Laminate is perhaps the most popular type of flooring today. It comes from Sweden, where it was invented at the end of the last century. Due to its attractive appearance, relatively low price and ease of installation, it quickly spread throughout the world and gained popularity.
Laminate is the younger brother of parquet boards?
When faced with a renovation for the first time, you can easily consider laminate flooring to be a type of wood flooring. And all because of the aesthetic surface, which usually imitates Many of those who are just going to put laminate on the floor of their home consider it something like thin, and therefore cheaper parquet board. However, if they can be called relatives, then only very distant ones.
Parquet boards are made from solid wood. It has a layered structure: the lower layers are made from cheaper coniferous varieties, and the surface is made of noble and expensive wood. Laminate also consists of several layers, which explains its name, since “laminated” means “layered” in Latin. However, it doesn’t even smell like solid wood. In essence, laminate is thick paper with a texture reproduced on it glued onto it. That is why there is a noticeable difference in price between laminated coating and not to mention block parquet or array.
Material structure
However, due to the absence of solid wood in its composition, laminate does not cease to be a high-quality and beautiful coating, which, if properly selected and installed, will last for many years. This is due to its multilayer structure, where each layer plays a specific role.
The lowest layer that makes up the laminate is thick paper impregnated with resin or paraffin. It serves to protect the structure from distortion and moisture. The main layer of the “pie” is the most durable type of fiberboard, called HDF. It provides the main characteristics of the slab - strength, rigidity, moisture resistance, and constant geometry. The next layer is film or paper with a pattern applied to the surface. Its only, however very important, function is decorative. A resin film, melamine or acrylate, is applied on top, which protects the laminate from external influences and emphasizes the depth of the texture.
The total thickness of the coating depends on the base layer and varies between 6-12 mm. The thicker the laminate, the higher its strength.
Strengths
Before you finally decide whether to lay laminate flooring on the floor of your apartment, you should familiarize yourself with the features of the material. There are many advantages among them:
- decent appearance, slightly inferior to more expensive ones;
- a large selection of decor - you can implement any design idea;
- prevalence and affordability;
- ease of installation, no need for additional processing (scraping, varnish impregnation);
- good performance— strength, resistance to abrasion, mechanical damage, burnout, temperature changes and fire;
- long term service with proper selection, installation and care.
Are there any disadvantages?
Laminate flooring also has its disadvantages. First of all, there is a fear of moisture, especially at the joints of slabs. Therefore, laminate flooring is not very suitable for installation in damp areas.
You also need to take into account that the base for the laminate requires careful preparation, which is often considered one of the disadvantages of the coating. In order for it to serve for a long time and be pleasing to the eye, the differences in the subfloor should not be more than 2 mm per square meter. Otherwise, the locking fastening of the boards may break, and soon a gap will form in this place.
In addition, the material reflects and resonates sound well. This is partly compensated for by the underlay, but even when choosing the best of them, the laminate still remains quite noisy. For example, falling cutlery will be accompanied by a ringing metallic clang.
What about eco-friendliness?
There is an opinion that laminate is not a very healthy material. Indeed, its base contains formaldehyde, which is a toxic substance. Its release into the air can cause respiratory diseases and other disastrous consequences - it has been established that this toxin has a carcinogenic and mutagenic effect on our body. However, according to European standards, formaldehyde in laminate is contained in acceptable concentrations and does not cause harm to health. By the way, it is also available in solid wood, and in an amount comparable to that of laminate.
Depending on the formaldehyde content, the laminate is assigned a so-called emission class - E1, E2 or E3. There is also a laminate of emission class E0, which contains almost no toxin, but it is much more expensive than its counterparts. The content of harmful substances in a product of class E1 is minimal. In classes E2 and E3 it is 3 and 6 times greater, respectively, so they are not recommended for use in residential premises. However, almost all laminated coating famous manufacturers belongs to category E1, so there is no need to worry. Modern laminate absolutely suitable for use in residential areas, even in children's rooms.
But it is important to know that when the coating is heated to a temperature of more than 27 ° C, formaldehyde begins to be released into the air! True, to such a state, heat the laminate in normal conditions unrealistic. But if you want to use it in conjunction with underfloor heating systems, you need to be vigilant!
Laminate classes and area of application
Laminate is a material that is used everywhere: from living rooms to industrial premises and sports facilities. Obviously, different operating conditions imply different requirements for its characteristics. According to the European standard EN 13329, laminate flooring is divided into classes.
The lowest performance indicators are in classes 21-23. Currently, such a coating is no longer produced, as it is recognized as not durable enough. It was replaced by class 31, intended for light domestic use, for example, in the bedroom or living room.
Classes 32 and 33 have approximately the same characteristics, except that the latter has slightly higher abrasion resistance and impact resistance. Both of these classes are suitable for installation in residential areas that are subject to increased load, for example, in hallways and corridors, not to mention other rooms.
In offices, shops, hotels and other public places with high traffic, it is recommended to install the most durable and abrasion-resistant laminate (class 33, 12 mm thick). Today, class 34 is also on the market - this is the most wear-resistant coating, ready for extreme loads. However, this laminate has appeared quite recently, and not all manufacturers have yet mastered its production, so the choice is limited.
Decorative variety
Since wood is considered the traditional flooring, it is “wooden” laminate that is popular with buyers: oak, ash, maple, walnut, birch, bamboo, wenge (yes, it’s a wood, not a color). The texture of oak is especially popular today, and all its shades: from milky white to black-brown. But the choice is not limited to this: there are coatings on sale that imitate ceramic tiles, marble, granite, quartz, graphite, sand, as well as the skin of exotic animals.
The most common laminate format is a board 125-140 cm long and 18-19 cm wide. These sizes are optimal in terms of appearance and ease of working with the material. In addition, you can find narrow and wide boards of standard length, as well as elongated ones - more than 180 cm. A special group is laminate tiles that imitate tiles, porcelain stoneware or marble. Its elements have a square or rectangular shape and correspond to popular floor tile sizes (one or more units).
Connection types
Initially, there was an adhesive laminate, but today you can no longer find it. The slats of modern laminated flooring are attached to each other using locking connections, of which there are many. Today, most of them are based on click technology, but you can also find the lock type. In both cases, there is a tenon at the end of one plank, and a groove at the end of the other, and the difference between them lies in the method of snapping the lock.
With a lock-type connection, the tenon fits directly into the groove, and to close it, you need to hit it with a mallet from the end of the bar being installed. Click technology is considered more modern and allows, if necessary, to disassemble the laid laminate. A tile with a tongue does not fit into the groove directly, but at an angle to the horizontal floor. When you press it from above, it snaps into place and the lock closes.
An improved version of the lock connection click type is a 5G fastening, which allows, due to a special tongue, to fix the bar simultaneously in length and width. There are other modifications of this technology that differ slightly from each other. Each manufacturer is trying to improve the type of connection of laminate panels and patent their own development.
Laminate and heated floors - is it worth it?
Laminate on a heated floor - is it possible? Modern manufacturers say yes. Moreover, they began to mark with special symbols those models of laminated coating that, in terms of thermal resistance coefficient, resistance to overheating and other indicators, are suitable for laying over heating systems. The best option for use in conjunction with a laminate is considered to be made in the form of a film. It is placed directly under the laminated coating, does not require any additional layers, heats quickly and evenly, does not overheat and is economical in energy consumption.
However, the above is only true if correct operation warm floor. It is worth considering that laminate can withstand heating up to 28 °C without consequences, but when it reaches 30 °C, it can become deformed. In addition, let's remember about formaldehyde and its ability to be released during heating! So we recommend that you think again about whether warm laminate is worth the possible negative consequences? As a last resort, you should adjust the thermostat so that the coating temperature does not rise above 27 °C.
Installation of laminated covering
First of all, it is necessary to qualitatively prepare the base on which you plan to lay the laminate. This issue deserves separate consideration outside the scope of this article. You should not neglect the preparation of the subfloor, because the result of the work and the durability of the coating depend on it.
The technology for laying modern laminate flooring on a flat base is quite simple. First, a substrate is laid under the laminate - polyethylene foam film, sheets of polystyrene foam or rolled cork. The role of the substrate is load absorption, sound and heat insulation of the coating.
The laminate is laid away from the window, starting from the most visible corner in the room. The boards should be placed perpendicular to the plane of the wall on which the window is located. The coating is laid in a floating manner, that is, without contact with the walls. Using special wedges, deformation gaps 0.8-1 cm wide are left around the perimeter of the room. If you lay the laminate close to the wall, there is a high chance that it will expand and swell in the corners due to heat.
The first row is laid starting with a whole plank, the last board is adjusted in length. The second row begins with a board cut to half, then the overall floor pattern will develop according to the type brickwork. This laminate layout is basic, but not the only possible one. The planks are connected to each other row by row, forming a beautiful covering. Last row boards can be adjusted in width if necessary. Once the laminate flooring is laid, you can walk on it immediately. In the future, it is enough just to maintain the beauty of the floor with proper care.
Laminate is a good compromise coating that will provide the room with modern look and won’t put too much of a dent in the owner’s pocket. At the same time, it is comfortable and easy to use, as well as strong and durable. Coupled with the ease of installation and variety of models, laminate rightfully occupies a leading position among floor finishing materials.
Laminate is very popular in the building materials market. Thanks to its low cost, beauty and practicality, this coating confidently replaces parquet and wood and successfully competes with conventional linoleum. What is laminate, is it hazardous to health?
Laminate is considered by many to be an artificial imitation of wood; it is sometimes called laminated parquet. In fact, this is a completely unique, original material, different from all the usual floor coverings. It consists of 90% or more of wood waste crushed into dust - bark, chips, shavings, sawdust. Thanks to the special multilayer structure and the peculiarities of the pressing process, the laminate has unique properties.
What's good about laminate?
The material has many advantages and beneficial properties.
- Strength and durability. Durable and reliable, elastic and resistant to mechanical, chemical and thermal influences, the material will last for many years. It is suitable for almost any room.
- Decorative. Large selection color shades and textures allows you to realize any designer’s fantasies. The material can repeat the structure of wooden boards, type-setting parquet, natural stone, ceramic tiles. It can be matte or have a glossy sheen.
- Easy to install. Thanks to the unique locking system, the laminate boards are simply inserted into one another and securely connected into a continuous covering without gaps.
But such a popular floor covering today still raises doubts among some skeptics about the harmlessness of use in residential premises, in particular in the bedroom and children's room. To understand this issue and do right choice, it is useful to know what components the laminate consists of and what substances in its composition are potentially dangerous.
What does laminate consist of?
Laminate is a multilayer material. All its layers are pressed together. To find out whether a material is dangerous in everyday life, it is necessary to study its composition and analyze the degree of toxicity of each component.
- The surface coating of the laminate serves to protect the material from various types of damage. This layer is formed by melamine or acrylic resins. This process is called "lamination". To increase the viscosity of melamine, a formaldehyde component is added to it. And, as you know, formaldehyde is a very toxic substance.
- The decorative layer usually consists of paper or polymer with a pattern imitating wood, stone or other texture.
- The basis of the laminate is durable chipboard (HDF), consisting entirely of wood components. Gluing of crushed wood waste is done using natural or artificial resins. High pressure during pressing reduces their number to a minimum. This board is stronger than natural wood
- The bottom layer of the coating is moisture-resistant paper. It is necessary given the properties of wood to absorb various types moisture in a huge number. This layer is impregnated with resins and is intended primarily to protect the HDF board from moisture penetrating from below.
- Many manufacturers also add a special film under the decorative layer, which is designed to provide additional protection from moisture for both the HDF board and the top two layers.
Why is laminate flooring dangerous?
When discussing the harmfulness of laminate flooring, formaldehyde is most often mentioned. Formaldehyde itself is a dangerous and harmful substance. But it is harmful only at high concentrations, and is released at temperatures significantly higher than normal - room temperature.
Normal everyday practicality suggests: if laminate flooring in European countries is allowed to be used in residential premises, then it is quite safe. Why then is there so much talk about harmfulness?
According to European standards, laminate flooring is divided into several emission classes; the class is determined by the amount of formaldehyde released into the air. Class for residential premises - E1. It is this material that is absolutely harmless to human health, since the proportion of formaldehyde in its composition is extremely small.
Some manufacturers produce laminate with E0 marking, calling it formaldehyde-free. There is practically no formaldehyde in it, but its price is above average.
It's no secret that the favorite pastime of many of our compatriots is to choose the cheapest material and save money. In fact, this is saving on your health. Cheapness is achieved by saving on high-quality components and by violating production technology. If high-quality pressing is impossible, strength is achieved by adding more resins. Such materials emit harmful substances in uncontrolled quantities.
Laminate flooring is also dangerous when it burns. It is a low-flammable material; an accidentally falling coal from the fireplace will not ignite. But if a fire starts, do not try to extinguish it yourself - when burning, the adhesive components release many substances that can cause serious harm to the body.
How to choose a laminate
When choosing flooring for your home, choose a proven and certified product from a well-known manufacturer. You can find out about prices on any construction Internet portal, http://www.hata-laminatu.ua/laminat/, for example. If the material offered to you is much cheaper than average, if there is no marking on the packaging and on each board, look for another option.
Wear resistance class 31 or 32 is suitable for residential premises; these are the products offered by most well-known manufacturers. Choose more durable coating there is no point if manufacturers give a guarantee for several decades.
The main criterion for a reasonable choice should be common sense. Laminate flooring is not laid for one year, it lasts 10 or 20 years, with a light load this time increases significantly. Why save money by choosing dubious quality and harming your health?
domiksad.net
What does laminate consist of: ecological floor covering
Laminate flooring has become popular due to its low cost and beautiful appearance.
This best option for the floor, as it can be laid on any surface.
In order for the coating to be durable and safe for the health of those living in the house, you should carefully study what the laminate consists of.
What is laminate
Laminate is a multilayer material, the strength of which directly depends on the quality of the main layers included in its composition. Sawdust is used to produce this finishing floor covering.
In most cases, laminate consists of four main layers:
- Protective layer. The top layer, which is a laminating film. It protects the material from mechanical damage, heat and contamination. Consists of acrylic resin. Includes microparticles of minerals, such as corundum. Thanks to this, the material wears out more slowly. At the final stage of production, the top layer is varnished to make the surface glossy.
- Decorative layer. This is thick paper impregnated with special resin compounds. The desired design or pattern is applied to it, imitating different breeds wood, stone or tile. There are many shades of laminate flooring. Therefore, this flooring fits perfectly into any interior. When planning repairs and installing laminate flooring, you need to buy it in reserve and at one time. So that the shade of the batch is the same.
- Layer of wood fiber or particle board. This is the main part of the laminate, which makes up 90% of its composition. Produced by pressing sawdust and glue under high pressure. The result is a slab that gives the laminate elasticity and density and is responsible for noise and heat insulation. It is lightweight and easy to machine. The interlocking joints are cut into this layer, so it must be strong. The service life of the coating depends on this.
- Bottom protective layer. Protects products from fungal infections, moisture and mold. Gives the laminated board stability. The material is cardboard or plastic impregnated with paraffin resins.
Advantages of laminate flooring
This material has a number of advantages:
- Durability and strength. Laminate flooring is resistant to mechanical stress, chemicals and heating.
- The minimum service life is 7 years. Although it can last for decades depending on the manufacturer and operating conditions.
- Decorative qualities. Laminate flooring is similar in appearance to parquet boards made from valuable wood. It looks beautiful on the floor, and the cost is much lower than wood products. For much less money you can create a beautiful interior in your home.
- Low cost. Due to its composition, laminate is cheaper than parquet. Its installation is simple and does not require additional costs.
- Easy installation. Mounted using locking connections. Therefore, there is no need to spend extra money on glue, nails or other materials. Even less experienced workers can do the job.
- Easy to maintain. Laminate flooring is easy and pleasant to care for. To keep it clean, simply wipe it with a cloth and soapy water.
Is laminate flooring harmful?
From the description of the composition of the laminate it follows that it consists of 90 percent wood sawdust and shavings. They are used to make a lot of other finishing materials and furniture. Therefore, there should be no questions regarding environmental performance and safety. But it's not that simple. Concerns arise from the adhesive and protective resins that bind the layers together.
The main layer of the laminated board consists of chipboard, or fibreboard, in the production of which they use safe and good quality glue. This layer meets all security parameters.
The chemical composition of the laminate, namely its top layer, includes melamine or acrylic resin, which contains formaldehyde. Because of this substance, there is an opinion that laminate flooring is harmful. This component is toxic and harmful, but acts as a connecting element between the layers.
There is no clear answer to the main question of whether laminate flooring is harmful during long-term use. It all depends on a combination of several factors:
- Concentration of formaldehyde resins. This substance is used to make almost all types of furniture and finishing materials. At quality production its concentration is minimal. This characteristic is indicated in the laminate classification.
- Formaldehyde begins to actively release into the environment when heated. If you plan to install heated floors in your home, you should weigh the pros and cons of this material.
- If your house or apartment has laminated furniture, vinyl wallpaper on the walls, or a laminate floor, there is a possibility that the safe level of formaldehyde will be exceeded.
- It is worth comprehensively assessing the composition of the materials that you plan to use to cover the surfaces of walls, floors and ceilings.
- If the product catches fire, a very toxic gas is released into the air, which can lead to poisoning. Therefore, you should immediately leave the place where there is smoke and call the fire brigade.
In terms of safety, laminate flooring is divided into several emission classes. This is the name given to the degree of formaldehyde release. Almost all well-known manufacturers produce products with emission classes E0, E1. The composition of such material contains hazardous substances is negligible and does not pose a health hazard. And vinyl material of emission class E2, E3 is generally not recommended for use in the bedroom and nursery.
From the above material it follows that the safety of the laminate depends on the binder layers, which make up only 10% of its composition. And the main raw materials from which it consists are natural shavings and sawdust.
In order for the finishing floor covering in the form of a laminate to last a long time and be safe, several parameters should be taken into account when choosing it. For example, strength class. For long-term use of the floor, it is better to choose a commercial type of laminate with indicators of 34 units or more. It is preferable to buy products famous brands with existing certificates.
When purchasing, you should pay attention to the type of locking connection and the presence of wax impregnation. The tightness of the panels to each other depends on these characteristics. When choosing a texture, try to choose a material that does not repeat the pattern frequently.
The video shows the types of laminate:
Noticed a mistake? Select it and press Ctrl+Enter to let us know.
foxremont.com
What is laminate made of - laminate composition
There are various misconceptions about what laminate flooring is made of. Some people believe that it is the same as parquet because of the similarity of wood patterns, others call laminate flooring plastic because of the shine it has. To avoid embarrassment in front of sellers when choosing and purchasing, you need to familiarize yourself with the structure of the floor covering.
Most manufacturers offer a laminate in mass production consisting of four layers:
1. The top layer is in the form of a film that protects from exposure sunlight, preventing the material from changing color, minor scratches, impacts, chemicals, and dirt. Laminating film is produced from decorative paper and is usually impregnated with melamine-formaldehyde resin and applied to the wood layer using pressing machines. The laminated surface can be varnished, which gives varying degrees of gloss to the laminate.
2. Under the film there is a layer of paper impregnated with resins with designs imitating stone, tile, wood. Color shades vary greatly and can satisfy even the most demanding customers. Like all facing building materials, laminate must be purchased in one batch in the required quantity with a small margin (trimming, transportation).
3. Next comes a layer of chipboard or fiberboard, which is produced by pressing wood material with glue. It has a certain elasticity, increased density, and is the load-bearing part of laminated panels. Some businesses also use other panels that contain wood, which often affects the cost and quality of the product. big side.
4. The lowest layer is paraffin-impregnated cardboard, plastic or another denser melamine film layer. Protects the laminate from moisture, vapors, fungus, mold, gives greater rigidity and stability.
polgid.ru
useful information and installation tips, options for laying laminate flooring yourself
Considering all the requirements that floor coverings must have, laminate is one of the best and most popular materials.
What are laminated panels made of, that they have such qualities that all buyers and floor layers love so much?
Laminate panels.
The wide range of laminated panels amazes the buyer. The verb to laminate has become the basis of the concept of laminate. It owes its origin German word laminieren, which in turn comes from the noun plate lamina.
From this we can conclude that laminate is a verb that means applying a transparent film to various surfaces. In this case, laminate is a panel that has been laminated.
Main components.
Depending on what the laminate is made of, its wear resistance index depends. In turn, the cost of the material will depend on this.
We'll talk about the four layers that make up the base of laminate flooring.
- The first layer is the bottom one. It is based on paper, which can be of two types: tarred or unrefined. It is stabilizing. Protects the panel from penetration of moisture that can come from the floor. There are collections in which manufacturers, in addition to this layer, make an overlay that acts as heat and sound insulation.
- The second is the main layer. It is made from fiberboard. It is the basis of the panel, while it is the thickest and most durable. A lock is inserted here, with the help of which the planks are fastened to each other. The thicker the DPV, the stronger the lock will be held. This is due to the fact that there is a protruding spike there. If it is larger, then the quality of the connection is higher.
- The third layer is the penultimate one. As a rule, it is made of foil. Paper can also be used. A pattern is applied to its surface. There is no limit to imagination here. The pattern can be in the form of stone, parquet boards, ceramic tiles, sand or marble and much more.
- Its class depends on the last layer of laminate. This is a transparent layer made of acrylic or melamine resin. The wear resistance of the laminate depends on its thickness and the ornament can be seen through it.
| Wear resistance class | Load level | Places of application | Wear resistance and its designations |
| Study, pantry, bedroom | |||
| Living room, office | |||
| Children's room, kitchen, hallway | |||
| Retail outlets, office | |||
| Very high | Retail outlets, cafe, bar, office |
The first three classes are non-commercial options. They have low cost. Thickness from 6 to 8 millimeters. Only by saving money will you save on the quality of the material. The service life of the floor covering will also depend on this.
The more expensive and non-abrasion grades are those that have the number 3 at the beginning. This laminate is commercial. The period of its use corresponds to the numbers: 5.6, 7.8. These are years. It is important to note here that a commercial laminate of class 34, for example, will last eight years, but at the same time, if it is laid in an apartment, its service life will increase to 20 years!
Laminate panels should be laid on a surface that is flat and dry. It should also be tough. This is due to the fact that laminate is a decorative coating and is not load-bearing. Laying can be done on a concrete screed, floorboards, as well as on fiberboard, chipboard, OSB.
Laying laminated panels.
The underlay must be laid even if you bought a laminate from the collection, which has an additional layer for heat and sound insulation. It can be made of polyethylene foam, cork or extruded polystyrene foam.
The thickness of the substrate material itself is also distinctive. It, the backing for the laminate, can be from 2 to 20 mm. Therefore, thin material can be laid in layers. And the thick one is only joint to joint.
The panels are assembled by inserting one lock into another. You can also use the instructions that come with each coated box. The bar is inserted at an angle of 45 degrees. In this case, the movements should be like rocking, gradually releasing to subfloor.
Important! To ensure there is no gap between the panels, you need to use a rubber hammer, which you need to gently tap on the plank.
This will help the lock close tightly. If the laminate is dry and clean, then installation does not cause any difficulties.
You can verify this in the video lesson below, also see the photo. The first thing you need to do is assemble a row along one of the walls of the room.
Useful information! For gaskets, you can take the remaining pieces of laminate. Or take a lath and chop it into pieces. Here we must take into account that the walls may be uneven.
It is better to lay the next row according to this principle: assemble all the panels in length and only after that click it with the locks of the first row. Here you will need the help of an assistant. If you can’t call a friend for help, then still try to collect several panels at a time. This reduces the number of connections.
The locks will be attached simultaneously to the end and side when working with one panel. If you use a whole bar, then the fastening occurs only in the lock on the side. The row that will be the last will have to be trimmed.
To do this, take measurements of each plank, do not forget about the gap. Then make a cut. Next, also collect the entire row and insert it into the penultimate one.
Advice! If the lock is well cleaned, but there is still a gap between the slats, even tapping on it does not help rubber mallet, then you will have to hit this bar. To avoid damaging the lock, take the rest of the laminate, insert it into this panel and hit it. This way the lock will not be damaged.
The second option is wooden slats. It must be placed against the upper part of the plank being laid. This will reduce the load on the lock.
If you are installing on a heated floor system, then first check with the seller about the collection that is suitable for you. This is due to the fact that wood conducts heat very poorly. Therefore, for installation you will need materials from special species.
The final part.
Knowing the composition of laminated panels, you can easily find out its load class, which is suitable specifically for installation in your home. It will also be possible to determine whether installation is possible at all.
You won’t have to worry about the fact that the materials are not environmentally friendly or functional.
www.laminatguru.com
Laminate flooring is popular due to its positive characteristics, aesthetics, and low cost. When choosing a material, pay special attention to the composition of the laminate. The strength of the coating, health safety, and durability of the finish depend on this.
What does laminate consist of?
The designated floor covering is a multi-layer material. Which is confirmed by the translation from Latin - layered. Depending on the manufacturer, the number of levels may vary. Let's consider the composition of the laminate with the maximum number of layers from the bottom to the front cover:
- Thermal insulation, sound insulation, protective layer (film). Is optional, availability is subject to make and brand. Such layers complement the protective characteristics of the coating. Their presence increases the cost of the material.
- Protective layer. Must be present. It is made from paper impregnated with paraffin or resin. You can also find a polymer coating. This waterproof layer protects the laminate flooring from mold and mildew and increases its strength characteristics.
- Consists of durable fiberboard or chipboard. At the end of this layer there is a locking connection. The strength of the material used for the level determines the strength of the interlocking joints and, accordingly, the quality of service life of the floor covering.
- Moisture-resistant film. Availability is optional. Protects the third layer from moisture penetration from the front part.
- Decorative coating. Made from paper with the required pattern and texture applied. For example, imitation wood, stone. You can also find a polymer decorative layer.
- Protective finishing layer, made of acrylate or melamine-formaldehyde resin.
This is the maximum structure of the flooring.
Let's understand the types of laminate flooring. Classification and types of material.
The most popular ones consist of four layers:
- bottom protective layer of paper;
- Fibreboard/chipboard;
- decorative;
- protective facial.
Modern laminate is made using new technology, which allows you to apply not only a pattern, but also a texture. What makes this finish visually as natural as possible. The features of the composition are directly related to the question: “Why is laminate dangerous?”
The degree of harmfulness of its components
The structure of the laminate clearly shows that 90% of it consists of waste from the woodworking industry: sawdust, shavings, etc. Which is often used for the production of other finishing materials and furniture. It would seem that the material is environmentally friendly, but doubts arise about the harm of floor coverings due to the binding adhesive and protective resins.
For the production of fiberboard and chipboard, natural resins or high-tech glue are used that meet all safety standards.
The protective top layer is made of melamine-formaldehyde or acrylic resin. The chemical composition of the first immediately raises the question of safety. Formaldehyde is a toxic harmful component. Why is it added to melamine in this case? As a binding component. Is it harmful when using the floor covering? There is no clear answer, there are several factors:
- Substance concentration. It is worth understanding that this component is used in many finishing materials and in the production of furniture. Conscientious laminate manufacturers minimize the concentration of formaldehyde. This characteristic is reflected in the emission classification.
- Formaldehyde is actively released at elevated temperatures. You should be careful when choosing a material if you are planning a “warm floor” system.
- The presence of laminated furniture, vinyl wallpaper, and laminate flooring in combination can exceed the safe level of formaldehyde.
Useful video: How to avoid exposure to formaldehyde or other poisons?
Therefore, the composition of the material for finishing floors and walls should be studied carefully before purchasing.
How to choose a safe laminate
The procedure for selecting the final floor finish - important stage. This surface is subject to maximum load, so a properly selected laminate can delight you with its properties for a long time. aesthetically pleasing and be safe for owners.
Fundamental factors and properties when choosing a material:
- Strength class. For individual housing, a household one is recommended. Its prices are low, but its strength characteristics are also low. Therefore, for long-term durability of the floor, it is better to choose semi-commercial or commercial. The numbers must be 34 and above.
- Manufacturer. Preference should be given only to well-known brands. This is a guarantee of the quality of the coating.
- Certificate. A self-respecting seller, if he has nothing to hide, will always provide all the necessary documentation.
- The composition of the laminate (what it is made of), how many and what layers.
- Emission class. Displays health safety. Ideally E0, let's say E1.
- View of the castle. LOCK is a budget option, Click is easier to install, durable, the coating is more aesthetic due to the minimal gaps between the panels. Find out more about wax impregnation – whether it exists or not. It will ensure a tight fit of the canvases and protect the locks from moisture.
- Thickness and density. The higher these indicators, the better quality material, price.
- If there is a heated floor system, choose a coating with a mark indicating the permissibility of use.
- Texture. If you are planning a wood finish, it is better to purchase canvases with minimal repetition of the pattern, then you will get the most approximate visual effect.
Read also: What classes of laminate exist - we understand the classification and characteristics.
When choosing a material, maximum attention should be paid to what the laminate consists of. This will ensure safety and long service life of the coating.
Laminate emission classes
This indicator is the main one; it reveals the level of health safety. There are four main ones:
- E0 is the safest material possible. It allows you to lay laminate flooring in the nursery and use a warm floor under the system. It contains no formaldehyde and uses only natural ingredients.
- E1 – permissible level of formaldehyde concentration. It can be installed in any room of the home, with caution in the nursery and under heated floors. Only if there is specialized marking.
- E2 – formaldehyde content is 3 times higher than in E1.
- E3 – formaldehyde content is 6 times higher than in E1.
Vinyl laminate with classes E2 and E3 should be used in housing with extreme caution. It is not recommended to lay it in bedrooms, children's rooms, and kitchens.
Conclusion
Having studied what laminate is made from, it becomes clear that health safety directly depends on the binder and protective layers. Yes, the main raw material is 90% natural wood, but other components can ruin their environmental friendliness and safety. An important factor when selecting material is the room in which you plan to lay the flooring. Rooms where the safest possible finishing is required - bedroom, children's room. For them, material with emission classes E0 and E1 is recommended.
Useful video: Laminate production
The composition of laminate flooring, what is it made from and which one is better to choose appeared first on Floors and Floor Coverings.
tbf.su
What is laminate made of?
Much has already been said and said about laminate. However, one can continuously list all his various advantages that brought him such popularity. It's time to tell a little about the history of the appearance of laminate on the finishing materials market.
Laminated panels first appeared on the market in the 70s of the last century. The basis of production was the Swedish manufacturing company Perstorp, so Europe can confidently be called the birthplace of laminate. The first trial, or, as it is now fashionable to say, pilot batch, sold out at incredible speed. Demand began to grow, and quite quickly. Then manufacturers decided to put the production of laminated panels on stream, and since 1977, laminate production began on an industrial scale. As they say, appetite comes with eating. Thanks to their advantages, laminated panels by the 90s of the 20th century became the most popular and very popular material among the entire range of floor coverings, gradually replacing linoleum, which was so widespread until recently.
Now, we can say with confidence that laminate occupies a leading position in the flooring market, displacing such a long-lived product as linoleum.
Over time, the quality changed, more durable and wear-resistant options were created. A division of laminate into classes and types has appeared - one thing has remained unchanged - the structure of the laminate. Let's try to understand in more detail what the laminate is made of.
Initially, the laminate consisted of three layers; in fact, the name laminate itself means multilayer. The top, protective layer, which by its nature consists of resins - melamine or acrylic. Its task is to protect the body of the board from mechanical impact or abrasion. The next layer is decorative, which makes the laminate look like parquet or parquet boards, or maybe marble or natural stone, there are a lot of options. Next comes the base layer, or body. It is made of chipboard or fibreboard, which actually gives the laminated panels the proper elasticity and density.
In the manufacture of laminate, fiberboard or chipboard sheets are used, onto which the remaining layers are then applied
Somewhat later, another layer appeared, which performs a moisture-proof function and is made of various types of materials - it can be plastic or cardboard, impregnated special compounds paraffin based.
Thanks to the appearance of a moisture-proof layer, a moisture-proof laminate has appeared, which can be installed in rooms with high humidity
A properly chosen laminated coating can provide many years of impeccable service. Of course, in any construction supermarket, a sales consultant will tell you about all the advantages and disadvantages of a particular model. But, still, it would not be bad to independently understand the quality of the material and know what factors you need to pay special attention to. Therefore, it is worth taking a closer look at the structure of laminated panels.
At the moment, it is believed that a large number layers a laminate has, the better it is
So, in order - the top layer. This is a transparent coating that is a combination of melamine and acrylic resins. Some manufacturers make it multilayer, and due to the presence of melanin, we can talk about the environmental friendliness of the material. In addition, special additives can be used, for example, mineral microparticles, which after additional processing are added to the protective composition and significantly increase the resistance of the top layer to abrasion or mechanical damage, such as scratches. The protective layer also resists the effects of direct sun rays And chemical compositions.
The decorative layer is purely aesthetic. You can choose a laminated coating that will be ideal for any design.
The main component is chipboard or fibreboard. It is responsible for the strength and resistance of the slab to various types of loads; it is largely responsible for and influences the cost of the material.
The last, stabilizing layer of paraffin-impregnated cardboard, has the main task of giving the load-bearing board additional strength and protecting it from moisture and the appearance of negative phenomena such as fungus and mold.
laminatekspert.ru
What is laminate made of: structure, materials, technologies
Laminate appeared on the flooring market more than 20 years ago and made a revolution, seriously displacing linoleum, which was the leader in sales volumes at that time. This success is based on simple installation, an attractive price and an incredible resemblance to natural wood. When starting to make a choice, it is important to know what the laminate is made from, what technology is used and what quality the product is offered. This information will help you not make a mistake in making a decision, since buyers on the market are offered floor coverings with different technical characteristics domestic and commercial use. Despite the differences in design, they are united by the same type of laminate structure, which guarantees a long service life.
Laminate production began in Western Europe in the mid-80s of the twentieth century. Products from Germany, Belgium, and Sweden are still in stable demand on the world market. Russian and Chinese companies that produce the most widespread collections of products keep up with the industry leaders. affordable price.
Installation of laminate boards
Manufacturers do not hide what the laminate is made of, because this demonstrates to the buyer its reliability and practicality. It's no secret that some of potential clients They think that they are being offered fiberboard with a decorative film. This is wrong. The laminate does not contain loose fibreboard, but a rigid board pressed under high pressure. Its production technology is more complex, which allows for improved strength characteristics and moisture resistance. 
The structure of the laminate consists of four layers:
- Protective – the topmost layer, the function of which is to protect the board from scratches, the abrasive effects of dust, static loads and abrasion. If you look at the structure of the laminate in cross-section, this layer is a thin, durable film of acrylic or melamine resins. The thicker the film, the longer the finishing layer will last. In household collections, the thickness of the protective layer does not exceed 0.2 mm, in semi-commercial collections it is 0.2-0.4 mm, in commercial collections it is more than 0.4 mm;
- Decorative - in the structure of the laminate, this is the thinnest layer, made of durable paper with a pattern applied to its surface. The decorative coating reliably imitates natural wood, popular varieties ornamental stone, leather or artificially aged metal;
- Main (load-bearing) - responsible for the basic characteristics of the laminate panel, such as overall thickness, strength, thermal insulation coefficient. It is a compressed slab of high rigidity, with a thickness of 6 to 12 mm. A lock of complex configuration is cut into it, making installation simple and effective. The thickness of this layer is determined by the manufacturer depending on the scope of use;
- Stabilizing – provides the panel with geometric stability and protects against negative impacts. It is made of paraffin-impregnated paper or melamine film; some manufacturers use a thin protective coating of plastic. The layer prevents the penetration of moisture, the effects of fungus, mold and steam. In some collections it is supplemented with a substrate that provides better acoustic properties to the coating.
Having figured out what laminate flooring is made from, you can understand that its structure is distinguished by functionality and practicality. Each layer performs a specific role, therefore it consists of different materials, which can easily cope with specific task.
All laminate materials are safe for human health. This statement is typical for products from well-known manufacturers. What laminate flooring from a number of suppliers from Southeast Asia is made of remains a mystery to buyers. When choosing a laminate, preference should be given to products from well-known brands. It is distinguished by high quality top protective layer and reliable locks. No less important are the characteristics of the base layer, consisting of a pressed plate. Only leading manufacturers use technologies that meet strict standards.
Production
High-tech laminate production is historically located in European countries: Belgium, Germany, Sweden, France. Several large factories have also been built in Russia for the production of popular flooring. Reliable suppliers from China are emerging.
Setting up laminate production is not easy - it requires a serious raw material base, important factor which is the proximity of suppliers of polymer resins. It is not enough to know what laminate is made from. Professional staff required modern equipment, quality control laboratories, design bureau and well-functioning logistics. Equipment for laminate production is selected depending on the technology being implemented. The specifics of the process play an important role in the cost of products, the quality of the final result, and the additional range of the enterprise. Thus, companies that produce high-pressure laminate also use their equipment to produce durable countertops for the furniture industry.
Is harmful laminate and the substances included in its composition? Having understood what laminate is made from, we can say that it is completely safe for human health. It is based on a high-density plate, which is produced under high pressure. This allows you to use less formaldehyde, the emission of which is the main disadvantage of chipboard and other particleboard materials. The top layer of resin polymerizes and does not emit harmful substances. Melamine-impregnated paper used in laminate production is also not dangerous.
How do leading factories produce laminate? To glue all four layers into a single whole, a powerful press is used and the components are heated to a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius. It doesn't have any effect negative influence on environmental characteristics, and process does not allow the product to be classified as harmful.
Production technology
For three decades, laminate production technology has not stood still, but has not changed dramatically. Everything also uses a powerful press, polymer resins and high temperatures. But there are still differences. Let's look at the main modern laminate production technologies:
- DPL - Direct Pressure Laminate (direct pressing), the oldest and most perfect technology, which is used to produce up to 90% of products today. The decorative and stabilizing layers are impregnated with melamine; they are bonded to the main layer by pressing under pressure of up to 3000 kg/m2 in 40-60 seconds;
- HPL - High Pressure Laminate - high pressure laminate is produced using this technology. A special feature of the method is the separate formation under high pressure of the outer layer, consisting not only of a protective coating and decorative paper with a pattern, but also several sheets of kraft paper. A strong lamella is formed, which is glued to the main and stabilizing layers. The technology is expensive, but allows you to create a product with high strength characteristics. The disadvantage is that panels can only be produced with smooth surface;
- CPL - Continuous Pressure Laminate (continuous pressure laminate), is practically no different from the classic DPL technology, but several sheets of kraft paper are placed under the decorative layer, which makes the coating more resistant to mechanical stress. The technology is used in the production of semi-commercial and commercial collections;
- DPR – Direct Print technology is the most modern today; unlike classic direct pressure laminate, decorative paper is not used. The design is applied directly to the base plate, heated to optimal temperature. High-tech plotters are used, which makes the production line independent of the volume of decorative paper and allows you to print exclusive small batches with any design.
When releasing products, manufacturers introduce additional technologies to make the surface textured. This helps to reproduce more accurately natural materials, repeating not only the color and pattern, but also the texture. Laminate with V-shaped chamfers along the entire perimeter of the panel or on its long sides is in high demand. Their presence allows you to reproduce the texture of the floor, characteristic of ancient castle interiors or pastoral style.
Conclusion
Laminate is a high-quality floor covering with a long service life. Correctly selected collections do not lose their appearance for 10-15 years. Commercial laminate flooring at home will last 20-25 years. The world's leading manufacturers produce products with a lifetime warranty, and they cost less than parquet or parquet boards.
Practicality is not the only advantage; another advantage is the low price. Manufacturers' range includes collections, the cost of which competes with the price of high-quality household linoleum. At the same time, the decorative qualities of a laminated floor are much higher; it is more environmentally friendly than PVC products.
Ease of installation is another advantage of laminate. The presence of strong click-click connections makes installation easy, accessible to the home craftsman. If you have specialized tools at hand, you can install up to 80 sq.m. alone. half a day. It is important that the base is smooth and durable, but this requirement for the surface is made today by all manufacturers of linoleum and parquet.
How to fill a self-leveling floor with your own hands Substrate for a heated floor under a laminate
There are a number of key points in laminate production technology; compliance with norms and rules allows you to achieve results in a short time. Laminate is produced in the form of thin sheets, their thickness is 7–11 mm, with dimensions of 1.0–1.4 m by 0.2 m. The products must be assembled by sequential connection using tenons and grooves provided along the edges.
Other types of flooring materials are also popular: parquet, carpet, linoleum, tiles. But laminated coating remains the leader due to its practicality and durability.
This is explained by the obvious advantages of laminate over other coatings:
- Its cost is significantly lower than that of parquet, carpet or tiles.
- The coating is superior to linoleum in moisture resistance, wear resistance and abrasion resistance.
- A huge selection of textures and colors attracts not only the end consumer, but also design specialists.
Classification
Laminate classes are divided into commercial 31–34 and household 21–23. Laminate flooring for home use lasts no more than five years, so wear-resistant and impact-resistant material for commercial use is increasingly being used in everyday life. They all differ in performance properties and price.
The classification of coatings is approved by the European Union Directive, samples are tested according to the following indicators:
- strength;
- abrasion resistance;
- soundproofing properties;
- moisture resistance.
The higher the class, the better the listed properties of the laminate. Laminate coating of class 32 is guaranteed to last 15–20 years, and class 31 – 10–15 years. In addition to classes, there is such a marking as AC. It indicates the wear resistance of the coating and varies from 3 to 6.
Features of Class 31
A similar product is chosen for apartment flooring. It is better to lay it in rooms where they will be used lightly.
Characteristic indicators:
- laminate thickness from 6 to 8 mm;
- surface smoothness;
- the need for an underlying layer during installation.
The installation of such material is suitable for installing a base in a bedroom or office, where household members spend a minimum of time.
Class 32 Secrets
This type of laminate is the most preferable option for apartment floors. The coating in a residential area will last about 15 years, and for an office the service life is three times less. Product Features: 
- thickness is 7–12 mm;
- you must use a background for this class;
- resistance to cleaning agents;
- embossed, anti-slip coating;
- shockproof;
- There is a layer of wax to protect the joints from liquids.
The following classes are of even higher quality. It is important to understand for what purposes coverage is required: this will allow you not to overpay for unnecessary properties.
Technical characteristics of class 33
For heavy loads, it is worth choosing a similar laminate: its service life is 20 years, but there are other advantages: 
- Durability, resistance to abrasion, temperature, sun, moisture.
- Good sound insulation allows you to avoid the need for a substrate.
- Suitable for special purpose premises equipped with many electrical appliances due to its antistatic properties.
- High quality locks for assembly.
The product is suitable for office premises, apartments for large families, pet owners.
Advantages of class 34
Durable and durable appearance, suitable for public places, especially beneficial in sports halls. This class sometimes comes with a lifetime warranty and is 10-12mm thick.
Advantages of class 43
This is new on the market building materials, showed itself perfectly in rooms with increased exploitation. Only a few manufacturers make laminate flooring. Instead of fiberboard, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used to make this laminate. Advantages and features:
- actively used for kitchens, balconies, bathrooms and saunas;
- high flexibility and strength;
- Manufacturers guarantee 25 years of coating service life.
The use of an underlay prior to installation of this coating is not required.
Despite the long service life or high class product, you should use it carefully and wring out the cloth well before cleaning. If, when laying the laminate, it is impossible to install the panel due to an obstacle, then the craftsmen cut off the lock or part of it to secure the panel with special glue.
Manufacturing Equipment
To produce laminate, several units of equipment are required; the main machines and mechanisms of the master include the following units:
- multifunctional sawing machine;
- special hot press;
- milling apparatus;
- mechanical packer.
In addition to the main list, there are additional units of equipment: a loader, a drying chamber. The minimum set of technical equipment will cost 1.5 million rubles.
Production technology and its features
In Europe, in the 80s of the 20th century, they began to produce laminated flooring. Laminate is a simplified, generally accepted version of the name. Now the bulk of this material is produced in Europe. Launching a laminate production line is complicated by the characteristics of the raw materials.
There are 4 layers in the structure of the laminate, they make the product durable and wear-resistant. Improved performance characteristics are achieved by increasing layers, but the main 4 remain unchanged:
- The overlay or top layer serves to protect against the mechanical effects of operation, chemical influences, and sunlight.
- The decorative layer is a special paper or foil to imitate different structures of wood, tiles and other materials.
- The middle layer of the laminate consists of fiberboard and has good strength properties.
- The bottom layer is made of resin-impregnated or waxed paper; it protects the material from shock, abrasion and penetration of liquids.
The bottom layer is sometimes made of plastic, the total thickness of two upper layers ranges from 0.2 mm to 0.9 mm. The thickness of the bottom layer ranges from 0.1 to 0.8 mm.
There are five stages in laminate production technology:
- Production of high-density fiberboards.
- Saturation, impregnation of the surface of a product is a process called impregnation.
- Finishing the workpiece.
- Sawing
- Milling.
- Packing.
The laminated board is formed from HDF board (high-density fiberboard). There are several methods for producing laminate:
- HPL – using high pressure.
- CPL – conveyor production.
- DPL – direct pressing.
- CML or RML – continuous pressing of several layers.
- PDL – pattern printing technology.
- ELESGO is a method of drying the surface of an electron beam.
Differences in laminate production methods
With HPL technologies, materials are glued together using a cold, warm or hot method, this process is called lamination. High temperature bonding allows for high quality, so hot lamination is often used.
Before gluing, the surface is cleaned of dust, after which glue and hardener are evenly applied. The two parts are passed through a press, gluing at a temperature of about two hundred degrees Celsius. After gluing the overlay with decorative layer begin to connect this part with the base and bottom layer using glue.
The production of laminate using CPL technology is the connection of the base with the top layer through pressing. The layers are passed through rollers at high temperature. Craftsmen glue together several top layers and then press them onto an HDF board.
DPL is characterized by a lack of bonding. They take layers that have undergone the impregnation process and press them at a temperature of two hundred degrees. The resin contained in the products melts, gluing them together. After drying, a monolithic plane of the top layer of the laminate is formed.
With CML or RML methods, kraft paper is used to increase strength; this additive leads to a significant increase in the cost of the laminate.
Peculiarity PDL technology decorative design, but place the image on fiberboard. There is no need for additional layers of decor. Further production is carried out using DPL technology.
The top layer, consisting of paper with an image of two layers of overlay, is dried with an electron beam. ELESGO technology involves the use of acrylate resins for preliminary impregnation of the overlay. After hardening, a durable elastic film is obtained. The layers are joined with glue under pressure and at high temperature.
Is such production profitable?
Setting up laminate production is an expensive undertaking; total costs will exceed $800 thousand. In addition to the main production, it is necessary to engage in forestry and woodchip production. Such a complex enterprise is much more reliable, but the total costs will stop many businessmen.
Video: Laminate production
Laminate flooring is one of the most popular in the world today. This is largely due to the excellent performance and performance characteristics of the laminate.
In turn, high levels of wear resistance and durability are due to the special structure of the laminate, which includes several layers made of different materials.
Despite the fact that almost every European, Russian or Chinese manufacturer has its own technology for producing laminated floors, almost all companies currently use a traditional four-layer structure when producing laminate. At the same time, technologies can often include the inclusion of additional layers, but this is rather a departure from the norm.
It’s immediately worth noting that modern laminated floors consist of more than 90% wood and wood elements, which allows us to talk about high level environmental friendliness of the flooring.
The presence of four layers is a traditional solution in the production of modern laminate.
- The first layer is the top, protective one. It is presented in the form of a high-strength composite multilayer coating. Acrylic and melamine resin (or other resin compositions, depending on the manufacturer) are used for its manufacture. It is this resin layer that is responsible for the wear resistance of the laminate, so its thickness can vary. The resin can be applied in one layer or several (depending on the class of the laminate and the declared characteristics of the coating).
In addition, some manufacturers can add additional substances and elements to the top layer (mixing them with the resin composition), which is done to improve the performance characteristics of the laminated coating. As a rule, such substances are aluminum oxide, corundum, etc. They improve the abrasion resistance of the laminate.
The top layer can also be made with a special film that will prevent electrical discharges from accumulating on the surface of the coating. By and large, each manufacturer uses its own methods for processing the top layer, so there is no need to talk about the universality of the technology here.
- The second layer is decorative. It is located directly under the transparent top protective layer and plays an exclusively decorative role. It is made of special paper, which is factory impregnated with polymer compounds (some manufacturers immediately use polymer paper). A specified image (a pattern of wood, stone, tile) is applied to this paper using industrial printers, after which it is pressed with a top layer, which makes it possible to obtain a seamless coating.
In modern conditions, any image can be applied to paper (not just imitation wood or stone), so many European manufacturers offer children's laminate with drawings, commercial coatings with unusual patterns and many other types of color and design solutions.
- Third layer. IN laminated coverings the main layer is represented by an HDF board, which is a sheet material with a thickness of 2.5 to 4 mm. The production of this board is carried out from small wood fibers, which are pressed under high temperature and pressure. Plates of this type have a fairly high density, the density of which varies from 820 to 1050 kg/cub.m. (depending on the model). By and large, HDF board is a denser version of MDF board.
HDF board has a homogeneous structure. This is a dense and hard material that has high physical and mechanical properties. The board is used in many areas of modern industry, and not just in the manufacture of laminate. The higher the density of the slab, the better its strength and moisture resistance will be. But when choosing a laminate, you need to pay attention to the declared thickness of the HDF board - if it is too large (about 4 mm), but at the same time has a low density, then this will indicate that the performance characteristics of the laminated floor are not very good.
- Fourth layer. The so-called stabilization layer, which is produced from polymer paper or cardboard impregnated with resin. Its main function is to protect the entire laminated panel from deformation during operation, maintain the stable stability of all other layers, give the board rigidity, and protect it from moisture and dust from the side of the substrate and the rough base.
As mentioned above, some manufacturers may add additional layers to their laminate (for example, another protective coating or a protective layer for an HDF board) - everything will depend on the production technology used. Experts note that the situation with the structure of the laminate is unlikely to change in the coming years.
Structure of waterproof (vinyl) laminate
On the modern market you can also find waterproof laminate that is not at all afraid of moisture. No wood materials are used in its production, but what is it made of then?
- The first layer of vinyl laminate is a polyurethane coating that provides protection and absorbs the entire load. This is a transparent material, so in its lower part there is a decorative image imitating stone or wood.
- The second layer is the load-bearing, main one. It is made from polyvinyl chloride. This is a material that is safe in all respects and is not afraid of moisture, temperature changes, or any other climatic influences, from which we can draw a conclusion about the areas of its use.
Waterproof laminate floors consist of only two layers, but this does not prevent them from meeting wear resistance classes 34-43. These are highly durable coatings that can be used outdoors and in rooms with high humidity. Their main disadvantage is their high price.
Considering all the requirements that floor coverings must have, laminate is one of the best and most popular materials.
What are laminated panels made of, that they have such qualities that all buyers and floor layers love so much?
Laminate panels.
The wide range of laminated panels amazes the buyer. The verb to laminate has become the basis of the concept of laminate. It owes its origin to the German word laminieren, which in turn comes from the noun plate lamina.
From this we can conclude that laminate is a verb that means applying a transparent film to various surfaces. In this case, laminate is a panel that has been laminated.
Main components.
Depending on what the laminate is made of, its wear resistance index depends. In turn, the cost of the material will depend on this.
We'll talk about the four layers that make up the base of laminate flooring.
- First layer is the bottom one. It is based on paper, which can be of two types: tarred or unrefined. It is stabilizing. Protects the panel from penetration of moisture that can come from the floor. There are collections in which manufacturers, in addition to this layer, make an overlay that acts as heat and sound insulation.
- Second- this is the main layer. It is made from fiberboard. It is the basis of the panel, while it is the thickest and most durable. A lock is inserted here, with the help of which the planks are fastened to each other. The thicker the DPV, the stronger the lock will be held. This is due to the fact that there is a protruding spike there. If it is larger, then the quality of the connection is higher.
- Third layer- this is the penultimate one. As a rule, it is made of foil. Paper can also be used. A pattern is applied to its surface. There is no limit to imagination here. The pattern can be in the form of stone, parquet boards, ceramic tiles, sand or marble and much more.
- Its class depends on the last layer of laminate. This is a transparent layer made of acrylic or melamine resin. The wear resistance of the laminate depends on its thickness and the ornament can be seen through it.
|
Wear resistance class |
Load level |
Places of application |
Wear resistance and its designations |
|
Study, pantry, bedroom |
|||
|
Living room, office |
|||
|
Children's room, kitchen, hallway |
|||
|
Retail outlets, office |
|||
|
Very high |
Retail outlets, cafe, bar, office |
The first three classes are non-commercial options. They have low cost. Thickness from 6 to 8 millimeters. Only by saving money will you save on the quality of the material. The service life of the floor covering will also depend on this.
The more expensive and non-abrasion grades are those that have the number 3 at the beginning. This laminate is commercial. The period of its use corresponds to the numbers: 5.6, 7.8. These are years. It is important to note here that a commercial laminate of class 34, for example, will last eight years, but at the same time, if it is laid in an apartment, its service life will increase to 20 years!
Laminate panels should be laid on a surface that is flat and dry. It should also be tough. This is due to the fact that laminate is a decorative coating and is not load-bearing. Laying can be done on a concrete screed, floorboards, as well as on fiberboard, chipboard, OSB.
Laying laminated panels.
The underlay must be laid even if you bought a laminate from the collection, which has an additional layer for heat and sound insulation. It can be made of polyethylene foam, cork or extruded polystyrene foam.
The thickness of the substrate material itself is also distinctive.. It, the backing for the laminate, can be from 2 to 20 mm. Therefore, thin material can be laid in layers. And the thick one is only joint to joint.
The panels are assembled by inserting one lock into another. You can also use the instructions that come with each coated box. The bar is inserted at an angle of 45 degrees. In this case, the movements should be like rocking, gradually releasing towards the subfloor.
Important! To ensure there is no gap between the panels, you need to use a rubber hammer, which you need to gently tap on the plank.
This will help the lock close tightly. If the laminate is dry and clean, then installation does not cause any difficulties.
You can verify this in the video lesson below, also see the photo. The first thing you need to do is assemble a row along one of the walls of the room.
Useful information! For gaskets, you can take the remaining pieces of laminate. Or take a lath and chop it into pieces. Here we must take into account that the walls may be uneven.
It is better to lay the next row according to this principle: assemble all the panels in length and only after that click it with the locks of the first row. Here you will need the help of an assistant. If you can’t call a friend for help, then still try to collect several panels at a time. This reduces the number of connections.
The locks will be attached simultaneously to the end and side when working with one panel. If you use a whole bar, then the fastening occurs only in the lock on the side. The row that will be the last will have to be trimmed.
To do this, take measurements of each plank, do not forget about the gap. Then make a cut. Next, also collect the entire row and insert it into the penultimate one.
Advice! If the lock is well cleaned, but there is still a gap between the bars, even tapping it with a rubber hammer does not help, then you will have to hammer in this bar. To avoid damaging the lock, take the rest of the laminate, insert it into this panel and hit it. This way the lock will not be damaged.
The second option is a wooden slats. It must be placed against the upper part of the plank being laid. This will reduce the load on the lock.
If you are installing on a heated floor system, then first check with the seller about the collection that is suitable for you. This is due to the fact that wood conducts heat very poorly. Therefore, for installation you will need materials from special species.
The final part.
Knowing the composition of laminated panels, you can easily find out its load class, which is suitable specifically for installation in your home. It will also be possible to determine whether installation is possible at all.
You won’t have to worry about the fact that the materials are not environmentally friendly or functional.