Swamp iris (Iris pseudacorus) or false calamus. Iris false calamus (yellow iris)

Yellow iris

Iris pseudacorus L.

Yellow iris, iris - perennial herbaceous plant family iris - Iridaceae

The rhizome is branched, up to 2 cm in diameter. The stem is dense, branched in the upper part. The leaves are xiphoid, broadly linear, with a clearly visible midrib. Flowers are collected in bunches of 3-8 on a branched stem. Peduncles are long and thick.

The outer lobes of the perianth are deflected downward, their plate is ovoid, immediately narrowed at the base into a short nail, light yellow, in the middle with an orange spot and purple veins. The internal perianth lobes are small and linear. The threads of the stamens are cream-colored.

The fruit is a blunt, triangular, oblong-oval capsule with a short spout at the top. The seeds are compressed and shiny. Blooms in June - August. The fruits ripen in August.

Yellow iris grows in swamps, damp banks of rivers and lakes.

The yellow iris is common in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia, and the Caucasus. It is found everywhere in Ukraine, except for the Wormwood Steppe and the Crimean Mountains.

Raw material reserves are insignificant.

Iris rhizomes contain 0.1-0.3% essential oil, the most valuable part of which is iron ketone, which gives the oil the smell of violets.

In addition to iron, traces of benzaldehyde, linalool, geraniol, etc. give the essential oil of yellow iris the aroma.

The composition of yellow iris oil also includes acids: myristic, benzoic, undecyl, tridecyl, their methyl esters, benzoic, n-decyl, nonyl and acetic aldehydes, furfural, traces of phenol, ketone with a minty odor.

The rhizomes of yellow iris, collected in the spring, are richest in essential oil. During this period, the iron content in it reaches 42%. In addition to the essential oil, the isoflavone glycoside iridine, starch (57%), fatty oil (9.6%), tannins, organic acids, mucus, resinous substances. The leaves contain ascorbic acid (0.23%) and amino acids.

Freshly dug rhizomes of yellow iris have a herbaceous smell, and only when dried slowly does a pleasant violet aroma appear, which is why it is called “orris root.”

Use of yellow iris in cooking

Dried rhizomes of iris are used in confectionery production, as well as as an aromatic raw material for liqueurs, wines and other drinks.

Iris essential oil is widely used in perfumery.

Use of yellow iris in medicine

Iris has an expectorant effect and improves the taste of medicines. An alcohol-water extract of the rhizome at a dilution of 1:300 inhibits the development of tuberculosis bacillus.

Iris rhizomes are included in the composition of the breast mixture, used internally in the form of a decoction, externally - in the form of powders, and are included in tooth powders and plasters.

The use of yellow iris in folk medicine

IN folk medicine yellow iris was used for pneumonia, sore throats, edema, as well as for the treatment of infected wounds, ulcers, fistulas and for the removal of freckles.

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In landscape design, water is considered important element which gives big picture the garden is harmonious and complete, be it a small pond, a stream or a whole waterfall. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to select plants that can successfully develop and bloom in these man-made reservoirs.

Nevertheless, some moisture-loving species of the genus Iris have all the necessary properties. They are able to grow in shallow water and in coastal zone on excessively moist soils. Most of them grow successfully when the rhizomes and lower parts of the stems are immersed in water, but they can continue the growing season in dry conditions.

The natural forms of irises are varied and expressive. Reflected in the mirror surface of the pond, they enchant with their beauty and are able to satisfy the tastes of the most demanding exotic lovers.

Kaempfer's Iris- Ir. kaempferi Sieb. ex Lem. = (Ir. ensata Thunb.) - perennial herbaceous plant. The leaves are xiphoid, narrowed towards the end, light green, reddish-violet at the base with a pronounced midrib. The peduncle is up to 80 cm tall (in varieties up to 120 cm), usually bears two large, lilac-violet, odorless flowers. The inner perianth lobes are 1.5-2 times shorter than the outer ones, narrower, and raised upward. Blooms from mid-July. The fruit is a multi-seeded capsule.

Found in the wild on Far East, in Japan and China. It has long been cultivated in Japan, where it was created huge amount varieties distinguished by original flowers. The perianth lobes are spread horizontally and come in a wide variety of colors, with the exception of yellow. In horticultural practice, these varieties are known as Japanese irises.

Kaempfer irises can be divided and replanted throughout the growing season. They are planted at a distance of 40-50 cm from each other and to a depth of 5-8 cm. It is important to ensure that the irises are under direct solar lighting at least 6-8 hours. Young plantings must be kept at constantly high humidity until complete rooting. For reliable wintering in central Russia, it is advisable to make a shelter from spruce or pine spruce branches.

This species is well adapted for life in man-made reservoirs. Water - most important factor for the full development of culture. At good care and with sufficient nutrition and watering, wonderful peduncles up to 1.2 meters high with flowers up to 15 - 20 cm in diameter develop on the clumps. It is advisable to have very moist soil during the flowering period, or to place irises in a small drying out swamp. They also feel good in water meadows. The soil under irises should be slightly acidic, since with high acidity the leaves quickly turn yellow.

Siberian iris- Ir. sibirica L. - has a thin, highly branched rhizome, forming dense turf covered with brown fibers. The leaves are linear, up to 80 cm long, pointed, form a dense dark green bush. Peduncle up to 100 cm tall, small stem leaves, 3 in number. Flowers violet-blue or light purple (less often white), 2-5 in number. Blooms in June. Prefers rich, moist, acidic soils. Frost-resistant.

Grows wild in middle lane and in the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Western Europe, in the Balkans and Asia Minor.

With careful selection of Siberian iris varieties different terms After flowering, they will delight you with their splendor for up to a month and a half. Among the most decorative are the creamy white "Harpswell Chanteuse", the luxurious, pure blue "Pride in Blue", the lavender with a raspberry bottom "Roaring Jelly", the pink "Cheery", the red-purple with a blue bottom "Visual Art". The most famous of the Siberian irises is, of course, the blue "Cambridge". As a result of hybridization with the blood-red iris, he laid the foundation for a whole group of garden Siberian irises. The resulting varieties develop well in the middle zone and are distinguished by their resistance and high decorative value.

This type of irise is more suitable than any other for growing in our harsh conditions. Siberian iris grows well not only in damp areas, but also outside water bodies. Varietal forms reproduce vegetatively by dividing rhizomes. For seed propagation, seeds are used that can be stored for a long time, but best results obtained by autumn sowing in loose soil to a depth of 3-4 cm.

The most unpretentious type of iris and suitable for landscape work near water, which currently has more than a thousand varieties of the most varied colors. Its curtains will decorate any pond or perennial flowerbed. It tolerates drought quite well, but prolonged drought may cause the foliage, which is usually bright green, to turn yellow. It grows in one place for up to 10 years without compromising its decorative qualities.

Swamp iris, or airoid, or yellow- Ir. pseudacorus L.- can be identified by its rhizomes. If you cut them, the cut, initially light, quickly turns brown. Of all the iris, this feature is characteristic only of the marsh iris. There was a time when tanners used its rhizomes to dye leather brown.

Its slightly branched stem, 70-80 cm tall, bears not 2-3 flowers, like most Siberian irises, but 12-15. In marsh iris flowers, the upper petals are underdeveloped. This feature is characteristic of only two other Beardless Irises. Lower petals - golden yellow with a large orange spot.

Rarely, there are plants with white flowers (I. pseudacorus f. alba). This form is already quite widely used in floriculture. A characteristic feature species is a sharply protruding central vein of the leaf. The color of the foliage varies from matte green to intense bluish (from an abundance of waxy coating). The variegated form (I. pseudacorus var. variegata) is very decorative. Now it is found in the collections of many botanical gardens and amateur flower growers.

IN Translated from Latin, Iris pseudacorus means “false calamus iris” (acorus - calamus), but among the people the name marsh iris has been assigned to it. The latter is related to its ecology. In the wild, it usually grows in floodplains of rivers, along the banks of reservoirs (excluding, of course, reservoirs with sea water), which occur along the path of its spread. By nature, being a hydrochorus, that is, a plant whose seeds are dispersed by water, it cleverly uses this quality in capturing new places for its habitat. Apparently, waterfowl also contribute to the spread of its seeds (but this needs experimental confirmation). Swamp iris seeds, once in water, do not sink for a long time. The reasons for their high buoyancy lie in the non-wetting of their skin and the presence of air-carrying cavities between the skin and the endosperm of the seed.

Swamp iris is a purely coastal plant, although it is capable of withstanding prolonged flooding during a temporary increase in the water level in a reservoir (planting in a reservoir to a depth of 30-40 cm is possible). When the soil dries out, the decorative value of the iris decreases, especially if the decrease in humidity occurs during the flowering period.

The most remarkable variety of swamp iris is Roy Davidson. It was created by the outstanding American breeder B. Hager. In addition to the flower, it is distinguished by wide glossy foliage, which is not damaged by thrips, which often affects other varieties of marsh iris. Unfortunately, being born in California, it is not winter-hardy enough and requires pre-winter shelter in the central and northwestern regions of Russia.

Growing techniques . Swamp iris is not difficult to grow. Its wild forms reproduce easily autumn sowing seeds They should be sown deeper (1.5-2 cm) so that they do not float to the surface of the soil after rain or watering. Cultivated forms (varieties) are easily propagated by parts of rhizomes bearing buds.

The most common pest of marsh iris is gladiolus thrips, which damages leaves.

For decorative purposes, due to its extremely powerful development, marsh iris is best used in parklands, where its clumps against the background of a lawn or as a frame for large reservoirs make a very good impression. In addition, marsh iris is the cheapest element park design, since it can remain in one place for decades without transfers and special care. On humus-rich soils in rainy years it can develop giant foliage up to 2 m in height. In addition, it is also quite shade-tolerant.

In individual gardens, its variegated form is most effective in border plantings, and its varieties are most effective in small solitary groups. Unfortunately, the variegated form loses its peculiarity by mid-summer, as the green pigment begins to cover the entire surface of the leaf.

Iris smooth- Ir. laevigata Fisch. - one of the most interesting water-loving irises. It was first discovered in Transbaikalia and described by the botanist F.B. Fisher in 1837 under the name of smooth iris (I. laevigata). In Japan it is called “kakitsubata”. It is called smooth because its leaf, unlike the leaf of the marsh iris, does not have a convex central vein.

There is no other iris with violet-blue flowers like kakitsubata. It is more water-loving than marsh iris. Once planted on the shore, it can move into a body of water during its development and grow there beautifully at a fairly large depth. The favorite habitat of the smooth iris in nature is wet meadows, banks of rivers, lakes, and swamps, where it is actively included in the coastal vegetation.

The smooth iris occupies one of the first places among the Beardless irises in terms of the extent of its range from north to south. In the Yakut expanses, kakitsubata have to put up with the harshest continental climate, and on the southern borders of the range they experience the constant breath of the tropics. This explains the variety of shapes in the smooth iris. Plants with an intense violet-blue color of flowers with a narrow bright golden-yellow stripe - an “eye” on the lower petals - predominate.

In Japan, as well as in China, populations of kakitsubata with speckled flowers are widespread. They have white background The lower petals are scattered with bluish spots. In foreign catalogs, such plants are listed under the name of the smooth iris atropurpurea (I. laevigara forma atropurpurea).

Growing techniques . Wild forms of this species easily reproduce by dividing rhizomes during active growth roots (in northern regions this is the second half of August, in the south - the beginning of autumn) and autumn sowing of seeds; garden forms and varieties - only by dividing the rhizomes. The water-loving smooth iris has a very negative attitude towards drying roots and rhizomes, which should be remembered when transplanting and shipping rhizomes. The use of these irises in decorating small ponds is quite possible. They are suitable for planting in shallow water and adjacent moist soils. Both single plantings and large color spots on the water surface of the pond and emerald green lawns are beautiful. It is planted in a reservoir to a depth of 20-30 cm. When designing the banks of a reservoir, it should be borne in mind that when plants are planted together with marsh iris, the latter easily suppresses and displaces them.

In the same place, without losing its decorative appearance, the smooth iris can grow for 5-7 years or more. It does not require covering for the winter. It is also undemanding to soils, but, of course, it grows more abundantly and develops more powerful foliage on soils rich in humus. In autumn, it is advisable to remove the foliage, leaving a bunch of basal leaves 10-15 cm high.

Wild forms of this species are propagated by dividing rhizomes during the period of active root growth, in the second half of August - early September, and by sowing seeds in autumn. Garden forms and varieties can only be propagated by dividing rhizomes. Varieties and forms of southern origin (Japan, California), when grown in northern latitudes, apparently require more careful care and pre-winter shelters.

The most decorative forms and varieties of smooth iris:

Akebono (Akebono) - 3-petalled violet-blue with purple column lobes;
Amanokawa (Amanokawa) - 6-liter. white with small purple spots;
Goshobeni (Goshobeni) - 3-liter. light red-purple;
Kourinjiro (Koirinhiro) - 3-liter. big white flower with wide petals with faint light purple spots;
Maikujaku (Maikuyaku) - 6-liter. dark purple with white border and six light style lobes;
Mottled Beauty (Mottled Beauty) - 3 l. creamy white with light blue specks;
Murakumo (Murakumo) - 6-liter. blue-violet;
Tsukihime (Tsukihime) - 3-liter. white with a pale red-purple stripe on the upper petals, on the style lobes and around the eye of the lower petals;
Ugawa (Ugawa) - 3-liter. a large white flower with light purple lines and purple style lobes.

Iris flowers are popularly affectionately called irises, cockerels or pipers. The first images of these plants were discovered on frescoes, whose age is measured at four centuries. Thanks to the variety of species and varieties, irises are one of the most common crops among world gardeners: they can be found all over the world, because certain varieties of these flowers are adapted to a wide variety of conditions.

Below you can see photos and descriptions of irises, as well as learn about the conditions for their cultivation and reproduction.

Irises (IRIS) belong to the Iris family. These are mainly plants of dry open spaces (steppes, meadows, semi-deserts, rocks) temperate zone. Among the species of irises (and there are about 250 of them) there are giants and small plants, rhizomatous and bulbous. But in central Russia, the most promising are rhizomatous plants that are moderately moisture-loving. The rhizome is thick, superficially located with a mass of cord-like roots. The leaves are xiphoid, collected in fan-shaped bunches. Large flowers of all types of irises are located on a strong peduncle.

Types and varieties of irises with photos and descriptions

Tall irises have a height of 70-100 cm. Pay attention to the photo and description of irises varieties yellow (I. pseudacorus) And. Kaempfer (I. kaempferi):

These plants have narrow leaves, large flowers original shape and color. All varieties are combined into the group “Japanese irises”; they grow near water and need shelter.

Siberian iris (I. sibirica)- the only one that forms a dense turf, the leaves are linear, the flowers are relatively small, graceful. Interesting hybrids of winter-hardy Siberian irises:

"Perry's Blue", "Snow Queen", "Butter and Sugar".

Hybrids:

Spuria - "Conquista" etc.

Fashionable varieties:

"Loop de Loop", "White Knight";

"Azurea", "Brassil" etc.

Iris bristles (I. setosa) has sword-shaped leaves and purple flowers.

When describing low plants Irises are divided into low-growing and dwarf.

Low-growing irises have a height of 15-20 cm, these include, for example, iris leafless (I. aphylla)- the flowers are large, bright purple.

Iris dwarf (I. pumila) reaches a height of only 10-15 cm - its leaves are wide, the flowers are yellow and purple. Both species are drought-resistant steppe plants.

Iris smoothed (I. laevigata)- height 30 cm; iris variegated (I. versicolor)- height 50 cm; moisture-loving irises.

But the most popular varieties (about 50,000 are known) bearded iris, or Germanic iris(I. x hybrida).

They are divided according to the length of the peduncle into tall (above 70 cm), medium-sized (25-70 cm), low-growing (below 25 cm) and the type of flower color (single-color, two-tone, two-color, plicata (bordered), iridescent).

The variety of iris varieties makes this crop one of the most common among flower growers in the world.

Growing irises

Growing conditions. All irises are light-loving, but their different relationship to water should be taken into account - yellow, Kaempfer's and bristly irises are grown on wet, constantly moist soils. With normal moisture – Siberian iris; on light, well-drained soils, other types and varieties of bearded irises.

Reproduction. By dividing the rhizomes after the end (end of July-August) once every 4-5 years. A delenka is a one-two-year section of rhizome with a trimmed bunch of leaves and a renewal bud. After digging, the rhizomes of the mother bush are heated in the sun for 5-6 days. The plot is planted superficially, sprinkled with a thin layer of soil. For the winter fresh plantings mulch with wood chips or cover with spruce branches.

As you can see in the photo above, irises moisture-loving species planted near water bodies. Dry-loving, low - on rockeries and in the foreground of mixborders. Bearded iris in combination with peonies, heuchera, low varieties of goldenrod, coreopsis, and lavender creates a magnificent variety of colors in flower beds and mixborders.

After flowering, the leaves are cut in half and the flower stalks are broken out. Iris is also used as a cut flower.

Description the best varieties yellow iris

Iris with Greek language translated as "rainbow". This is because it has many subspecies with multi-colored buds. A bright representative family is the yellow iris. It is unpretentious and blooms for a long time. Therefore, it is often found in parks, flower beds, and garden plots.

Description

Yellow, or water, iris is a perennial herbaceous plant of the iris family, growing in coastal areas.

Source: Depositphotos

Yellow iris can reach 165 cm in height

It also has other names:

Bolotny;
Air-shaped;
False calamus.

Plant height 75–165 cm. Has branched root system up to 2 cm in diameter. The stem of the plant is dense. The leaves are green, sword-shaped. Bright yellow flowers collected in a bunch of several branched stems. The shiny seeds ripen in a closed oblong capsule. The plant blooms from June to August. The fruits are formed in August.

Swamp iris is found in the wild on the banks of water bodies. Propagated by seeds. They are dense, so they do not sink in water. Often the current carries them further, thus expanding the distribution zone. Cultivated iris is planted using rhizomes. It is divided into 3 parts. Each of them has buds.

It is the condition of the roots and their age that determines how well the flower is accepted. He loves high humidity. Grows well in shade, sun and partial shade. But the plant is intolerant to drafts. Loose sandy loam or loamy soil with a neutral or slightly acidic environment. Without transplanting, they can live on the same land for more than 10 years.

Varieties

Irises do not have an official classification, since all flowers independently cross with each other. Water iris has several subspecies, among them the most popular:

Roy Davidson;
False calamus;
Nautical;
Caper lace;
Galleon gold;
Ritz;
Bastard.

Swamp iris can be wild or cultivated. Some reproduce by seeds and rhizomes. Others with bulbs. Bulbous ones are less common, as they are very capricious.

A unique feature of the false calamus iris is the color of the rhizome. When cut, the light root instantly darkens to brown. Can reach 80 cm in height. There are about 11-14 flowers on the stem. The upper ones are light yellow and remain short. The lower flowers are more developed, bright, with a large orange spot.

Bastard flowers are yellow. He doesn't have orange spots on flowers. The petals grow horizontally, unlike other subspecies.

Roy Davidson is the most popular subspecies. It has deep yellow flowers and wide, glossy leaves. It does not have thrips, like many irises. However, it is not frost-resistant. Cover it for the winter even in the central part of Russia.

Yellow iris is listed in the Red Book. By cultivating it, you contribute to its survival. And with its brightness and grace it will set the mood in your garden composition.

This article is also available in the following languages: Thai

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THANK YOU so much for the very useful information in the article. Everything is presented very clearly. It feels like a lot of work has been done to analyze the operation of the eBay store
- rootsshell
  
  Thank you and other regular readers of my blog. Without you, I would not have been motivated enough to dedicate much time to maintaining this site. My brain is structured this way: I like to dig deep, systematize scattered data, try things that no one has done before or looked at from this angle. It’s a pity that our compatriots have no time for shopping on eBay because of the crisis in Russia. They buy from Aliexpress from China, since goods there are much cheaper (often at the expense of quality). But online auctions eBay, Amazon, ETSY will easily give the Chinese a head start in the range of branded items, vintage items, handmade items and various ethnic goods.
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It’s also nice that eBay’s attempts to Russify the interface for users from Russia and the CIS countries have begun to bear fruit. After all, the overwhelming majority of citizens of the countries of the former USSR do not have strong knowledge of foreign languages. No more than 5% of the population speak English. There are more among young people. Therefore, at least the interface is in Russian - this is a big help for online shopping on this trading platform. eBay did not follow the path of its Chinese counterpart Aliexpress, where a machine (very clumsy and incomprehensible, sometimes causing laughter) translation of product descriptions is performed. I hope that at a more advanced stage of development of artificial intelligence, high-quality machine translation from any language to any in a matter of seconds will become a reality. So far we have this (the profile of one of the sellers on eBay with a Russian interface, but an English description):
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