The psychology of a particular individual, be it a person or an animal, is a very complex and not fully understood mechanism. Many living beings are unconsciously influenced by certain psychological factors, some of which even scientists cannot explain.
Ollie effect
The Allee effect is a biological phenomenon showing that the growth of a population relative to its size (or of an entire species in a certain area) decreases if the population size decreases. In other words, each female produces more offspring if the population size is higher. The Ollie effect, named after the American zoologist Walter Clyde Ollie, completely changed the way we think about population growth.
At the time of his research, it was believed that a population with fewer individuals should thrive, because. each of them will have more resources available. In other words, a population should grow more slowly when there are more individuals in it and faster when there are fewer individuals. However, Ollie's research shows that when the population declines, so does the number of possible pairings - which is why the increase is slower.
Conclusion: the more individuals there are in a population, the faster it grows.
Psychological effects
The audience effect and crowding out theory 
The audience effect is the influence that an audience has on a person or group of people performing a specific task in public view. This effect was discovered in the 30s of the 20th century. It consists of two opposing phenomena: many performers (athletes in particular) tend to perform better when a large number of people are watching them, while for others the presence of spectators makes them feel awkward, so they end their performances with a worse result than they could in fact.
In 1965 social psychologist Robert Zajonc discovered a connection between the audience effect and the so-called repression theory. Zajonc proved that whether the audience's influence will be positive or negative depends on the relative “ease” of the task being performed. If, for example, a speaker believes that he will win, the audience effect will motivate him to perform at the highest level. If he is not confident in himself, then the presence of an audience can lead to an even greater decrease in his self-esteem.
Pygmalion effect 
The Pygmalion effect is related to the audience effect and repression theory; it combines positive expectations of the speaker and the highest result. The effect is named after Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion (on which the film My Fair Lady was based), and is sometimes also called the Rosenthal effect.
In addition, there is an effect that is the opposite of the Pygmalion effect, its essence is that low expectations lead to low levels of performance, and this effect is called the “golem effect”.
The Pygmalion Effect has been studied extensively in the worlds of athletics, business, and especially education. In business, the effect is very pronounced in the results of managers, which directly depend on what they expect from their own employees.
As Professor J. Livingston noted in his research: “The way managers treat their subordinates largely depends on what they expect from them.” Similarly, Robert Rosenthal and Leonora Jacobson's study of the Pygmalion effect in the classroom proved that those students from whom the teacher expects more are more likely to perform well.
Social and psychological effects.
Bruce effect 
When pregnant female rodents smell an unfamiliar male, they can sometimes terminate their own pregnancy. This effect, first studied by British zoologist Hilda Bruce, has been observed in some mice, voles, lemmings, gelada monkeys and even lions. For some time, the effect was studied only on animals in captivity; for the first time, the effect in the wild was studied by a researcher from the University of Michigan, Eila Roberts. The most important question in both cases is why does a mother kill her own child?
Roberts spent five years studying geladas in Ethiopia and collected data on 110 females from 21 different groups. After testing fecal samples for hormones that firmly confirmed pregnancy, Roberts discovered that where a male had established dominance by taking over a group, a significant number of females aborted their pregnancies. In groups without a dominant male, the birth rate was much higher.
The answer lies in the tendency of dominant males to kill baby geladas, they do this because the females will only be able to copulate again after they have raised their babies and the males do not have the patience. Monkeys kill their unborn babies because they know they will die anyway, saving the mother wasted time, effort and money.
Physical effects
Leidenfrost effect 
If you've ever splashed water on a very hot frying pan and seen the droplets start spinning like crazy, then you've observed the Leidenfrost effect, named after the German doctor Johan Gottlob Leidenfrost in 1796. The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a liquid very close to a surface is much hotter than the boiling point of the liquid. Under such conditions, the liquid creates a protective layer of vapor that separates it from the hot surface and prevents rapid evaporation. In the case of dripping in a hot pan, the water will eventually boil and evaporate, but much more slowly than if the pan temperature were above the boiling point but below the Leidenfrost point.
This effect allows water, under certain conditions, to levitate above a hot surface. For the same reason, you can dip a wet finger in liquid nitrogen without consequences. But it’s better not to experiment like that, it’s still dangerous.
Diorama effect
The diorama effect, also known as “pseudo-macro” or “diorama illusion,” describes the process where a photographer captures life-size real objects so that they appear as miniature models in the picture. Sometimes it is also called the “tilt-shift” effect, but in fairness it should be noted that tilt-shifting is a technique that always allows you to create a “pseudo-macro” effect. This technique can be used in digital photography to make it appear as if the photo was taken with a special lens.
The creation of such pictures occurs in several stages. There are several key points:
- take a photo from above;
- blur the edges of the photo;
- increase color saturation.
Of course, we can talk about this in much more detail. You can also find step-by-step instructions on the Internet.
Review effect 
Of all the psychological effects ever named and studied, the review effect is the rarest; only 534 people have been exposed to conditions in which it is possible. When astronauts from orbit or from the surface of the Moon see the entire Earth, many describe an incredible sense of scale and perspective, which is called the view effect. Invented by writer Frank White, this effect has a profound effect on a person, puzzles, inspires, and awakens emotions. The view of the Earth from space changes a person's attitude to reality. The astronauts return home with a new vision of how we are all united, a sense of the meaninglessness of any cultural boundaries, and a desire to care for the environment.
Psychological effects of perception
The effect of an oversight
Imagine that you are madly in love with a girl, and she seems talented, kind and beautiful to you. Then imagine that you see her walking along the sidewalk, tripping and falling straight on her face. For many reasons, you fall in love with her even more and seem much more attractive to her, all as a result of her clumsiness.
Studied particularly widely in the worlds of sports, business and politics, this psychological phenomenon is known as the “oversight effect.” This effect was originally discovered and named by researcher Eliot Aronson in 1966. The results of this effect may vary. Research shows that people tend to like people who are imperfect and make mistakes. The effect has been analyzed a lot and it turned out that, for example, clumsy women are more attractive to men than vice versa, but the basic principle (a person becomes more attractive by showing his flaws) remains.
Sleeper effect 
The Sleeper Effect is an often-studied, controversial psychological effect that shows how information influences a person's opinions. Basically, when you see an advertisement with a positive slogan, positive associations arise with it (and with the advertised product). However, after some time, these positive associations disappear and, in the end, there are no associations left with this advertisement at all. But under certain conditions, for example if the message was accompanied by a “discounting cue,” the positive association may remain for a longer time.
The “discounting remark” is usually presented in the form of a source of information that is not credible, or the message comes with a reservation, or the source of information is some kind of unusual. When you see a negative political ad paid for by an opponent, you may initially be suspicious of the message, but after a while you will begin to believe it. Research claims that the sleeper effect is real, but difficult to implement in reality, so for it to be effective, you must strictly follow a strict set of recommendations.
Tamagotchi effect 
Oh, that Tamagotchi. If you grew up in the 1990s, you probably had one, knew someone who had one, or at least knew about its existence. By 2010, more than 76 million little electronic animals had been sold worldwide. For those who don't know, Tamagotchi is a small, portable virtual pet that was invented in 1996 in Japan. The Tamagotchi owner was busy feeding, treating, raising and cleaning up after his pet.
The Tamagotchi effect is a psychological phenomenon in which people become emotionally dependent on a robot or other virtual object. A person can have this attitude towards a Tamagotchi, a cell phone, a robot, or even some kind of computer program. Research shows that the Tamagotchi effect can occur at any age and can have both positive and negative effects on a person's mental health.
Some phenomena, such as rainbows, sunset and sunrise can be observed almost every day, others happen quite rarely.
If you want to witness a truly amazing show created by nature, you need to be in the right place at the right time.
Here are the most unusual and beautiful natural phenomena, including a fire waterfall, the division of the sea, an underwater park and others that can be admired on our planet.
Beautiful natural phenomena
1. Fire Falls in Yosemite National Park, USA
Every year for several weeks in February, the waterfall, called " Horse tail", in Yosemite National Park in California, looks like it's on fire.
It is at this time at sunset that the Sun is at the correct angle, and for about 10 minutes the waterfall becomes fiery. The phenomenon is quite difficult to capture in photographs and is best seen from the El Capitan Mountain picnic area.
It may even seem like lava is pouring from the waterfall, but in fact it is just water, naturally illuminated by the sun's rays.
Ironically, Horsetail was once a real firefall, when in the 1870s the owner of a hotel on the top of the mountain put on nightly shows for visitors by throwing red embers down. However, the entertainment was banned after 1968 and now many tourists and photographers gather to admire the natural fiery special effect.
2. "Miracle of Moses" on the Yellow Sea, South Korea
Approximately twice a year between March and June, tidal forces cause the Yellow Sea to experience very low water levels, creating path up to 2.8 km long from Jindo Island to neighboring Modo Island in South Korea. The path, approximately 40 meters wide, “opens” for only about an hour, during which thousands of tourists take the opportunity to cross the sea.
On the island of Chindo, in honor of this event, a 4-day festival “Partition of the Sea” is organized. Phenomenon called the "Miracle of Moses" after the story described in the Bible when Moses parted the Red Sea and led the people through it.
However, Koreans have their own version of the origin of this natural phenomenon. According to legend, Chindo Island was once overrun by tigers and all the people except one woman fled to the neighboring Modo Island. The woman prayed to the god of the ocean, who created her a path to Modo Island.
Natural phenomena (photo)
3. A river in Colombia turns colorful
The Caño Cristales River in Colombia is no different from any other river throughout the year. However, between September and November, the river is completely transformed.
During the heat, algae at the bottom of the river begins to bloom, and it comes in a variety of vibrant colors.
For this, it is even called “the river flowing from paradise” and “ the most beautiful river in the world".
To admire this natural phenomenon, tourists need to visit the small town of Macarena, swim a little along the river and walk along the path.
4. The Dolomites in Italy turn pink at sunset
The Dolomites, which are located in the north-eastern part of Italy, become literally rainbow-colored.
Every evening at sunset, the slope on the western side begins shimmer with colors from bright yellow to red and purple. And this is not just the result of reflection.
The glowing effect is characteristic of the Dolomites, which are made up of a unique combination of the skeletons of ancient marine animals, algae and magma from volcanic eruptions. Changing colors is a trick whose secret is hidden in the mountains themselves.
This phenomenon is called Enrosadira best seen in summer.
Unusual natural phenomena
5. A park in Austria turns into a lake in summer
Lake Grüner See(or Green Lake) in Austria is not a simple body of water located in the middle of the mountains, namely the Hochschwab Mountains. The lake, about 1 - 2 meters deep, surrounded by paths and greenery, is a favorite place for walks.
But you can sit on the benches near the lake only in winter. In summer, the snow melts and the meltwater falls into the valley, which turns into one huge transparent pool.
At the deepest point, Grüner See reaches up to 12 meters in depth, submerging all benches and footbridges, which look like toys in an aquarium.
It is in the summer that many tourists flock to this place to swim underwater and admire all this beauty.
Water levels are highest in June, so if you're planning your next vacation, bring snorkeling gear and waterproof cameras to capture this amazing location.
6. Very rare clouds that can only be seen in Australia
Clouds named " Morning Gloria"(Morning Glory) - a unique and very rare phenomenon are long rotating pipes of water vapor that can extend up to 1 kilometer long and 300 meters high.
Clouds can only be seen in the Gulf of Carpentaria in Australia and only during the dry season from August to November.
During this period, "Morning Glory" appears every few days, always in the morning.
The movement of air in front of the clouds accelerates at incredible speeds, spinning the cloud, while eddy currents at the rear of the cloud force the air down at a speed of about 450 meters per minute.
The phenomenon is most often observed in the small town of Burketown in Australia, but so far there is no exact explanation why it occurs.
Most of us have only seen these natural phenomena in films or on the Discovery Channel. I present a detailed description with photographs of the most incredible natural phenomena. You can read about the phenomena that I talked about earlier by clicking here.
1. Water bloom: we looked at neon lakes in more detail
When ocean, air and temperature conditions allow, ocean phytoplankton reproduce quite quickly, creating a thick, visible layer on its surface. This phenomenon, called a water bloom, is quite unsightly during the day, but in parts of California and other places where bioluminescent nocturnal lights are present, the water bloom is a truly spectacular sight. This species of phytoplankton glows blue when agitated, turning the dark ocean into a giant lava lamp. You can watch the waves begin to glow as they hit, scattering across the sand, and the ground begins to shine under your feet, and if you dive under the water, you will see an amazing glow in all its glory.
2. Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence does not only occur in water. In late summer, an uncanny glow can be seen in many of the world's forests, where bioluminescent fungi grow on damp, rotting bark. Bioluminescence can be observed in different parts of the world, but the greatest variety is found in the tropics, where the humidity in the forests encourages the growth of fungi. A new variety of glow-in-the-dark mushrooms has been discovered in Sao Paulo, Brazil. If you want to admire this phenomenon, plan to go into the forest during the wettest period and head away from light sources that can dim the faint glow.
3. Fire Rainbow
Another natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer is called a fire rainbow, which occurs when sunlight hits frozen ice crystals in cirrus clouds at high altitude. Since there is no rain during a fire rainbow, scientists prefer to call it a more accurate name: a near-horizontal arc. Since this phenomenon requires the presence of cirrus clouds, and the sun must be very high in the sky, it can be observed more often at latitudes closer to the equator. In Los Angeles, conditions allow you to observe a fire rainbow six months a year, and in London for about two months.
4. Mother of pearl clouds
For those of us far from the equator, there are still plenty of reasons to watch the sky. Pearlescent clouds are a fairly rare occurrence, but most often appear when it is still dark outside before dawn or after sunset. Because of their extremely high altitude, they reflect sunlight from below the horizon, glowing brightly to those viewing them from below. The lower stratosphere, where pearlescent clouds are located, is so dry that it often prevents clouds from forming, but the harsh cold of the polar nights allows you to see this beautiful phenomenon. You can see pearlescent clouds in winter at high latitudes, such as in Iceland, Alaska, Northern Canada and very rarely in the UK.
5. Snow rollers
Snow rollers form when a thick layer of snow falls on top of the ice. At certain temperatures and wind speeds, pieces of snow can break free and begin to swirl. As they roll across the ground like winter tumbleweeds, they pick up additional snow along the way. The inner layers tend to be more fragile, allowing the wind to easily blow them away, leaving behind large, natural snow donuts. Since a certain temperature and wind speed are needed to create this effect, snow rollers are a rare phenomenon, but they can be seen in North America and the UK.
6. Basalt columns
A natural volcanic formation, the basalt columns look as if they were made by man. The hexagonal columns form naturally when a thick layer of lava cools rapidly, compressing and creating cracks in the surface of new rock. Unusual geological formations can be seen all over the world. The most striking examples of basalt columns are the Giant's Causeway in Ireland and Devils Postpile National Monument in California.
7. Rain of animals: we looked at it in more detail
While the small town of Yoro in Honduras hosts the Rain of Fish Festival every year, actual eyewitnesses to the phenomenon are still quite few. However, in general, this phenomenon has been reported in different parts of the world for many centuries. Most cases of animals falling from the sky involved fish, frogs, or small aquatic animals, although there has been evidence of birds, mice, and even pieces of meat falling from the sky. Although this phenomenon is extremely rare, most cases are easily explained. The most obvious explanation is waterspouts, in which a whirlwind lifts small animals from the water, carrying them long distances until they land on your head. If you want to witness the rain of animals, then you should go to places close to water during large storms.
8. Wavy clouds
The newly discovered cloud formations, so-called wavy clouds (Asperatus clouds), are so rare that they were not classified until 2009. Ominous and stormy, these clouds disintegrate rather quickly before they can cause a storm. As with most wavy cloud types, these clouds form when vortices or oncoming air masses mercilessly whip up the lower layers of clouds, resulting in bizarre shapes and formations. These clouds are more common on the plains in the United States and can be observed in the morning or mid-afternoon during thunderstorms.
9. Green beam
The famous and elusive Green Ray is a rare meteorological phenomenon that occurs during sunrise and sunset. During these periods, the sun's light passes through large layers of the atmosphere, creating a prism effect. Of course, this explanation is not as exciting as the sea legends that surround this phenomenon. But you can consider yourself lucky if you were able to observe this phenomenon. To see the green ray, try watching the sun rise or set on the horizon on a clear day. Ocean or prairie horizons work best for this purpose. The green beam only lasts for a split second, so don't blink. In my opinion, this is very similar to the return of the soul from the other world in the movie "Pirates of the Coribus: At World's End"
10. False sun
When the sun is near the horizon and there are ice crystals in the air, you may see several light rainbow spots on either side of the sun. Always to the right and left of the sun along the horizon, these halos faithfully follow the sun across the sky. While this atmospheric phenomenon can happen anytime, anywhere, the effect is usually quite vague. When sunlight passes through cirrus clouds at the right angle, these spots become as bright as the sun. The false sun can be seen most clearly when the sun is low in the sky in colder areas where there are many ice crystals in the sky.
11.Double Rainbow
The same forces that lead to the formation of a regular rainbow can also lead to the creation of a double rainbow. Sometimes, sunlight is reflected in raindrops not once, but twice, resulting in the creation of a second rainbow that lies behind the brighter first rainbow. The best time to view this phenomenon is when the sky is still dark and cloudy, as the dark background allows you to see the murkier colors of the second rainbow.
12.Striped icebergs
Icebergs, as a rule, are not monochromatic. Some icebergs in the polar regions are distinguished by stripes of color, standing out among the Arctic whites and blues. When water on an iceberg melts and refreezes, dirt and other particles can become trapped between the new layers of ice, causing colored streaks to form on their surface. Icebergs may show multiple colored bands. Blue streaks appear when water gets between layers of ice and freezes so quickly that air bubbles don't have time to form. When an iceberg breaks up and falls into the ocean, algae and other materials present in the water can cause green and yellow streaks to appear.
13. Catatumbo Lightning
A rather mysterious phenomenon, Catatumbo lightning in Venezuela is known for its long duration discharges. These continuous lightning bolts can be seen from a distance and have often been noted for their ability to aid sailors in navigation. Since Catatumbo lightning occurs about 140-160 nights per year, you have a good chance of seeing it. They occur mainly in one place - above the confluence of the Catatumbo River around Lake Maracaibo.
14. Gravitational wave
Waves occur not only in the water, but also in the sky. When air is pushed upward by a more stable layer of the atmosphere, it can cause a ripple effect, much like what happens when you throw a rock into a pond. For a gravitational wave to occur, there must be a disturbance in the atmosphere, such as the updraft of air from a thunderstorm. According to recent research, gravitational waves can concentrate and intensify tornadoes, so if you are lucky enough to see one, you should first take care of shelter.
15. Moeraki Boulders
The Moeraki Boulders are spherical stones that were naturally excavated from mudstone, a dense clayey rock on the New Zealand coast. People discovered these giants due to erosion, but they acquired their spherical shape for a different reason. The boulders are thought to have formed millions of years ago on the ocean floor, just as pearls formed in oysters - layers of sedimentary rocks and materials crystallized around a central core. Over millions of years, they acquired the enormous size that we can see today. Moeraki Boulders were found on the south coast of New Zealand, but they can also be seen in various areas of South America.
In this short tutorial you'll learn how to convert an image into a layer mask using channels in Photoshop. Using these techniques, you will learn how to create interesting effects without spending a lot of time on it!
Lesson materials:
Step 1
Create a new document in Photoshop. On a new layer, write the desired text. Use different colors for words and letters.
Step 2
Add to the text layer layer mask(layer mask).
Step 3
Let's move on to working with photos.
For this tutorial I'm using a photo of a guy with angel wings. You can of course choose any other image, such as a nice grunge texture.
Open the photo in a new document. Then simply copy the image.
Translator's note: in order to copy an image, you can use this way: stand on the image and press the key combination Ctrl + A (to select the photo) - then use the combination Ctrl + C (to copy the photo).
Go back to the working document with the text, go to the text layer and go to the tab Channels(Channels Tab). Select the bottom layer in the tab called "Mask" (labeled Ctrl + \).
While standing on this layer, press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+V to insert the selected photo into the channel.
While the inserted photo is still selected, activate the tool Transformation(Ctrl + T) and transform the image (scale, rotate, or do what you see fit).
Step 4
Return to tab Layers(Layers Tab). As you can see, we have a black and white image inside the letters.
Step 5
Step onto the layer mask and press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+I, in order to invert the vector mask (layer mask\layer mask).
In order to get a more interesting effect, you can additionally use adjustment layers(adjsutments layers). For my work I use an adjustment layer Brightness\Contrast(Brightness/Contrast).