 600 g);
• Giovanni grapes. It has large purple berries. Sweet, with a slight nutmeg aroma. Very productive. Up to 15 tons are obtained from one hectare;
• Gordey grapes. Released in Ukraine quite recently. Managed to spread throughout Russia and the Black Sea coast. It has large clusters (up to 1.2 kg) of oval shape, pointed at the end;

• Chasselas grapes. It has great amount varieties. The most common: White, Pink, Northern and Muscat. It is one of the most ancient - it was eaten in Ancient Egypt;
• grapes in memory of a surgeon. It has large clusters with iridescent yellow and pink tints. Breeder Evgeny Pavlovsky combined the Nistra and Talisman varieties, taking the color and size of the crop from the first, and the ripening speed from the second. The variety is moderately resistant to pathogenic bacteria and is afraid of ants and wasps;
• Bodry grapes. Released only 3 years ago. Ripens in July. You can use both table and wine. The color of the berries is violet-raspberry, the size of the bunch reaches 1.5 kg;
• Seneca grapes. Not afraid of frost down to -25 °C and pathogenic bacteria. In America it is used as white wine. Brush weight – 250 g;
• Ovation grapes. The fruits have a white-pink hue and an ovoid shape, a cluster weighing up to 1.2 kg. The taste is moderately sweet, harmonious;
• Jostin grapes. It produces a harvest already in the third year after planting. The fruits are oval, white, sweet, with a nutmeg aroma. The weight of the brush reaches 1.2 kg. He is not eaten by wasps, and he is not afraid of disease;
• Alice. Unlike other dark species, Alice matures very quickly (90 days). The fruits are dark burgundy with a slight bloom. Not afraid of frost and rarely gets sick;

• Red Kishmish grapes. Almost never gets sick, and is not afraid of frost down to -25 °C. Has a nutmeg flavor. The fruits are burgundy-pink. The bunch is of medium density, reaches 600 g;
• Russian Korinka. Not afraid of frost, you don’t need to cover it for the winter. The harvest is harvested at the end of July. The fruits are small, round, white in color (sometimes with a lemon tint), very sweet, seedless;
• Lovely. The color is yellow-green with a purple tint (completely yellow in the sun). The bunches weigh 0.6–0.8 kg. It is not afraid of frost down to -24 °C, but is not resistant to disease. Has a light nutmeg aroma;
• Ruta. The berries are pink-yellow, oval in shape. Ruta's brush is relatively small (500 grams). Ruta was bred in the Zaporozhye region (here it ripens on August 1). Easily transported and stored;
• Swallowtail. The berries are dark purple (almost black) in color, oval in shape. The brush reaches 0.8 kg. Frost resistance and disease resistance are average. Used as table and wine;
• First-Called. The berries are sickly sweet, ovoid in shape, yellow-green in color (appears pink in the sun). Considered immune to disease and tolerant of frost;
• Nadezhda Aksayskaya. Selection by Vasily Kapelyushny. The weight of the bunch can reach 2 kg. It has good frost resistance (but it’s still worth covering). Yellow berries round shape, large (about the size of a 5-kopeck coin);
• Jaguar. It has very large red berries (they turn purple in the sun). The bunch reaches a weight of 1.2 kg. Very sweet;
• Liepājas Dzintars. The earliest. The fruits are yellow, small, seedless. Has a nutmeg aroma;

• Esther. It has many varieties (can be white and black). The fruits are small, a bunch weighing 300 g. Very sweet;
• Krasa Nikopol grapes. Frost-resistant, fruits are purple, oval-shaped, very sweet. Easy to care for;
• grapes Russian Amber. It has small amber colored fruits. When fully ripe, they elongate and turn yellow and are very sweet. They have the aroma of forest nutmeg;
• Muscat amber grapes. The brushes are relatively small (only 340 g). The berries are sweet with a nutmeg flavor. Used only raw. When heat treated, it loses its properties;
• Elizabeth grapes. It is unpretentious, but is afraid of frost, so it is advisable to cover it for the winter. The harvest is large - a bunch reaches up to 2 kg. The fruits are green and appear yellow in the sun.

Early ripening ones are incredibly sweet and juicy. With normal watering and sunny weather give a large harvest. They are distinguished by good transportability, so they are often used for sale.

Mid-season

Mid-season varieties include those varieties that ripen in 130–140 days. Representatives of this group are:

Mid-season ones are usually easy to care for. You can easily grow them on your own home plot. They will delight you with a wonderful harvest.

Late ripening

Late-ripening varieties include varieties that need 140 or more days to ripen. These include:

Late-ripening ones have a richer taste with subtle aromas. Well kept. They are often used not only as tableware, but also as wine. They are used more often than others to make compotes and jam.

“Growing technical grape varieties”

In this video, the expert will share tips on growing technical grape varieties.

Source: http://gryadki.com/vinograd/sorta-vidy/stolovye-21411/

The best table grape varieties

Table grapes can be grown not only in the south, but also in temperate and cold climates. Some varieties have already won the sympathy of many winegrowers for their taste and disease resistance.

All grape varieties are divided into two classes: wine and table. Wine varieties, as the name suggests, are used for preparing wine and other alcoholic beverages.

The appearance and taste of fruits of wine varieties are much worse than those of their table “brothers”.

Table grapes have an attractive appearance and a bouquet of various flavors.

It is believed that grapes help with anemia, so doctors recommend it as a “natural medicine.” We have selected the best varieties with a balanced composition of nutrients, obtained as a result of long and persistent selection.

Arcadia

A variety obtained by crossing the Moldova and Cardinal varieties. By amount useful qualities is one of the ten best grape varieties.

It embodies the best achievements of grape crop selection: incredible sweet taste, resistance to damage and high quality fruits. The berries are large, heart-shaped, light green in color with a strong and thick skin.

Ripe fruits are very juicy with a nutmeg flavor. The variety is distinguished by high yield, good transportability, early fruiting, immunity to downy mildew, resistance to cold and compatibility with most rootstocks.

Arcadia requires constant attention and care, so you need to fertilize in a timely manner and additionally moisten the soil.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
110-120	500 – 700	80-100	15-16	8 out of 10

Bulgaria

Tall bushes of this variety are used not only to obtain a stable harvest, but also in decorative purposes. The berries are large, white with a light coating. The pulp is juicy, fleshy, the skin is thin and tender, not tough.

The variety gives average yield, sometimes it can be “overloaded,” which is expressed in the appearance of weak and underdeveloped shoots. Therefore, the bush must be normalized and pruned.

Disease resistance and severe frosts in Bulgaria it is low, but the fruits can withstand long-term transportation.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
110-120	400-800	60-80	17-20	8.2 out of 10

Delight white

A variety that is loved by gardeners due to its high consumer qualities and early ripening period. The yield of the variety is average, but with good care you can achieve high results.

The berries are oval-shaped, greenish, with a golden hue. Their flesh is fleshy, crispy and sweet. It is protected by a thick but at the same time delicate skin.

The vines are not damaged even in severe frost, and ripe berries can hang for up to 1.5 months without spoiling.

Only phylloxera and violation of the rules of agricultural technology can interfere with your “delight” from successful viticulture, since the variety is very susceptible to these two factors.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
110-120	550-800	100-110	16-18	8.6 out of 10

Gorgeous

An unpretentious amateur variety of early ripening. The bushes have a developed root system that penetrates to great depths, so they grow quite quickly. The berries also ripen to be a sight to behold - slightly elongated, with a pointed tip.

They are dark pink, with purple spots on the nose. The grapes have a pleasant taste, with a harmonious nutmeg aroma. Feature– almost complete absence of seeds.

The berries remain marketable for a long time, but the plant as a whole is not very resistant to disease.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
100-120	500-700	70-90	15-17	8.8 out of 10

Moldova

One of the most popular and high-yielding varieties. As they ripen, the oval berries acquire a rich dark purple color and a faint waxy coating. Their skin is dense and thick.

The pulp is juicy, crispy and meaty, with a pleasant taste. The bushes begin to bear fruit early and are resistant to almost any disease and to the main “enemy” of grapes – phylloxera.

Since the vine is frost-resistant, the fruits can be stored on the bushes for a long time.

What this tall variety really needs is free space: to prevent thickening, you need to carefully shape the bush by pruning it.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
155-165	350-800	160-180	17-19	8.5 out of 10

Original

Large and vigorous growth with massive bushes and large berries. Productivity is slightly above average, with fruiting shoots making up about 75% of the total. The berries are an attractive pink or white-pink color, elongated, with sharp tips and dense skin.

The original pleases not only with its fruits, but also with the neat appearance of the bushes: they are very similar to decorative ones. The variety is resistant to gray rot, downy mildew and powdery mildew.

The grapes do not tolerate frost very well and are practically unsuitable for transportation due to the weak attachment of the berries to the bunch.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
120-140	500-600	100-120	17-20	8.5 out of 10

Autumn black

A mid-late variety that pleases with berries towards the end of autumn. The bushes are vigorous and spreading. Fruiting begins in the second year. The berries are oblong, black and quite large. The pulp is fleshy, and the peel is thin and dense.

The frost resistance of the variety depends on air humidity: if it is low, the bush can easily stand for quite a long time without shelter. Powdery mildew of all types rarely affects Autumn Black bushes, unlike gray rot, which can lead to crop loss.

By the way, the prerequisites for its appearance are the same changes in humidity.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
120-150	500-700	90-120	16-18	8.4 out of 9

Mascot

Sometimes this high-yielding variety is confused with another, very similar to it, and is called Kesha-1. The talisman grows and develops very actively, the number of fruiting shoots is up to 85% of the total.

Prepare for the fact that the bush will need a lot of space - both in height and width. The berries ripen large, light green in color, with a characteristic nutmeg flavor.

The bunches can hang on the bush for quite a long time and still not lose their attractiveness and presentation. The variety is known for its resistance to powdery mildew and its downy variety.

You can cover grapes for the winter using a lightweight model - the vines can withstand frosts down to –25°C.

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
120-140	800 – 1000	90-100	17-23	8.5 out of 9

Timur

This variety, like cognac, only gets better with age. With age, the berries become larger, and the plant develops immunity to various fungal diseases (even black spot).

The berries are quite large, oval with a pointed tip. During long period The grapes remain white; in the sun, brown or amber “spots of ripeness” sometimes appear.

The pulp is dense, crispy with a fresh almond aroma. The skin is quite thin and breaks easily.

Timur feels great “without a team”; it is better not to plant him next to competing plants or vigorous varieties grapes The variety is resistant to gray rot and severe frosts (down to –25°C).

Maturation period (days)	Bunch weight (g)	Shelf life (days)	Sugar content of pulp (%)	Tasting assessment
105-115	400-600	60-80	17-22	8 out of 10

Table grape varieties are intended for fresh consumption; sometimes juice and even wine can be made from them.

The fruits of these varieties look more appetizing than wine varieties, they have a rich and rich taste, the berries are easily transported and do not spoil for a long time.

Also, table grapes are resistant not only to many diseases, but also to frost, which makes them easier to care for. Be sure to find a place on your site for this amazing crop!

Wine can be made from almost any grape, but do not forget that it is the variety that determines the taste, aromatic bouquet and color of the drink. And not all varieties are suitable for a truly high-quality drink. To ensure that home winemaking products do not disappoint and delight you with the expected results, you should choose the right wine grape variety.

Technical grapes

Grapes intended for producing wine and natural juice are called technical. It differs from the table variety in its more modest, dense clusters with medium and small juicy berries. Technical grape varieties have a high juice content (75–85% of the berry weight).

The acidity and sugar content of the berries determines what type of wine product (for example, dry or dessert wine, champagne or cognac) can be made from a given grape variety. Sugar in technical varieties intended for wine production should be more than 18%.

TO important qualities technical grapes are characterized by high yield stability.

It is worth noting that the same technical varieties of grapes can have completely different uses depending on the climate, soils and other features of the area where they are cultivated.

Technical grape varieties are grown in all geographical areas where cultivation of this crop is possible, Ukraine is no exception.

Popular varieties for winemaking

The best varieties for industrial and home production of wine products include:

• Aligote;
• Cabernet Sauvignon;
• Merlot;
• Muscat white;
• Pinot Noir;
• Riesling;
• Rkatsiteli;
• Saperavi;
• Traminerrose (Tramine);
• Chardonnay.

White and dark grapes are used to make material for sparkling drinks (champagne) and cognac, a wide range of high-quality wines of various types: dry red/white, sweet (dessert), liqueur (strong).

White and pink technical varieties

White wine can be made from almost any grape ( including dark, if the berry juice is colorless). The technology for the production of white wines (white fermentation) is based on the use of pressed grape juice without skins (the skins contain coloring pigments), which results in a light drink, the shades of which vary from golden yellow to cognac. Only light (white) wines are produced from white grapes.

Aligote

This popular French grape, which has been known for more than three hundred years, is considered one of the main white grape varieties for the production of high-quality natural juices, white table (dry) wines, vintage champagne, as well as blends and cognac. Aligote is grown in France, the USA (California), and Eastern European countries.

For example, vintage wines “Perlina Stepu” and “Aligote” (Ukraine) are made from this variety grown in the Odessa and Dnepropetrovsk regions.

Wine from Aligote is best consumed young, since the aging process does not improve drinks from this technical variety.

The berries are medium-sized, round, delicate light green in color, thin skin. The taste of the grapes is pleasant, the flesh is sweetish and very tender, so these grapes are also used as table grapes.

Riesling

The oldest German variety, cultivated in Alsace and on the banks of the Rhine. This amazing grape competes with the recognized leader among white wine varieties - French Chardonnay.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, German Riesling wine was very highly valued; its cost was as high as the prices of the most famous red wines from France.

An excellent dry wine from Riesling has a characteristic taste that combines amazing softness, fruity sour notes and slight astringency.

Small dense clusters of this grape are formed by round and very juicy greenish berries. Grape bushes easily tolerate frost, which makes it possible to grow this variety in different climatic zones.

It is high-yielding (up to 100 c/ha), stable variety, which is important for successful winemaking.

Ukraine cultivates Rhine Riesling.

Chardonnay

This technical grape is an excellent material for a large number of French dry wines. It is considered the main variety for champagne winemaking. The homeland of the grape is Burgundy.

Professional winemakers are confident that it is simply impossible to make bad wine from these grapes.

This variety is ideal for the production of intoxicating drinks according to all characteristics. In Chardonnay wines, a rich bouquet of aromas is gradually revealed during the process of making the drink. Moreover, the aroma of wine depends on the technology of its production.

These can be light drinks with a delicate aroma of fruit, with citrus and floral notes, or rich, sugary wines with the taste and smell of honey or sweet aromatic pastries, marzipan.

Long ripening brings out the flavors of hazel and dry fruit in the wine.

Greenish-white Chardonnay grapes accumulate sugar moderately and slowly decrease acidity as they ripen.

Despite the fact that the variety has a moderate yield (70 c/ha), is susceptible to fungal diseases, and suffers from gray rot in rainy years, it is very popular among winemakers.

Muscat white

This variety has a pleasant muscat aroma, which gives the wine a special piquancy and attractiveness. It has sweet, fleshy berries with a tough skin.

Of the variety of muscat varieties, white is the most delicate and refined. Noble sweet (dessert) and aromatic sparkling wines are made from it.

White Muscat bushes are sensitive to frost, so northern regions they need to be covered in winter.

Rkatsiteli

Pleasant, strong and dry wines of the highest quality are prepared from these Georgian grapes. This variety is also called Topolk, Korolk or Budashuri. It is also cultivated in the southern regions of Ukraine.

A high-yielding variety, the trusses stay on the vine for a long time, which allows for more rational use of the harvest for the production of various types of intoxicating drinks. The round, light green, almost transparent berries have a very original taste.

Traminer pink (Tramine)

This is one of the old technical varieties of Austria, which is cultivated throughout Europe, despite the fact that its yield depends significantly on weather conditions.

It is considered one of the most valuable technical varieties. It produces wonderful sparkling, original table and unusual dessert drinks with the exquisite aroma of rose petals.

Tramin has small dense clusters, light pink berries with a bluish coating, strong, dense skin, juicy, melting pulp.
Productivity is not very high (60 c/ha). The bushes are frost-resistant.

Red and black technical grades

Red wines are produced only from dark grapes (red and black varieties are suitable). Red fermentation takes place on pulp with skins. The color range of red wines ranges from light red to rich ruby.

Rose wines are also made from grapes with red berries. To obtain the delicate pink color of the drink, the pulp ferments for several hours, then the pulp is removed and fermentation continues for natural juice. The color of this wine ranges from pinkish to pale red.

From dark varieties grapes whose berries have colorless juice can be used to make white wines.

Cabernet Sauvignon

Famous French wine grapes. Used for the production of dry (table) and sweet wine. This variety allows you to obtain high-quality drinks that are distinguished by their velvety, delicate and delicate taste, and the special beauty of their bouquet.

In young wine there is a strong smell and taste of nightshade and morocco (leather), which is why such drinks are considered rough. Maturation ennobles the wine, significantly changing its taste and aroma. The full richness of the Cabernet drink is most evident after 8–10 years.

White Cabernet wine has a very different taste and smell from red wine.

The grape bunches have cylindrical shape, small dark berries with a slight taste of grass and nightshade, very juicy.

Productivity is high (100 c/ha). This variety is not afraid of cold weather, it is resistant to grape diseases, which has made it one of the most popular among producers of quality red wines.

Ukraine is also one of the countries where Cabernet is successfully cultivated.

Pinot Noir

The homeland of this amazing grape is Burgundy. It has a sweet taste and rich texture. This variety, like no other, gives a wide variety of flavor notes and amazes with its rich bouquet.

The resulting wine depends on the region of growth, wine preparation technology and many other nuances. Winemakers consider this grape to be the most mysterious and unpredictable.

But, most importantly, Pinot allows you to get very tasty and high-quality products. It is used to prepare excellent champagne (white/red/rose) and high-quality dry drinks. Aged collection wines from grapes of this variety are among the most expensive and are very popular among true connoisseurs.

Small dense clusters have very beautiful blue-black or purple berries. Grape juice is colorless, but the skin of the grapes is very rich in pigment.

The variety tolerates frosty weather well, is resistant to diseases, and is cultivated in many countries around the world, one of them is Ukraine.

Merlot Noir

Merlot is a fairly popular technical grape. Merlot's homeland is Bordeaux (France), but this variety is actively cultivated in Italy. It is considered quite young; Merlot was first mentioned only in the 18th century, as the best variety in one of the winemaking centers of Libournais.

Merlot is an excellent material for high quality dry and dessert drinks. The wine, including the young one, has a surprisingly soft taste, which combines herbal and fruity notes. To make the wine taste better, Merlot drinks are aged in oak barrels. Merlot Noir organically complements Cabernet Sauvignon in the traditional blend of Bordeaux winemakers.

The round, black grapes have thick skin and juicy pulp. The berry has a sweetish nightshade flavor.

general review

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of grapes in life modern man and all humanity. It became one of the first agricultural crops; wine and vinegar have played a significant role in the development of trade and navigation since ancient times. There are many historical facts and events associated with grapes. It is impossible to tell everything about grapes, but the mere fact that a whole science, ampelography, is devoted to the plant and its cultivation deserves attention and respect.

According to the works of N.I. Vavilov, the Asian region and the Middle East became the birthplace of this culture and the center of development of viticulture. It is here that the largest number of still little-studied wild grape species still grow. Here, in Georgia, evidence of the existence of winemaking dating back to the 6th millennium BC was discovered.

Since then, the area of ​​distribution of heat-loving crops has expanded significantly. And today the grapevine cannot be found except on the Antarctic continent. In total, more than 10 million hectares are allocated for wine and table grape varieties in the world. With the development of selection and industrial technologies Grape varieties are becoming increasingly important not only for winemaking, but also for fresh use, making juices and raisins.

Grape classification: types and origin

In total, in the genus Vitis, according to the existing classification, there are more than seven dozen species, distributed into three groups:

• European-Asian;
• East Asian;
• North American.

The Euro-Asian group is, in fact, a species Vitis vinifera, the cultural subspecies of which gave the largest number of technical and table grape varieties existing today. According to the classification of A. M. Negrul, they are divided into three geographical groups:

• orientalis – eastern;
• occidentalis – Western European;
• pontica – originating from the Black Sea coast.

Of the 28 species that make up the American group, three are well known and cultivated. At the same time, Vitis labrusca is not only the ancestor of most American varieties, but also the species whose descendants, due to their unpretentiousness and productivity, are most widespread in the world. Berries of this type are easily recognized by their unique taste, which is often called “fox” or strawberry. An example of the most common natural hybrid of the European and American types is the technical grape variety Isabella, whose history goes back almost two centuries.

The largest East Asian group of grapes includes 44 species, of which only one has been studied and used in viticulture. This is Vitis amurensis - Amur grape.

Today, professional and amateur farms grow bushes that produce round and elongated berries of all shades from almost black and purple to amber-yellow and greenish.

Moreover, white grapes are also the result of selection work, but carried out by nature itself. All wild species grapes produce dark berries, but as a result of a spontaneous mutation, which successfully took hold, some plants lost the ability to produce anthocyanins that color the fruit. This is how white grape varieties appeared.

However, grapes are not only a plant that produces juicy berries, but also spectacular decorative liana. That's why individual species, for example, Amur and, as well as Isabella, are actively used in landscape design and landscaping. There are even indoor grapes. This is a distant relative of the cultivated representatives of the genus Vitis - cissis, which in the shape of the leaves and appearance of the bush resembles its fruit-bearing counterparts.

Modern grape varieties and selection of new varieties

If we talk about existing grape varieties, whose berries have long been firmly established in human life, then there are more than 20 thousand of them in the world, and the vast majority are hybrids, the genotype of which includes European cultivated grapes, American labrusca and Amur species.

Each of this species has its own advantages and disadvantages, so breeders are actively working to highlight the best features and obtain new table and technical grape varieties:

• with high winter hardiness;
• with large, sweet or seedless berries;
• with more early dates maturation;
• with abundant regular harvests;
• with good resistance to diseases and pests.

Back in the middle of the last century, Michurin was able to obtain stable hybrids of winter-hardy Amur grapes and unpretentious American varieties, many used and still early grape varieties, which made it possible to significantly expand the boundaries of viticulture in the Soviet Union.

More than half of the regions where grapes are grown in Russia are classified as zones with a sharply continental climate.

This means that the vine must withstand:

• harsh winters;
• frosts, inevitable in spring and autumn;
• lack of moisture in the spring and summer months;
• the early period of rains occurring at the time of ripening or harvesting.

Based on the varieties obtained back in the Soviet years, such disease-resistant, frost-resistant grape varieties as Kodryanka, Vostorg, Original, which themselves have already become “parents” for several generations of fruitful hybrids, have been bred.

Grape ripening time

The most important problem is the production of grape varieties for wine and dessert purposes with a short growing season.

There is an opinion that a plant’s ability to quickly produce a crop depends on many factors, the main one of which is genetic predisposition. However, in different climatic and weather conditions, grapes of the same variety can produce a harvest with a time difference of 1–2 weeks.

In addition, there are significant differences in phenotype between varieties of northern and southern origin. For example, an early grape variety of northern origin not only produces sweet berries in a short time, but also has time to prepare for winter. During the growing season, his vine ripens. Southern varieties with the same ripening periods often cannot boast of this property; their vines ripen after the grapes are harvested. And in ripe berries, unformed seeds are often visible.

The period from the moment the buds burst until the berries reach ripeness in varieties various terms maturity is:

• very early ripening 105–115 days;
• early ripening 115–125 days;
• average ripening 125–130 days;
• medium-late ripening 130–140 days;
• late ripening 140–145 days;
• very late ripening more than 145 days.

True, there are already very early grape varieties that, under favorable growing conditions, are ready to produce a harvest in 90–95 or even 85 days.

Frost resistance of grapes

But even when growing varieties with short terms growing season, it is impossible to obtain any significant harvest if the plants do not have the required winter hardiness and are not able to survive during seasonal frosts and winter cold. Frost-resistant grape varieties are indispensable in Russian conditions with a continental climate, where, along with hot summers and southern regions winters are quite harsh.

According to the accepted classification, varieties are divided into four groups:

• weakly resistant, wintering at temperatures from –15 to –17 °C;
• moderately resistant, tolerating cold from –18 to –22 °C;
• with increased resistance, surviving in frosts from –23 to –27 °C;
• very frost-resistant, withstanding temperatures from –28 to –35 °C.

Interestingly, the ability of grapes to withstand cold can change throughout the year.

During a period of intensive growth, a sudden cold snap down to –3 °C can completely destroy the bushes even frost-resistant varieties grapes, practically losing this property at summer time. At this time, the shoots are saturated with juices, lignification is insignificant, and the plant has no protective substances or reserves. By autumn, winter hardiness increases and reaches its maximum in January. At the same time, perennial wood is more protected than annual shoots. And the place where the scion and rootstock grow together is the most sensitive.

When growing uncovered grape varieties, you need to take into account that the buds on the bush also have varying degrees of protection from the cold:

• Dormant buds are safer.
• In second place are the replacement, lateral buds.
• The central kidneys most often suffer from frost and winter cold.

The frost resistance of grape varieties depends not only on meteorological conditions, but also on the location of the vine in a particular area, its age, degree of readiness for winter, damage by diseases and pests.

Table grape varieties

The most active breeding work is going towards obtaining new varieties, the berries of which are consumed fresh. Today it holds first place in popularity among both amateur gardeners and professional winegrowers.

From the total mass of table grapes, it is easy to distinguish by a number of characteristics:

• the size and attractive shape of large brushes;
• beautiful color, shape and size of the berries;
• pronounced aroma and taste of ripe fruits.

When breeding such varieties, much attention is paid to reducing the acidity of the berries, yield and obtaining large fruits and full clusters. A number of agrotechnical measures that are not carried out on wine grape varieties are also aimed at this. Among these techniques:

• artificial pollination;
• rationing of brushes and inflorescences;
• thinning berries on bunches;
• removing leaves that shade the brush.

The yield and quality of berries of table grape varieties also depends on the climate, topography and soil on which the vine grows.

If earlier harvest table grape varieties were practically not stored; today there are varieties both for local consumption and those that can withstand transportation and very long storage.

Seedless grape varieties

Winegrowers are becoming increasingly popular seedless varieties grapes, the berries of which are either completely seedless or have only their rudiments. Such berries are in demand not only in fresh form; juices are made from grapes; seedless raisins are especially valued. The lack of seeds is a serious factor in attracting consumers, so the until recently small group is rapidly expanding, replenished with hybrids and varieties of pink, black and white grapes of different ripening periods and purposes.

• sultanas, belonging to the eastern group of grapes;
• currant, belonging to the group of the Black Sea basin.

Kishmish is considered one of the most popular varieties in the world. But if on store shelves you still often find grapes with rather small but extremely sweet berries, today breeders are already offering boneless early grape varieties with large black, white and pink fruits.

Since grapes of technical varieties are intended for processing, their main distinguishing feature– this is the juice content. The amount of juice obtained from the berries of technical or wine grape varieties can reach 75–85%. The second important indicator is the ratio of the mass of the comb to the weight of the berries on the bunch. The denser the brush and the less weight on the comb, the more valuable the raw material.

At the same time, the appearance of the bunch, harmonious color and size of the fruit are not so important. Where more attention is given to mechanical and chemical composition berries, sugar content and acidity, which will determine the type and quality of the resulting product. Obtaining a decent harvest from technical grade grapes depends not only on genetic and biological characteristics plants, but also on growing conditions. It is not for nothing that there are vineyards that have several centuries of history and are famous for their excellent wine.

Connoisseurs are well aware that the quality of wine and its bouquet, in addition to the geographical and climatic aspects, are influenced by the specific location of the vine. For example, the color intensity of the berries of wine grape varieties directly depends on the illumination, the direction of the rows and the geometry of the slope on which the bushes grow. Thanks to the unique characteristics of individual varieties, for example, a hint of taste, like Cabernet, or aroma, like existing varieties and hybrids of Muscat, winemakers manage to get interesting wines and drinks that are unlike other wines and drinks.

If table grape varieties are usually not tied to any specific area, then for technical varieties it is important to divide them into native and introduced ones. Moreover, local varieties of technical grapes are highly valued and are the raw material for the production of sometimes unique brands of wines, the production of which is simply impossible in another area.

Video about promising grape varieties