Nonwoven materials: classification and methods of application
Non-woven fabrics are found not only in industrial production, but also in everyday life. These are individual gowns and caps that are given out in the emergency room of any hospital, wet wipes for wiping hands, cleaning cloths, baby diapers and a host of other things that you have to deal with every day. Let's consider the main types of nonwoven materials, methods of their production, characteristics and scope of application.
Non-woven materials include materials for the production of which traditional weaving technologies are not used. For the first time, such a product is made from viscose fibers bonded using chemicals, was obtained in the mid-30s of the twentieth century in France. Currently, in many countries there are large enterprises producing all kinds of nonwoven materials.
Based on their purpose, they are classified into the following categories:
- technical. These are various filtering, wiping, insulating, upholstery and other products used in construction, agriculture and many industries;
- household These include all kinds of materials for tailoring, faux fur, leatherette base, batting, felt, felt, terry cloth, etc.;
- medical. In any hospital, disposable napkins, towels, diapers and sheets are widely used. In addition, various dressings, tampons, pads and diapers can also be non-woven.
Many catering establishments purchase non-woven tablecloths, aprons, gowns and caps for service personnel. Some companies sew uniforms for their employees from such fabrics.
Nonwoven fabric production methods
Natural raw materials are used as raw materials for the production of non-woven fabrics: cotton, linen, wool or silk - as well as synthetic and artificial fibers. In addition, textile waste is often recycled.
The manufacturing process includes several stages:
- Cleaning and sorting of raw materials. At the same time, binder solutions are prepared.
- Molding of canvas - laying fibers in different directions.
- Binding material.
- Fabric processing - drying, dyeing, bleaching, etc.
The classification of technologies for combining fibers into a monolithic product includes several methods.
Glue method
It is most often used to make a base for oilcloth, leather substitute or linoleum, for cushioning fabrics - non-woven fabric, dublerin, as well as in the printing industry. The decomposed fibers are impregnated with special adhesives, which, when hardened, form a web.
The materials obtained in this way have high strength, rigidity and elasticity. They are heat resistant dry cleaning and washing. Characteristic feature is a sufficient level of aeration and significant hygroscopicity.
Knitting-punching method
Prepared and shaped fibers are knitted with nylon or cotton threads, forming a rigid frame. In this way flannel, flannel, batting, drape and cloth are obtained.
The materials from which clothes are subsequently sewn have a number of positive qualities. They do not shrink, do not wrinkle, allow air to pass through well and have high wear resistance.
A variation of the method is thread stitching, in which the fabric is obtained by weaving a system of two or more threads. This is how many fabrics are made for sewing dresses, blouses, men's shirts and even swimsuits. Products made from them hold their shape well and have low thermal conductivity.
Needle-punched method
The prepared material is laid out on special machines and subjected to numerous piercings with highly heated serrated needles. As a result, the fibers are randomly entangled and the fabric is held together.
Most insulation materials - synthetic winterizer, batting and others - are produced using the needle-punched method. Their significant disadvantage is that during operation, individual fibers can penetrate through top layer. This not only affects appearance product, but also reduces its thermal conductivity and durability.
Thermal method
At the preparatory stage, a certain amount of fibers having a melting point lower than the bulk is added. When heated, they quickly melt and form a solid product. 
This technology is used to obtain certain types of fillers for upholstered furniture, as well as inexpensive insulating materials for outerwear. They are distinguished by low density, but significant elasticity and resistance to chemicals.
Hydrojet method
Products obtained using this innovative technology, are used in medicine and cosmetology: disposable underwear, gowns, dressings, napkins, tampons, sponges, etc. The most famous are Sontara, Novitex and Fibrella.
The method is based on weaving and binding fibers using beating high pressure jets of water. Its discoverer is the famous American company DuPont.
Interesting to know! The aeroforming method is used to produce baby diapers. The fibers enter the air stream and turn into cotton wool, which is then sprayed onto a special adhesive tape.
Felting method
It allows you to produce nonwoven materials from pure wool or mixed raw materials. In conditions high humidity At a certain temperature, the fibers are subjected to mechanical stress, resulting in their felting.
In this way, felt is obtained, which is used for the production of shoes, warm clothes, blankets and other products. In addition, felt is widely used in the construction of buildings, since it not only retains heat well, but also provides sound insulation of rooms.
The most famous nonwoven materials
These products have many advantages: softness, elasticity, strength, wear resistance and durability. Modern technologies allow you to create products with pre-programmed characteristics. Let's look briefly at the most common materials.
Just 50 years ago, batting was practically the only insulation material. It is noteworthy that even hangers for evening dresses and elegant suits were made from it.
Now batting is used only in work clothes - padded jackets, mittens, balaclavas, etc. Some manufacturers orthopedic mattresses don’t forget about this material either.
The raw materials for batting are natural or mixed fibers, as well as some waste from textile and clothing production. They are joined into fabric using a needle-punched or knitting method. The highest quality is considered to be batting with gauze sizing. This fabric does not deform and has a significant service life.
The disadvantages of batting are its heavy weight, the ability to absorb moisture and take a long time to dry. In addition, wool fibers can harbor moths. Therefore, modern manufacturers of work clothing give preference to synthetic insulation.
This is a light, voluminous and elastic non-woven fabric that has good heat-shielding properties. It is often used not only when sewing jackets and coats, but also in the furniture industry, in the manufacture of pillows, blankets, soft toys, sleeping bags, shoes. 
Synthetic winterizer is obtained by adhesive or thermally from synthetic fibers. Its main advantages compared to batting are light weight, good dimensional stability and high degree heat saving.
Important to know! Adhesive composition, used in the production of padding polyester, can cause allergic reactions. Therefore, it is not recommended to buy clothes or toys with such filling for young children.
Spunbond
Disposable gowns, caps, napkins and sheets made from this material have water-repellent properties. The soft, pleasant-to-touch surface of spunbond evokes associations with cotton fabrics.
The fibers are produced by pressing molten polypropylene through many spinneret holes. The frozen threads are shaped and joined into a fabric using a thermal method. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain spunbond fibers several tens of times thinner than human hair.
Spunlace
Cotton, viscose or polypropylene fibers, which form the basis of such a fabric, are combined under high pressure using the hydro-jet method. Fabric characterizes increased strength, air permeability and no static electricity.
The material is widely used in hairdressing and cosmetology. The most famous spunlace product is wet wipes.
Thinsulate
In terms of heat-saving properties, this non-woven material is comparable to swan or eider down. The name "thinsulate" translates as "subtle warmth". It consists of the finest hollow polyester fibers, each of which is twisted in a spiral. It is thanks to this that the filler holds its shape perfectly, instantly returning the product original appearance after washing.
Remarkable and thermal characteristics material. In a jacket with Thinsulate, a person feels comfortable even in frosty temperatures of 40°C. And the amazingly small thickness does not hinder movement and allows you to ski or run freely.
TO negative qualities Thinsulate refers to its ability to accumulate static electricity. But with the help of appropriate treatment, this problem can be eliminated.
Isosoft
Another modern insulation material that was developed by the Belgian concern Libeltex, the largest manufacturer of nonwoven materials. Isosoft consists of the finest polyester fibers, connected in such a way as to ensure maximum heat conservation.
The thickness of isosoft is 4 times less than that of synthetic winterizer, and its warming capacity is 10-12 times higher. The material has all quality certificates, so it can be used without fear even in children's clothing.
Isosoft easily tolerates machine washing without clumping or penetrating onto the front side of the product. Clothes dry quickly and return to their original shape. The only disadvantage of the material can be considered its high cost, but this is more than compensated by its excellent performance qualities and durability.
From thin and delicate rabbit and goat down, it is obtained by felting. beautiful material which is called . It is used to make outerwear, shoes, hats, children's toys and decorative items.
Sometimes, to give the product additional strength and resistance to deformation, viscose or synthetic threads are added to the fluff. This felt is different smooth surface with a pleasant tint.
Felt is actively used to create a variety of crafts. This is facilitated by the fact that the material is well colored, does not crumble when cutting, and looks the same on both the front and back sides.
Important to know! Felt products may shrink and fade when washed.. Therefore, to care for them, it is best to use dry cleaning using special products.
Nonwoven materials, the list of which becomes more extensive every year, are rightly considered the product of tomorrow. The numerous advantages that they possess make them indispensable in various spheres of human life.
NONWOVEN MATERIALS, fabrics and products made from fibers, threads and/or other types of materials (textiles and their combinations with non-textiles, for example films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Compared to traditional production methods in the textile industry - weaving and spinning - the production of nonwoven materials is characterized by simplicity of technology (including a reduction in the number of technological stages), increased equipment productivity and, therefore, lower capital and labor costs, and a variety of assortments canvases, diet possibilities. use of various raw materials, lower production costs, the possibility of max. automation of production, i.e. creating production lines and automatic factories, and the nonwoven materials themselves have good performance. St. Therefore, nonwoven materials have become one of the main. types of modern textile products, although large industrial. their production appeared only in the 40s. 20th century World production of nonwoven materials is approx. 16 billion m 2 (1985), with the United States accounting for 59% of all capitalist production. countries of nonwoven materials, the share of Western countries. Europe - 32%, Japan - 9%.
There are non-woven materials such as (canvas-stitched, thread-stitched, fabric-stitched, needle-punched, glued, combined) and batting (canvas-stitched, needle-punched, glued), as well as household and technical. appointments.
The properties of nonwoven materials depend on their structure and production method, and the nature of the raw materials. Nonwoven materials are produced from nature. (cotton, linen, wool) and chemicals. (for example, viscose, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene) fibers, as well as recycled fiber raw materials (fibers regenerated from scraps and rags) and short-fiber chemical waste. and other industries.
Basic technol. operations for obtaining nonwoven materials: 1) preparation of raw materials (loosening, cleaning from impurities and mixing fibers, rewinding yarn and threads, preparing solutions of chemicals, for example, fiber agents, surfactants, etc.); 2) formation of a fibrous base (eg, canvas, thread system); 3) bonding the fibrous base into a single system (obtaining a non-woven material); 4) non-woven fabric finishing.
Obtaining a fibrous base. The fibrous canvas layer (surface density 10-1000 g/m2 and more) is most often obtained from fur. method: on a carding machine, a comb or fleece is formed from fibers 45-150 mm long (a continuous thin layer of fibers with a surface density of about 20 g/m2), which is made using special. the devices are stacked “on top of each other” at different angles, resulting in a longitudinal or longitudinal-transverse orientation of the fibers in the canvas.
With aerodynamic method, combed fibers are carried away by the flow and transferred through a channel () to a mesh or conveyor, where they are laid to form a canvas of a layerless structure (non-oriented arrangement of fibers). Hydraulic (wet) method, the canvas is formed from short waterspun fibers on the mesh of the paper machine. Electrostatic In this method, canvas is obtained by laying charged fibers in an even layer on a conveyor having a charge of the opposite sign. Using the fiber-forming method, the canvas is obtained by laying continuous fibers (threads) on the mesh surface of the conveyor immediately after they are molded from or solution.
The fibrous base of threads (system of threads) is formed by laying several. layers of yarn or ready-made chemicals. thread ordering, e.g. in the form of a grid, or chaotically.
Production and use of nonwoven materials. Fiber base physical-mechanical, physical-chemical. or combined methods.
Fiz.-kh and m. methods of fastening the fibrous base in the production of non-woven materials are the most common; They are used to produce glued nonwoven materials. Fibers (threads) in the canvas into a single system due to adhesive (autohesive) interaction. at the contact boundary there is a fiber (thread). They are used as thermoplastic and in the form of dispersions, solutions, fusible and bicomponent fibers. Sometimes they don't use it; in this case, the base of nonwoven materials is subjected to special. processing (thermal, chemical), leading to a decrease in the fluidity temperature from which the fibers (threads) of the fibrous base are made, or to the appearance of “stickiness” on their surface as a result of plasticization, etc., promoting bonding fibers at their contact points.
There are several. basic methods for producing glued nonwoven materials. The method of impregnating canvas with liquids (dispersions and solutions of acrylonitrile butadiene, acrylic, etc.) is widespread. Impregnation methods are varied: the canvas is immersed in soda; fed into the gap of two shafts, through which the canvas continuously passes; sprayed onto the surface of the canvas special. devices; applied by printing using engraved rollers, templates (similar to applying a pattern to). After impregnation, the fabric is subjected to heat treatment with hot or IR radiation in a special manner. cameras or on .
Using the paper-making method, nonwoven materials are produced from short fibers (2-12 mm), to which wood is sometimes added, on conventional paper-making equipment (see) and from fibers of increased length (40 mm or more) on paper-making machines with an inclined mesh. -synthetic , low-melting fibers (usually polyvinyl chloride), fibrids (see) and bicomponent fibers are introduced into the web before or after it is cast on a paper machine. Then the canvas is dried and subjected to heat treatment, as in the previous impregnation method. The resulting nonwoven materials are paper-like; the use of longer fibers improves their textile properties. This method produces (at high productivity up to 300 m/min) non-woven disposable materials, for example. tablecloths, bed linen, .
The method of thermal bonding is more advanced than impregnation, because the use of liquids is eliminated, wastewater treatment is not required, etc. In this case, it is possible to obtain nonwoven materials of various types. structures and holy The canvas is formed from the so-called. base fibers - polyamide, viscose, polyester or their mixtures with fusible (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) and bicomponent fibers. Special coatings are applied to the canvas or individual layers of comb. devices of resins (phenol- or melamine-form-aldehyde) and (or) or only a solution for the surface layer of fibers. After this, the canvas enters the heat chamber, and then onto the surface as a result of pressing.
A variation of the method is local heating of the canvas or the ribs of the shaft, when fusion zones () are formed, the canvas (powdered is not used). can also be carried out with currents high frequency, beam. This method produces more voluminous materials than those discussed above.
The spunbond method of producing nonwoven materials from solutions is developing at an accelerated pace (it already accounts for 30% of the production of nonwoven materials from their total volume). This method combines the production of chemicals. fibers and nonwovens. The fibers (threads) in the canvas formed on the mesh of the receiving, moving conveyor (after the fibers exit the dies) are glued to each other at the intersection points autohesively, if they have not lost their “stickiness”, otherwise by knitting, needle-piercing or any physical-chemical way. Using the spinneret method, you can form a canvas from fibers of any length, even almost infinite. Increasing the length of the fibers sharply increases the coefficient. using them in nonwoven materials, which allows reducing the requirements for the substance or reducing its content in the material, resulting in an increase in material. Spinning machines can be used to form at high speed not only webs, but also products of complex configurations.
Naib. glued nonwoven materials produced using new technology from films (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide), excluding the production of fibers. The essence of the method is that it is split into fibrils (using a needle-punching machine or special fibrillators) and then .
Glued nonwoven materials are used as heat and sound insulation, filter, container and wiping fabrics, as a basis for polymer coatings(artificial, linoleum, oilcloth) and abrasive materials, such as cushioning materials for clothing, canvases for printing, materials for reinforcement.
F and z.-m e x. Methods: knitting, needle-piercing, felting.
Knitting-stitching non-woven fabrics are produced on a special basis. machines by knitting fibrous canvases (thread-stitched non-woven materials), thread systems (thread-stitched non-woven materials), as well as their combination with other materials (frame-stitched non-woven materials), with threads or bundles of fibers, for example. with (fabric-stitched), films (film-stitched). On all machines for the production of knitting-stitched nonwoven materials, the process of looping is carried out, as in the production of knitwear, except that a separate thread is laid for each. All machines move simultaneously, pierce the fibrous base and return to their original position, pulling the knitting thread through it. For knitting, cotton yarn, nylon, lavsan, chlorine and other complex threads are used.
Naib. The canvas-stitching method is economical, and thread-stitched nonwoven materials are similar in properties to knitwear. The range of fabrics produced using this technology is unusually wide: substitutes for clothing, terry towels, art. fur, decorative fabrics, etc.; in heat and sound insulation technology. materials, base for synthetic. coatings, etc.
Needle-punched nonwovens are produced on needle-punched machines. The bonding of fibers in canvas occurs as a result of their fur. tangling when repeatedly piercing the jagged canvas. Features of needle punching machines, nozzle design.
This method is used to produce, for example, filter cloths for decomposition. environment, heat and sound insulation. and tech. cloth, floor coverings, geotextile materials with high permeability (like sand) and (they are used as drainage and filter material in the construction of roads, dams, bridges, buildings, etc.).
The felting method produces non-woven materials from pure wool fibers or a mixture of them with chemicals (up to 40%) using fur. impacts on the fibrous layer in a humid environment at elevated temperatures. Under these conditions, wool fibers are felted (moved, intertwined, compacted), forming felt. The resulting semi-finished product is subjected to rolling for decomposition. machines for further compaction, shrinkage and giving it a given shape and size. The felted fabric or product is then sent to wet finishing and dry finishing. This method produces felt, felted and felt products (shoes, hats).
K o m b i n i r. methods for producing nonwoven materials, including several. methods of bonding the fibrous base are used to produce nonwoven materials of improved quality (for example, greater dimensional stability, increased strength, with better deformation properties). Thus, elcl-flocked nonwoven materials are produced by oriented application in an electric field. high voltage field of relatively short fibers (length 0.3-10 mm) onto a substrate (eg textile or film) previously coated. The final fixation of the fibers in the adhesive layer is carried out in the drying chamber. This method produces non-woven materials that imitate natural suede, fur, packaging materials, etc.
Depending on the purpose, nonwoven materials are produced in unbleached (harsh) form or subjected to finishing (for example, bleaching, pile cutting).
Lit.: Bershev E.N., Kuritsina V.V., Kurilenko A.I., Smirnov G.P., Technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1982; Ozerov B.V., Gusev V.E., production of nonwoven materials, M., 1984.
V.M. Gorchakova.
Nonwovens - These are textile products made from fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods. Large industrial production nonwoven materials appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern nonwoven materials are one of the main types of textile products in many countries. Materials obtained by physical and chemical methods. Most nonwovens, so-called bonded nonwovens, are produced by methods in which the fibers are joined using adhesives (adhesives). The most common are glued nonwoven materials, the basis of which is the so-called fibrous canvas (a layer of textile fibers, the mass of 1 m2 of which ranges from 10 to 1000 g or more).
Briefly, according to the TSB definition, “Nonwoven materials are textile products made of fibers or threads interconnected without the use of weaving methods.”
Most often the canvas is formed mechanically from several layers of carding coming from the removable drum of the carding machine. The canvas is produced by the aerodynamic method, in which the fibers are removed from the carding drum by a stream of air and, to form the canvas, are transferred to a mesh drum (condenser) or to a horizontal mesh with maximum speed up to 100 m/min and more. The canvas can also be produced from an aqueous dispersion of fibers on the mesh of a paper machine. Depending on the characteristics of fiber gluing, there are several methods for producing glued nonwoven materials. The most common method is based on impregnating the canvas with a liquid binder - synthetic latex. The canvas is immersed in a bath of binder or the binder is sprayed over the surface of the canvas.
Sometimes impregnation is used, similar to applying a pattern to the surface of a fabric using printing. The impregnated material is dried and processed in thermal chambers heated by hot air or infrared emitters. Canvas is usually formed from cotton, a mixture of viscose and polyamide fibers, or from textile waste, including non-spun ones. Nonwoven materials obtained by this method (speed 50 m/min or more) are used as lining and cushioning materials, for filters, as heat and sound insulating materials in the automotive industry, etc. With the hot pressing method, fibers are bonded with thermoplastics (polyamides, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) under pressure up to 2 MN/m2 (20 kgf/cm2) at elevated temperatures, usually on special calenders.
Gluing is preceded by heat treatment of a layer of fibers containing a binder, which is introduced into the canvas at the stage of its formation (in the form of fusible fibers, mesh, threads, etc.) or into an already formed canvas (in the form of powder). When producing nonwoven materials using paper-making machines (speed 100 m/min or more), a binder (latexes, fusible fibers, etc.) is introduced into the mass entering the machine, or into the already cast fabric. Such nonwoven materials are cheap and widely used in the production of disposable products ( bed linen for hotels, towels, tablecloths, dressings).
With the spunbond method synthetic fibers, formed at the exit from the spinnerets of the spinning machine, pass through channels in which they are drawn into air flow, and then when laid on a moving conveyor they form a web. The formed material is most often secured with a binder; in some cases, the stickiness of the fibers themselves is used. With the structure-forming method, the production of nonwoven materials is possible without the use of fibers: the fabric is formed as a result of the formation of condensation structures from solutions or aerosols of polymers (in the form of a porous, sometimes fibrous sediment, which may contain fillers, then washed out) or by curing foam, etc. Such nonwoven materials “ breathe" like fabric. They can be used instead of fabric or paper in technology (for filters, etc.) and for household purposes. Materials obtained by mechanical methods. In the production of canvas-stitched nonwoven materials (technology “malivatt” - GDR, “arachne” - Czechoslovakia, etc.) in the canvas moving through the knitting-stitching machine, the fibers are fixed as a result of stitching them with threads, which are laid and connected in the same way as when warping on a knitted fabric car.
Such non-woven materials are used as thermal insulation (instead of woven batting, etc.) or packaging materials, as a basis in the production of artificial leather, etc. The productivity of one unit is 3-8 m/min or more. Thread-stitched nonwoven materials (malimo materials - GDR) are produced by stitching one or more thread systems. These nonwoven materials are used for decorative purposes, for beach and outerwear, towels, etc. Of particular interest are thread-stitched nonwoven materials with pile sagging loops (half loops), which successfully compete with woven ones terry materials(like “frotte”). Plain-stitched nonwoven materials are made by stitching a textile fabric with pile yarn (malipol material - GDR), the use of which helps to improve the structure and properties of the fabric. For this purpose, fabric, “malimo” material, etc. are used. Non-woven materials for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn, the base for tufted carpets (550 cm wide) is stitched with carpet yarn using needles pulling it through the fabric. When the needle moves back, the yarn is caught in the holder, resulting in loops.
To secure the loops, a binder is applied to the back of the carpet. Machine productivity is 5 m2/min or more. Using knitting and stitching machines, nonwoven materials are produced without the use of threads (Voltex materials - GDR, Arabeva - Czechoslovakia, etc.). Such nonwoven materials may consist, for example, of fabric and scrim made from long fibers. After pulling the canvas fibers through the woven frame, strong loops are formed on the reverse side of the nonwoven materials, and fluffy and high pile is formed on the front side. Such nonwoven materials are used as insulating pads in sportswear and demi-season coats, for the manufacture of hats, warm shoes etc. The most promising are needle-punched nonwoven materials made by entangling fibers in canvas and stitching it with barbed needles. Piercing the material occurs when the board with needles moves downwards (all the way). When it moves upward, the material moves forward (machine productivity 5 m/min).
Such non-woven materials are used as carpets, which successfully compete not only with woven, but also with tufted carpets, since they do not require yarn for production. Needle-punched nonwoven materials are also used as blankets, cloth for paper-making machines, filters, etc. Nonwoven materials also include felted textile materials (see Felting), the manufacture of which uses the ability of wool fibers to felt (during mechanical or heat-moisture processing ). A fabric frame is sometimes introduced into the composition of such nonwoven materials. The technology for their production has a long history (this is how, for example, felt boots are obtained).
Lit.: Technology of production of nonwoven materials. M., 1967; Tikhomirov V.B. Chemical technology for the production of nonwoven materials. M., 1971; Perepelkina M.D., Shcherbakova M.N., Zolotnitskaya K.N. Mechanical technology for the production of nonwoven materials. M., 1973.
The development process of the nonwoven materials industry in Russia can be divided into four stages:
The first stage is the formation of the industry (60–70s).
The second stage is its heyday (80s).
The third stage is a sharp decline in production (90s).
The fourth stage is the rise in production and prospects for the development of nonwoven materials at the present time.
Currently, the popularity of nonwoven materials is due to many factors. This is both a low cost of production and a wide range of applications: in mechanical engineering, furniture and textile industries, medicine, construction, etc. Products made from them are distinguished by high wear resistance, good thermal insulation and strength, and low price.
In the modern world, most nonwoven materials are produced by methods in which the fibers are joined using adhesives (adhesives). At the same time, there are several methods for producing glued nonwoven materials.
Methods for producing glued nonwoven materials
The most common method is to impregnate the base of a nonwoven material - a canvas made from a layer of textile fibers obtained mechanically - with synthetic latex.
With the hot pressing method, fiber gluing occurs when high temperatures thermoplastics.
The production of nonwoven materials using paper machines is relatively cheap, when the binder is introduced either directly into the mass entering the machine or into an already cast web. Products produced in this way are widely used as disposable materials (dressing materials, textiles for hotels, etc.).
Methods for producing glued materials also include spunbond and structure-forming.
Mechanical methods for producing nonwoven materials
When using the canvas stitching method, the fibers are held together as a result of stitching them with threads. Thermal insulation and packaging materials are most often produced in this way.
Thread-stitched materials are produced by stitching one or more thread systems. Beachwear and towels are often made from such materials, competing with terry fabrics.
With the plain-stitching method, the textile fabric is stitched with pile yarn. Non-woven materials for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn.
Without the use of threads, nonwoven materials are produced using knitting and stitching machines. Often these materials consist of fabric and canvas made from long fibers. When the canvas fibers are pulled through the woven frame, loops are formed on the back side and a high pile is formed on the front side. Insulating pads for sports and demi-season clothing, hats, and warm shoes can be produced in this way.
The needle-punched method involves entangling the fibers in the canvas and then stitching it with barbed needles. Carpets, blankets, etc. are produced in this way.
In addition, non-woven materials inherently include felted textile materials based on the ability of wool to felt when special treatment. This is how, for example, felt boots are made.
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