Side 2 from 2

Cable wells allow laying cables up to 10 kV with single-wire conductors with a cross-section of up to 240 mm 2 and installing cable sleeves with protective covers 1250 mm long on them. The height of the wells does not exceed 2100 mm. There are straight through wells, corner, branch, tee and cross wells (with blocks exiting on three and four sides, respectively). The cable wells are covered with hatches on the outside and equipped with metal ladders or brackets inside for people to descend. The distance between the wells is no more than 150 m.

Cable wells: a - walk-through; b - corner; c - T-shaped; g - cruciform; d - obtuse; e - Z-shaped

The dimensions of the cable wells must ensure normal conditions for pulling cables with a maximum cross-section of 3x240 mm 2 with a cable bending radius of R = 25c?, replacing them if necessary, installing couplings with protective metal casings 1250 mm long.
Cable wells are made of brick or prefabricated reinforced concrete of the following types: direct type through passage, corner - for changing the direction of block sewerage with rotation angles of 90, 120, 135 and 150°, straight tee and with rotation angle of 120 and 150°, cross-shaped.
The slope of the well floor should be 0.003 towards the catchment area. The drainage grid must be metal. Installation of embedded parts for cable structures is carried out during the installation of wells.
The necks (manholes) of cable wells must be round or oval and have double metal covers, the bottom of which must have devices for their removal. Round hatches are designed only for one-sided pulling of cables and must have a diameter of at least 700 mm; oval hatches are designed for double-sided pulling of long cables with a cross-section of up to 185 mm2 and have a width of 800 and a length of 1800 mm. Cables with a cross-section of 240 mm* and above should be pulled in one direction without a loop. Wells must be equipped with steel brackets or a metal ladder for descent.
Due to the fact that cable wells are the most expensive part of block sewerage, it is recommended to use cable chambers when switching from block sewerage to trench sewerage.
When making blocks from asbestos-cement pipes, the internal surfaces of the pipes and their joints must be lubricated with BN-IV grade bitumen diluted in kerosene (2 parts by mass of bitumen and 1 part by mass of kerosene). In dry soils, all outer surfaces of pipes and their joints must be covered with two layers of paint-based waterproofing, and in wet and water-saturated soils, two layers of pasted waterproofing must be installed.
For blocks made of ceramic pipes for aggressive soils, the voids between the pipes should be filled with concrete, for non-aggressive soils - with concrete, but only at the junctions of the pipes, and the rest should be filled with sand or sifted soil.
When laying a block in parallel with pipelines, the distance between the pipelines and the nearest cable must be at least 250 mm, and when laying in parallel with a heat pipeline - at least 2 m.
The constructed blocks must be accepted by the electrical installation and operating organizations before backfilling with earth. Block sewerage must comply with the project. The depth of cable blocks (counting from the top cable) must be at least 1 m when crossing streets and squares and 0.7 m in all other cases. In industrial premises and in closed areas, the depth is not standardized.
The route of cable blocks must be straight. When crossing engineering structures, the route must be perpendicular to their axis. In some cases, a deviation from a right angle is allowed, but not more than 45°, when the need for this is caused by the location of the place where the blocks are introduced into the building or the presence of structures built on the route.
Each cable unit must have 10% redundant channels, but not less than one channel.
If the block sewerage system is constructed with deviations from the design, then upon acceptance of the construction part for installation, the corrected as-built drawings must be submitted to the electrical installation organization. Deviations from the project must be agreed with the author of the electrical part of the project.
Backfilling of blocks is allowed only after their acceptance. The channels of cable blocks and pipes, their exits, as well as their connections must have a treated and cleaned surface to prevent mechanical damage to the cable sheaths both during pulling and under operating conditions.
The internal diameters of the holes (channels) of reinforced concrete blocks must be at least 90 mm, the internal diameters of block sewer pipes must be at least 100 mm.
Cable blocks must have a slope of at least 0.2% towards the wells.
The smallest clear distances between block sewer pipes laid directly in the ground should be the same. as for cables laid without pipes.
When introducing blocks into buildings and cable structures (tunnels, collectors, basements, etc.), measures must be taken to prevent the penetration of water, gas and small animals from the trenches into buildings and structures through pipes or openings.
In Fig. A general view of the block cable duct is shown.
When laying cables in the block, it is necessary to ensure that the pipeline is completely watertight. To do this, the following measures are carried out: after installation, the pipeline is tested with air or water pressure; sealing seals are installed at the points where the cable exits the pipeline (filling with yarn with bitumen, etc.)
To tighten the cable into the channel of the block, it is necessary to clear it of concrete mortar when joining blocks and construction waste. This is achieved by pulling a rope through the channel using a winch with a device in the form of a steel control cylinder and brushes attached to it. The outer diameter of the control surface of the cylinder should be 15 mm smaller than the diameter of the channel, and the diameter of the brush should be 6 mm larger than the diameter of the channel. The channel cleaning diagram is shown in Fig. To do this, attach a steel rope to one end of the steel wire pre-tightened into the channel and pull it through the channel, after which a control cylinder with ruffs is attached to the second end of the rope. In the well (closest to the winch), guide rollers are fixed through which the pulled rope is passed, and, having attached it to the winch rope, the channel is cleaned. When clearing the route, a steel rope is attached to the last brush, which is simultaneously pulled into the channel for subsequent cable pulling. It is recommended to tighten the wire into the channels of the blocks during the construction of the cable duct. The tightening of the wire into the blocks of the completed sewerage system in sections of the route up to 50 m long is carried out by directly pushing a round wire with a diameter of 4...5 mm with a bent end so that it cannot rest against the walls of the channel.

Brush for cleaning the canal

Block cable duct: 1 - exit from the well; 2 - walk-through well; 3 - branching well; 4 - corner well

In sections longer than 50 m, the steel rope should be tightened in one of the following ways: a) by pushing the wire from both ends of the pipes simultaneously with a hook previously made at each end; when they meet in the pipe, the ends of the wires are interlocked, and the wire is pulled out from one side so that it comes out the place where the wires adhere; b) using coupling or screwing rods (rods); c) using pneumatic duct-drillers, pulling a nylon cord with a diameter of 20...30 mm at an excess compressed air pressure of 600...700 kPa.
For installation in block sewers, unarmored cables with a bare lead sheath of the SG and ASG brands should be used, as well as cables with a bare polyvinyl chloride sheath of the VVG, AVVG, VGR and AVRG brands. In sections of blocks up to 50 m long, it is also allowed to lay armored cables in a lead or aluminum sheath without an outer covering of cable yarn with the armor being painted for protection against corrosion with bitumen varnish grade BT-577 in accordance with GOST 5631-79.

Block sewer cleaning scheme: 1 - drum with cable; 2 - rope for tightening the cable; 3 - rope for cleaning the channel; 4 - control cylinder; 5 - roller; 6 - block channel; 7 - ruff; 8 - spacer roller

Pneumatic device for tightening the cord into the block: 1 - pipe; 2 - piston; 3, 4 - nozzles; 5 - fitting for the air hose;
b - reel with cable or nylon cord
The brands of cables for each specific case are determined by the project. When pulling a cable of the SG brand into blocks, with the rope fastened to the cable sheath with a stocking, the total length of the block channel, according to the conditions of the maximum permissible tensile forces, should not exceed 145 m for cables with a cross-section of up to 3x50 mm 2, 115 m - with a section of 3x70 mm 2, 108 m - with a section of 3x95 mm 2 and above.
The cable is pulled into the block channel with a cable, secured at the end with a wire stocking or cable clamp.
The wire stocking(s) is placed on the end of the cable and, over a length of at least 500 mm, firmly secured with one or more soft wire bands with a diameter of 1.5 mm. Bandages are applied over a winding of 2...3 layers of resin tape.
Tightening the cable using a wire stocking has disadvantages, the main of which are: significant time consumption for securing the stocking to the cable; the possibility of the stocking slipping off the shell; danger of rupture of the cable sheath in the immediate vicinity of the place where the stocking is applied, especially with large lengths and cross-sections of the cable.
A more advanced method is to fasten the cable with a cone clamp (d) consisting of a steel head with a special hole for the cable, a conical sprocket, along the side surfaces of which three sector recesses are located at a distance equal to 1/3 of the circle, an outer cone and a housing designed to protect exposed current-carrying cable cores from mechanical damage.
Cables of large cross-sections and long lengths are pulled into channels only with a steel clamp attached directly to the cores at the ends of the cable.
If it is impossible to carry out a through “pulling” of the cable in two or more sections, then the cable can be pulled from the intermediate well on both sides of the route, provided that the dimensions of the hatch allow the cable loop to be lowered into the well at the end of the pull, observing the permissible bending radius.
In this case, a drum with a cable is installed at an intermediate well and the cable is pulled along a longer section of the route. Then the cable is unwound from the drum and cut according to measurement to the length of the second section (with allowance for cable connection) and laid out in loops on the ground. Having previously secured the end of the cable to the rope pulled into the channel of the block, they pull it in the second section of the route, carefully observing that when the pull is completed and the loop is lowered into the well, the bending radius of the cable is not less than permissible.
During the cable tightening process, to reduce friction and mechanical wear, the cable surfaces are lubricated with grease or grease with a layer thickness of 2 mm. Care must be taken to ensure that the cable in the intermediate well is not subject to excessive stress.
The end of the cable, cut off at the drum and lowered into the well, must be sealed. On both sides of the couplings (at a distance of 1 m from the coupling), the ends of the cable are secured to the supporting structures of the well. In places where cables come together at a distance less than the permissible one, it is necessary to put rings cut from asbestos-cement pipes on the cables with a cutout in them along the axis of the slots, equal in width to 1.1 times the diameter of the cable.
It is recommended to pull the cable at a speed of 0.6... 1 km/h and, if possible, without stopping, in order to avoid large pulling forces when moving the cable.
After pulling, the cable should be laid in a well on supporting structures, its ends should be sealed, and elastic gaskets (for example, sheet asbestos) should be laid in all places where the cable exits the channels of the block to protect the sheath from abrasion.
After installation, the couplings in the well must be placed in a protective fireproof casing.
At the entrances of blocks into buildings, tunnels, holes in the blocks after laying cables must be sealed with fireproof and easily pierced material.
The maximum total length of the block channel for ASG brand cables with a cross-section of 3x95 mm 2 and above should not exceed 150 m.
The maximum permissible tensile forces for cables of the SG and ASG brands with fastening the rope by the cores, as well as the required forces for pulling 100 m of cable through a block sewer are given in Table.
The maximum permissible tensile forces of cables of brands VVG, AVVG, VRG and AVRG with rope fastening by the cores should be taken with a coefficient of 0.7 - for copper cores, 0.5 - for aluminum cores made of solid aluminum, 0.25 - for aluminum cores made of semi-solid aluminum

To control the pulling force, a dynamometer or other control device is installed on the winch.
Cable pulling in the area between two adjacent wells is carried out according to the diagram shown in Fig. To do this, it is necessary to install corner rollers in the wells with screw crimping and spacer fastening them to the building structures of the wells, attach a steel rope pulled into the channel of the block to the cable, install a split funnel into the inlet hole of the block channel, store the rope through the rollers, attach it to the winch rope and begin tightening the cable.
Through pulling of a cable in two or more sections, without cutting it in intermediate wells, is possible provided that after pulling in the wells the necessary supply of cable along the length will be created for laying it on supporting structures.

Diagram of cable pulling in one section: 1 - drum with cable; 2 - corner roller; 3 - cable; 4 - detachable funnel; 5 - rope; b - roller for rope; 1- installation for gravity control

Scheme of arrangement of mechanisms and devices for laying cables in blocks: 1 - drum with cable; 2 - corner rollers in the inlet and outlet wells; 3 - linear rollers; 4 - corner rollers in intermediate wells; 5 - traction winch; K1...K4 - block sewer wells

To pull the cable, in accordance with the work design, you must first install all the necessary corner and guide rollers in both the outer and intermediate wells.
Figure shows an approximate route and a diagram of the arrangement of mechanisms and devices in it.
The maximum permissible tensile force for the cable cores in the channels of the block is determined as P, equal to 1/6P (the tensile strength of the sum of the cable cores, which for copper cores is taken at the rate of 26. and for aluminum - 16 kg/mm).
The calculated tensile force of 1 m of cable with mass Q (kg) with a friction coefficient a = 0.6 is calculated by the formula:
P = 0.6Q
To tighten the drive winch rope block into the channels, use steel wire with a diameter of 4...5 mm, laid during the construction of the block sewer. If such wire was not laid in the channel, it is drawn in sections up to 50 m long by directly pushing it into the inlet hole
The maximum permissible length of cable pulled into blocks using a wire stocking is given in table.
Maximum permissible length of cable pulled into blocks using a wire stocking, m

Block cable routings have significant disadvantages:

1. high cost of construction and maintenance of blocks and wells;
2. impossibility of maximizing the cross-section of conductive cable cores according to the permissible current density due to poor cooling conditions;
3. difficulty in maintaining and repairing cables (if they are damaged inside the blocks, the entire section of the cable between the wells has to be replaced).

In energy-intensive industrial enterprises with more than 20 cables running in one direction, tunnel installation is used. This type of installation ensures reliable operation of cable lines, but has the highest cost of the construction part.

JSC "NIPI "TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROEKT" and

JSC "DIELECTRIC CABLE SYSTEMS 1"

TYPICAL ALBUM A10-2011

MOSCOW 2011

OJSC "NIPI "TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROEKT"

JSC "DIELECTRIC CABLE SYSTEMS"

TYPICAL ALBUM A10-2011

LAYING CABLES IN BLOCK SEWERS WITH THE USE OF DOUBLE WALL CORRUGATED PIPES JSC "DKS"

JSC "NIPI "TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROEKT":

General Director of the Institute Chief Engineer of the Institute Head of PKO

G. A. Cherednichenko K. B. Shugarov

JSC "DIELECTRIC CABLE SYSTEMS":

Chief Engineer

Senior Product Manager

MOSCOW 2011

YIN No. vile. Signature and date |Vzst inb. N

Flexible pipe table

	Dimensions, mm

Table of rigid pipes

Dimensions, mm

Lukoyanov Dbus-wall pipe from DKS JSC. Dimensional drawing Serdyushkina TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROJECT Commissioners

AZ format

YIN N 8 is vile! Signature and Dota 1Vzam inb. fT

Detachable coupling Ф 110 mm (code 017110)

Fixing parts with locks

Thermoplastic rubber sealing sleeve

Musrta is used for mechanical detachable connection of pipes of the same size. The degree of protection at the connection point is IP67 due to the sealing sleeve made of thermoplastic rubber.

		Lukoyanob
		Serdyushkina				Accessories for pipes
		Commissioners				DUZ JSC			ROPROJECT

AZ format

Connecting coupling

InV. No. signed Signature and dot I Interchange. inbGTG

Musrt table

Inner diameter, mm		Size, mm

The coupling is used for mechanical permanent connection of pipes of the same size, degree of protection IP40. When used in conjunction with an O-ring, protection degree IP55 is achieved.

A10-2011.07

Distance holder (cluster) single

|In6. N ° signed I Signature and date I Reciprocal. inb. Ng

Single cluster table

Inner diameter, mm Dimensions, mm

AZ format

Distance holder (cluster) double

|In6. N e vile I Signature and pillbox I Vzm. inb. No.

Cluster table about dboynh

Inner diameter, mm Size, mm

AZ format

|In6. N 8 vile I Signature and pillbox I Reciprocal. inb. No.

Triple Cluster Table

Inner diameter, mm Dimensions, mm

Triple distance holder (cluster)

|In6. N 8 subl I Signature and date | In return. inb. No.

Triple Cluster Table

Inner diameter, mm Dimensions, mm

AZ format

Inb. No. noqjil Signature and date | inb. No.

Table of brackets for single LAS

Weight, kg

		LukoyanoV				Cable structures JSC "DKS"
		Serchyushkina
							I, A *CHNO-ISSLGPSvA1GG»SKY<■проекшо-ко 1С1рук!орский TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROJECT
		Commissioners

C-shaped profile LAS 41x41 mm, thickness 2.5 mm. Code 34024

[Inb. N° vile | Signature and date | In return. inb. No.

C-shaped profile LAS 41x41 mm, thickness 1.5 mm. Code 34021

In5. N g nogjil Signature and date | Reciprocal. uhB.~N^

Inb. No. Signature and date | Reciprocal inb. No.

Designation document	Name
	Front page
A10-2011.01 PZ	Explanatory note
A10-2011.03TB	Well Selection Table
A10-2011.04TB	Current Cable Selection Table
	Selecting distances between shelves of cable structures
	Dusted wall pipe JSC "DKS. Dimensional drawing
	Accessories for double-wall pipes JSC “DKS”
	Cable structures of DKS JSC. Dimensional drawing
	Construction of blocks from double-walled pipes. Construction
	Construction task for block sewerage. Example
	Straight cable well KGP and KP2. Construction
	Corner cable well KUL1 and KUSH. Construction
	Corner cable well KUGI and KUSH. Construction
	Corner cable well KU1-6 and KU2-6.
	Construction task
	Corner cable well KU1-4.5 and KU2-4.5.
	Construction task
	Corner cable well KU1-3 and KU2-3.
	Construction task

Designation document	Name
	Cable tee manhole KT1-9 and KT2-9.
	Construction task
	Cable tee well KT1-12.
	Construction task
	Cross cable well KK1.
	Construction task
	Cross cable well KK2.
	Construction task
	Cable camera for transition from block 6 to trench.
	Construction task
	Cable camera K Construction task
	Cable camera CC Construction task
	Necks for cable manholes. Construction task
	Embedded part
	Intersection of the block with the pipeline.
	Construction task
	Intersection of the block with the heating wire
	Construction task
	Intersection of block with roads Construction task
	Laying cables 6 straight well Example
	Laying cables in a corner well Example
	Laying cables using a tee socket Example
	Cable laying 6 crossbars Example
	Laying cables from a cable block into a trench.

A10-2011C

Cut 1-1

Inb. N°~nogji| Signature and date | Reciprocal inb. No.

Block type*	Number of channels			Size, mm
	Horizontal	Vertical

	Designation	Name		Weight eg., kg
		Rigid wall pipe for
		cable duct, Ф=110
		Musrta connecting for
		pipes Ф= 110
	Code 025111...025113	Distance holder (cluster)
		for pipes Ф=110

Cut 2-2

1. Requirements for construction specifications, see A10-2011.02.

2. Typical solution Based on the products of JSC "DKS 1".

LukoyanoV Arrangement of blocks from Serdyushkina double wall pipes. KUCHNO-ISSP Commissioners Construction task PR 0 S K 1 HO- TYAZHPROMEAEKTROPROJECT

AZ format

1. Album source data

1.1. The initial data for the development of this album were:

- “Electrical installations have broken through”;

Construction standards and SNiP 3.05.06-85 “Electrical equipment”;

Instruction IS 0001-2009-LU "Design, laying and installation of cable ducts based on flexible and rigid double-walled polyethylene pipes of JSC "DKS";

Typical album A6-92 "Laying cables for block sewerage" VNIPI Tyazhpromelektroproekt;

Other reference materials.

2.1. The album contains:

Reference materials;

Construction assignments for pipe blocks;

Construction tasks for cable wells and chambers;

Examples of laying cables in cable wells

3. Scope of application

3.1. The album materials are intended for use when carrying out design and installation work on laying cables using block sewerage from corrugated and bust-wall pipes inside and outside buildings.

3.2. Laying cables in trenches and channels requires opening the routes during repairs, replacement or additional installation of cables. Block sewerage does not have this disadvantage.

3.3. In block sewerage, cables are protected from external influences (aggressiveness of soil, stray currents) and mechanical influences (travel of heavy vehicles, damage during repairs* of parallel overhead and underground communications).

yy

3.4. Block sewerage is used where opening cable routes is undesirable or harmful (expensive coverings, city squares and streets, territories of unique objects, cultural institutions, etc.), in areas with a large number of communications, in areas with dense buildings.

4. Fundamentals

4.1. For the manufacture of cable blocks in the album, corrugated double-wall pipes produced by JSC DKS were used.

4.2. Pipes allow you to bend the route in horizontal or vertical planes when avoiding obstacles or crossing communications

An example of such a bypass is given in hell. A10-2011.26, sheet 2.

4.3. In the block sewer system, unarmored cables with a lead or plastic sheath with a voltage of up to 10 kV and a cross-section of up to 185 mm 2 are laid. If necessary, conductors with plastic insulation and cables with plastic or rubber insulation in a plastic sheath with voltages up to 1000 V can be laid in it.

It is allowed to lay armored cables with an aluminum or lead sheath without an outer covering of cable yarn.

4.4. Permissible long-term currents for cables laid in blocks are shown in drawing A10-2011.04TB

4.5. The cable block must have up to 15% of redundant channels, but not less than one.

4.6. The album contains construction tasks for cable wells and chambers. The well selection table is shown in Fig.

A10-2011.03TB.

Serchyushkina Commissioners

Explanatory note

A10-2011.01 PZ

TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROJECT

4.7. The distance between cable wells should not be more than:

For cables with copper conductors with a lead sheath with a cross-section up to: 50 mm 2 - 145 m, 75 mm 2 - 115 m, 95 mm 2 and above -108 m;

For cables with aluminum conductors in a lead or plastic sheath - 150 m;

For cables and wires with plastic and rubber insulation - 75 m;

For armored cables with aluminum or lead sheath without outer covering of cable yarn - 50 m.

4.8. Cable wells are intended for installation of connecting, answering and stopping ducts, as well as at the turning angles of cable line routes.

4.9. Cable wells 6 m long (KP1, KU1...) should be used where it is possible to install waste pipes on paper-insulated cables.

Wells 4 m long (KP2, KU2...) In other cases

4.10. Cable wells and chambers should be constructed as they were on impassable parts of territories (lawns, sidewalks, etc.).

4.11. Cable chambers can be used: when cables enter buildings, when cables pass from a sewer block into a trench, when the cable duct routes are short and branched, or when laying cables and transmissions up to 500 V.

Connecting and other couplings should not be installed in the chambers, as this will make it difficult to open the chambers. The floor slabs of the chambers can be filled with soil or covered with asphalt. The main purpose of the cameras is ease of installation of cable lines.

4.12. To ground cable structures in wells, round steel with a diameter of 6 mm is used, laid in a channel free of cables.

A10-2011.01 PZ

AZ format

1. These requirements, together with the drawings of the construction task, are the task of the design and electrical engineers to carry out working drawings of the construction part of the sewer block.

Working construction drawings must be agreed upon with the organization that issued the construction task before submitting them for construction.

2. For the manufacture of cable blocks, pipes and accessories for them produced by DKS JSC are used.

3. The depth of laying cable blocks in closed areas and in the floors of industrial premises is not standardized. In other cases, the laying depth is taken to be at least 0.7 m from the planning mark or ground level.

4. Cable blocks must have a slope of at least 0.2% towards the well.

5. The type of base for cable blocks must be taken depending on the bearing capacity of the soil and loads

In all soils, with the exception of quicksand, swampy and subsidence type II, it is necessary to provide for the laying of cable blocks along the leveled and compacted bottom of the trench on a sandy base 100 mm thick, and in silty, peat and other weak soils on an artificial base with tiered filling of the gaps between the pipes with sand.

On top of the block there should be a protective layer 300 mm thick of soft local soil that does not contain solid inclusions (crushed stone, stones, bricks, etc.). In winter, the protective layer is installed using unfrozen soil.

6. The necessary mechanical strength of the block sewer and its resistance to loads when crossing the route with heavy transport (railroads, runways) should be ensured by installing a concrete pad and filling the gaps with concrete solution, and in special cases by laying reinforced concrete slabs on top of the blocks.

7. The construction of blocks from double-walled polyethylene pipes In the cold season is carried out at a temperature not lower than minus 30°.

8. In areas where molten metals, liquids with high temperatures or substances that have a destructive effect on cable sheaths may be spilled, the construction of a well is not allowed.

9. Hatches of cable wells must be arranged in such a way that process water and oil do not enter the wells, and drainage of soil and storm water is also ensured. Floors in wells must have a slope of at least 0.5% towards the drainage pits.

10. Cable manhole hatches must be closed with double metal covers. The bottom cover must have a device for closing with a lock. Indoors, the use of a second cover is not required.

						Requirements for the construction part of block sewerage
							TYAZHPROMELEKTROPROJECT
		Commissioners

MarkingBka wellB 1

K-well

K-cross-shaped P-straight U-angled T-tee-shaped

P-great L-left

1- length 6m

2- length 4m

9-turn angle 90 6-turn angle 60 4.5-turn angle 45

3- rotation angle 30

			turn (bleeps)			construction
		1.8... KP1-3.0
		1.8... KP2-3.0
		1.8... KUL1-9-3.0
		1.8...KUL2-9-3.0
		1.8... KUP1-9-3.0
		1.8... KUP2-9-3.0
		1.8... KU1-6-3.0
		1.8... KU2-6-3.0
		1.8... KU1-4.5-3.0
		1.8... KU2-4.5-3.0
		1.8... KU1-3-3.0
		1.8... KU2-3-3.0
		1.8... KT1-9-3.0
		1.8... KT2-9-3.0
		1.8...KT1-12-3.0
		1.8... KK1-3.0
		1.8... KK2-3.0

InB. No. vile! Signature and date | Reciprocal inB, NS

1.8; 2.1; 2.4; 2.7; 3.0 - depth 6 meters Example:

						A10-2011.03TB
						Well sampling table
		Serchyushkina
							TYAZHPROMELE1STROPROJECT
		Commissioners

The choice of well depth is determined by the difference in elevations of the cable block route (before and after the well).

KUL-1-9-1.8 - corner well, left, 6 m long, rotation angle 90, depth 1.8 m.

AZ format

Block configuration

Current I o, A for cables

a l io-mil..x

Autonomous sewage system for a country house should be efficient and inexpensive. Wastewater is discharged into storage tanks made of iron barrels, biological treatment stations made of plastic or wells made of reinforced concrete rings. You can also build a septic tank from blocks, which are affordable and easy to install. The technology of work is extremely simple; almost every private owner can handle it with his own hands.

There are many designs of autonomous sewers. They can have a different number of chambers and have a sealed and draining bottom. If you choose a waterproof option, then the sewage from such a container will have to be regularly pumped out with a sewer machine. It is better to opt for a structure with drainage or an infiltrator.

Autonomous sewerage from blocks is cheap and easy to install

You can make a septic tank from blocks:

1. Single-chamber (classic cesspool or waste storage tank).
2. Two-chamber – with separate tanks for clarification and fermentation.
3. Three-chamber - with an additional drainage well.

The cesspool has a low level of wastewater treatment. The second option allows you to purify wastewater by 60–70%, and the third – by 90%. But in a similar sequence, the space occupied by the sewage system in the local area increases.

Advice! A cesspool should be installed only in dachas where there is little drainage. For country houses, it is better to equip more efficient treatment plants with two or three sections.

If the chambers in the septic tank are sealed, then another tank with drainage, an infiltrator or a filtration field will have to be installed nearby. And this is additional space that is not recommended to be used for beds or planting trees due to increased soil moisture.

Diagram of a septic tank with one and two sealed chambers

Most often, autonomous sewerage from blocks is made in the form of a single structure, divided in the middle into two chambers. The first one is sealed, and the second one has a drainage pad instead of a bottom. First, the wastewater is clarified in tank No. 1, and then in tank No. 2 it is subjected to bottom final treatment (drained into the ground through gravel).

From foundation blocks you can make a septic tank of a non-standard shape with a different number of sections inside or with separate tanks. Block masonry allows you to realize a lot.

Selection of blocks for autonomous sewerage

There are many blocks on sale that differ in purpose and material, but not all of them are suitable for installing a septic tank. You should choose wisely here so that the building material can withstand the aggressive effects of wastewater for many years and not be destroyed.

• foundations made of heavy concrete with FBS marking;
• sand-concrete without cavities inside.

The first ones are worth taking only those manufactured in the factory. Handicrafts are of poor quality with voids; they will not last long in the ground. And you can make sand concrete blocks yourself. You just need to prepare the forms, and then carefully compact the concrete mixture into them. Essentially, both options are identical. But factory ones are stronger, and homemade ones are much cheaper.

Only foundation and sand concrete products made from heavy concrete have sufficient strength, frost resistance and moisture resistance so that partitions made from them do not collapse in the ground. Hollow gas and foam concrete is not suitable for drainage sewers.

Making sand concrete blocks with your own hands

Important! It is not recommended to use blocks made of cellular concrete, filled with slag or expanded clay, or with steel reinforcement for installing an autonomous sewer system. All of them “get along” extremely poorly with moisture and will not last long.

The blocks must be made of cement grade M300 and higher (corresponding to concrete B 22.5 and higher). Other options are not strong enough and resistant to water for laying the walls of a treatment plant in the ground.

Calculation of septic tank volume

Sanitary and building standards recommend that the size of an autonomous sewer system for a private house be selected at the rate of 600 liters for each person permanently residing in the cottage. This is two hundred daily liters multiplied by three days, which should be more than enough.

The indicated figures refer to the volume of the primary chamber into which sewage flows directly from the home. The second and subsequent tanks can be made one third smaller. However, in practice, both sections of a septic tank made of blocks are constructed of the same size. This makes it easier to do the laying and calculate the amount of materials.

Examples of calculating the volume of a septic tank

Placement of a septic tank on the site

The location on the site for autonomous sewerage is selected according to the following rules:

1. The distance to drinking wells, reservoirs and boreholes must be at least 50 m.
2. The septic tank is removed 4–5 m from the foundation of buildings.
3. The distance to underground communications and roads is 5 meters.
4. There should be at least 3 meters to the beds and green spaces.

Compliance with these standards allows you to avoid epidemics. It is impossible to completely eliminate the overflow of drain tanks with the subsequent release of sewage to the surface of the earth, which is why it is so important to leave a sanitary zone around the external sewerage system.

Technology of installation of a wastewater treatment plant made of concrete blocks

The sealed bottom of an autonomous sewer system is made from a reinforced concrete slab or by pouring a monolithic concrete base. The first method involves ordering a faucet, and when using the second, you will have to wait a couple of weeks until the mixture hardens to the desired condition.

Required materials

To build a septic tank from blocks yourself you will need:

• sewer hatches for each section;
• plastic pipes for overflows between compartments and ventilation riser;
• reinforcement for the slab at the base and monolithic roof at the top;
• cement (not lower than M300) and sand with water;
• bitumen-based waterproofing mastic;
• solid concrete blocks.

Advice! It is recommended to make the depth of the septic tank of the external sewage system within 1.5–3 meters. This will make it easier to maintain and take up less space.

A septic tank with two chambers is the most popular option

Construction stages

The construction of a two-chamber sealed septic tank from blocks is carried out in eight stages:

1. Pits are dug to fit the dimensions of the autonomous sewer system with a margin of 25–30 cm on the sides.
2. At the bottom of the pit, a sand and gravel cushion 15–20 cm thick is formed under the bottom from a finished reinforced concrete or poured slab.
3. A concrete base is laid or poured.
4. Blocks are laid along the perimeter of the walls and in place of the partition in the middle.
5. The block walls inside and out, as well as the base, are covered with bitumen mastic.
6. A cover in the form of a monolithic slab with hatches is mounted on top.
7. Ventilation and thermal insulation made of polystyrene foam are installed (if necessary).
8. The treatment facility is backfilled with earth.

When laying the blocks, an overflow is inserted into the bulkhead, a sewer pipe from the house is inserted into the wall on one side, and a drainage outlet is made on the other. If the second section should have a draining lower part, then instead of a solid slab under the walls, a foundation should be made of concrete, and a drainage of gravel and sand should be installed in the middle.

The overflow between the chambers is done at a depth of 50–60 cm from the septic tank lid. The input must be located above the output. The pipes are laid with a slope of 2-3 degrees from the house, the drains in the entire sewer system move by gravity.

Video: installation of autonomous sewerage from foundation blocks

The technology for laying the walls of a septic tank from blocks with your own hands is extremely simple. Even a novice master can handle this task. The main thing is to carefully waterproof it so that untreated water does not seep into the ground.

For more reliable (compared to laying in a trench) protection from mechanical damage, cables are laid in cable blocks. A cable block is a cable structure with pipes (channels) for laying cables in them with associated wells. Typically, a cable block consists of several asbestos-cement pipes, the internal diameter of which is 1.5 times the diameter of the cable. Laying cables in blocks is recommended at intersections of the route with railways and roads, when laying in soils that are aggressive to the cable sheath, when it is necessary to protect cables from stray currents, etc.

Drawing. Cable block made of asbestos-cement pipes in dry (a) and wet (b) soils: 1 – sand or sifted soil; 2 – pipes; 3 – wooden spacers; 4 – concrete pad; 5 – waterproofing.

In places where the direction of the route or the depth of the blocks changes, as well as in straight sections of long length, cable wells (chambers) are made. Cable couplings are also located in the wells.

Drawing. Scheme of block cable ducting: 1 – cable block; 2 – walk-through well; 3 – branching well; 4 – corner well.

There are straight through wells, corner, branch, tee and cross wells. Cable wells are made of brick or prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. On the outside, cable wells are covered with hatches, and inside they are equipped with cable structures (for laying cable couplings on them), water collectors in the floor, closed gratings, as well as metal ladders or brackets for descending people. When installing blocks for moisture drainage, they are laid with a slope towards the wells of at least 0.2% (i.e. 0.2 m per 100 m of route).

Drawing. Cable wells: a – straight, b – angular, c – tee branching, d – cross branching; d – obtuse-angled; e – Z-shaped.

Pulling a cable between two wells is carried out as follows: a steel rope of the UZK type is pulled into the block channel, corner rollers are installed, the cable is attached to the rope, a funnel is installed in the inlet hole of the block channel to protect the cable from mechanical damage when pulling the cable, the cable is pulled in the channel with a given by gravitational force.