There are concepts that, without mastering them, it is simply impossible to move forward in learning a particular language, both native and foreign.
Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are just one of these basic topics. Therefore, I would like to dwell on this issue in great detail, talking about the types, functions and roles of all parts of speech in a sentence.
1. Types and their characteristic features.
Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are special lexical and grammatical categories. All words at a theoretical level can be classified into a certain category, taking into account the following characteristics:
- Semantic (general meaning of the word);
- Morphological (grammatical categories or categories);
- Syntactic (features of functioning).
Independent parts of speech have similar characteristic features:
- They give names to objects (for example, house, river, girl), describe (for example, beautiful, noisy), characterize (for example, fun, long)
- They are fundamental in the construction of phrases (for example, sweet girl) and sentences (for example, I am drawing a house)
- Act as full-fledged For example, I read an interesting book slowly. (“I” is the subject, “read” is the predicate, “interesting” is the definition, “book” is the complement, “slowly” is the adverbial)
Functional parts of speech have the following characteristics:
- Connect words in a sentence or the sentences themselves;
- You cannot ask questions to them;
- Used only in conjunction with independent parts of speech;
- Members of the proposal are not
2. Independent parts of speech
Independent parts of speech are adverbs, numerals, pronouns, gerunds, participles.
Now let's look in more detail at each of the above.
Noun
Features:
- Denotes: objects and animate beings;
- Questions: who? What?
- Categories: gender, case, number;
- Role in a sentence: subject, object
Adjective
Features:
- Indicates: a sign or description of an object
- Questions: which one?
- Categories: case, number, gender;
- Role in a sentence: definition, compound. names predicate
Numeral
Features:
- Indicates: number of items;
- Questions: how much?
- Digits: ordinal, quantitative, fractional, collective
- Role in a sentence: quantitative modifier of a noun
Pronoun
Features:
- Denotes: signs and objects without naming them;
- Places: personal, indefinite, reflexive, definite, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, negative.
- Role in the sentence: various members of the sentence
Features:
- Indicates: action
- Questions: what to do?
- Categories: aspect, tense, mood, voice, person;
- Role in a sentence: predicate
Linguists disagree about participles and gerunds. Some prefer to consider them just But I will allow myself to agree with the majority and talk about both the participle and the gerund as independent parts of speech.
Communion.
Features:
- Denotes: action, representing it through a sign
- Questions: what is he doing? Which?
- Categories: signs of verb and adjective;
- Role in a sentence: definition, in short form - the nominal part of the predicate.
Participle
Features:
- Denotes: a sign denoted through a sign of another action
- Questions: doing what? How?
- Categories: signs of an adverb verb.
Features:
- Denotes: a sign of a sign and a sign of an action;
- Questions: how? When? For what? Why? Where?
- Role in a sentence: circumstance
3. Functional parts of speech
Functional parts of speech are conjunctions, interjections, particles, prepositions.
Prepositions help express various relationships in a sentence, along with nouns, adjectives or pronouns.
For example, above, under, next to, through, nearby
Conjunctions express grammatical relationships that occur between individual members of a sentence.
For example, and, because, but
Particles give speech additional emotional and semantic nuances.
For example, it would, after all, even
Interjections express a person’s feelings and desires without naming them directly.
For example, Hurray! Wow! Hey!
So, it seems to me that I have fully covered the topic: “Independent and auxiliary parts of speech in the Russian language.”
And at the end I would like to add the following. There is a fairly widespread point of view that significant parts of speech play a more important role than auxiliary parts. Both the first and the second have their place, and only together can they make our speech melodic, meaningful and expressive.
I would like everyone who wants to study the grammar of Russian (and any other) language perfectly, without the slightest shadow of doubt, to be able to separate independent and auxiliary parts of speech from each other.
I hope that with my article I have achieved this result.
Independent (notional) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or indicate them and which have independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).
Independent parts of speech include:
1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral name,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.
NOUN- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? What? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as the subject and object, but they can also be other parts of the sentence.
ADJECTIVE- this is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote non-procedural characteristics of an object and answer the questions: what? whose? This meaning is expressed in the non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a modifier or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
NUMERAL- an independent part of speech that combines words that denote abstract numbers or the number of objects and their order when counting. Numerals are combined as a quantitative determinant only with nouns and form with them an indivisible phrase, which in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Numerals cannot be determined by adjectives.
PRONOUN- an independent part of speech, which includes words indicating objects, signs, etc., but not naming them. In a sentence, pronouns can act as various parts of the sentence.
VERB- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting an action and answering the question what to do? what to do? This meaning is expressed in the categories of aspect, voice, tense, person and mood. In a sentence, verbs act mainly as predicates.
COMMUNION- this is a special unconjugated form of a verb that denotes an action, but represents it as a sign of an object. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective:
Verb features:
1. transitivity - intransitivity,
2. repayment - non-refundability,
5. time (present and past);
Adjective features:
4. in a sentence acts as a definition,
5. the presence of passive participles in both full and short forms.
PARTICIPLE- this is a special unchangeable form of the verb, which denotes a sign, but acts as a sign of another action. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb:
Verb signs:
1. lexical meaning,
3. syntactic control,
4. repayment - non-refundability;
Adverb features:
1. immutability,
2. type of subordinating connection - adjacency.
ADVERB- this is an independent part of speech, which includes words denoting signs of actions or signs of signs and answering the questions how? Where? When? Where? Why? For what? to what extent? (read carefully, see you tomorrow, very funny). In a sentence, adverbs act as adverbs, adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
CONDITION CATEGORIES WORDS- this is a category of words that denote a physical or mental state, often with a modal coloring (expressing the attitude of the speaker). In a sentence they act as a predicate of an impersonal sentence. (It was cold in Moscow).
The vocabulary of an adult includes about one hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many of them. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped by principle of partial affiliation. For a better understanding, let’s look at what an independent part of Russian speech is.
Principles of classification
Morphology deals with the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:
- Semantic – generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, a noun is used.
- Morphological – an indicator of word form modification. It can be constant or change when moving to another gender.
- Syntactic - the property of words to be linked into a constructive sentence and to be its members.
Researchers classify words in different ways. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech there are. The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.
Numerals are studied only at school. Academics equate them to adjectives. The dispute also revolves around gerunds. Some linguists note manifestations of verbal properties in them. Others are confident that such forms need to be separated into independent (notional) parts of speech.
Some textbooks suggest classifying the words “nowhere”, “there”, “there” as adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved Ministry of Education.
Groups
Let's look at what parts of speech there are. There are two large groups:
- Significant - give objects names give their characteristics or indicate them. In fact, all the words are concentrated in this group.
- Functional - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load and serve the constructive construction of speech.
Separate the group is made up of interjections. They express feelings. Let's imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. It is necessary to throw out emotions. A traumatized person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, describe the knife, the action performed, the signs it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim “Ay!”
Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.
We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.
Peculiarities
The rules state that significant words are:
- Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. Thus, the words bok and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
- Name objects, signs and actions;
- In a sentence they are the main or secondary members.
Depending on, what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:
- subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
- belonging, quality and property - adjective - attractive, relevant;
- condition category;
- the order of arrangement of objects or number - numeral - twelve;
- action or state - verb (to modernize);
- additional action - gerund (breaking through);
- sign by action - participle (alluring);
- if a word does not name an object, properties or attribute, but points to them, it is a pronoun (why, our);
- sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).
Word forms
Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into constant and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. Verb and its derivatives are conjugated.
There are:
- shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
- word formation – the lexical meaning changes (top – at the top).
The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).
Some words may belong different speech groups. The word “everything,” depending on the context in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's look at example sentences:
The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.
You're still learning - answers the detailed question when?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.
Every day it gets darker earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of the increase, fulfilling the functions of a particle.
We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.
What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. “Milk glass on the floor” and “broken glass was thrown into the trash.” In the first phrase glass is a verb, in the second - a noun.
Morphological analysis
Complete grammatical characteristics of the word form called morphological analysis. The belonging of a word to a group, its properties and functions in a sentence are determined. For independent parts of speech, we give examples:
Let’s take the word “pillar” for analysis.
- we determine belonging: we ask the question what? Therefore - a noun;
- Let's examine the condition: pillar is a general name for inanimate objects. This means that the common noun is inanimate;
- We indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (masculine) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
- We show the number of objects - singular nominative case;
- significance in a sentence - the main or minor member.
Likewise deal with words from other groups:
- Let’s determine which part of speech is represented by the word “for the first time.” The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be transformed. This means that this adverb does not change and performs the function of an adverb. Secondary member of the sentence.
- Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative. Membership in a sentence is determined by context.
We study independent parts of speech
What are the parts of speech in Russian?
Conclusion
If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that it is a designation of the property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without using significant words.
Part of speech- This is a class variety of speech units of a language. In our native language they are (nominative) and . When parsing, sentences with auxiliary and independent parts of speech require a clear understanding of how they differ from each other.
- these are groups of words denoting objects, their properties and actions. What features do independent categories of words have and how do they differ from function ones? Their distinctive feature is the performance of syntactic functions, as well as the presence of morphological features.
Noun
Noun affects objects and phenomena (table, chair, fog, rain). Questions: Who? What?
TO constant characteristics of a noun include gender (male - backpack, bear; female - board, diagram; cf. - cloud, tree); declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th); proper name (full name, nicknames, names of countries, rivers, etc.) or common noun (they call a group of homogeneous objects - a writer, a plant); animate (everything living - cat, dog) or inanimate (inanimate objects - stone, wall).
Variable morphological features include number and case.
Attention! Some nouns are used only in singular form. (honey, cleanliness, midges) or many others. including (chess, twilight, trousers).
Nouns in syntactic constructions are subject, object, nominal predicate. Leaves fall in the fall. Anton washed the floors. She secretary.
Adjective
Adjective determines the attribute of an object. Questions: Which one? Whose?
Constant characteristic features include the following category: qualitative (the character of an object is manifested to varying degrees - a large house is larger/smaller, a red ray is redder, a deep lake is deeper/smaller), relative (does not form a degree of comparison - a wooden bench, a snowball, a city area), possessive (to belong to someone - fox hole, mother's bag, grandmother's scarf).
To non-permanent morphs. signs include gender, number and case.
Adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier, a nominal predicate or part of it. Ginger the cat is sitting on the window. My son is already big.
Numeral
The numeral determines the number objects, as well as their order when counting. Questions: How much? Which? The constant characteristics of a numeral include semantic types - quantitative (How many? - six, fifty-two) and ordinal (What is the number? - ninth, twenty-second). And also structural types - simple (one root - one, six, forty), complex (two or more roots - fifty, six hundred) or compound (consist of two or more words - forty-eight, one hundred seventy-nine).
TO changing signs numerals include case, gender and number. A numeral as an independent category can be any member of a syntactic structure: Twelve tourists set up camp on the beach (subject). Two tickets were missing at the box office (addition). First Gagarin became a man in space (definition). One plus four is five(predicate). She was born in 1989 year (circumstance).
Pronoun
The pronoun indicates objects, characteristics and quantities, but does not define them. A species is an immutable morph. sign.
Pronouns are distinguished:
- Personal (who? what?): I was there You sat at the desk, it changed, etc.
- Reflexive (similar to the reflexive suffix -sya of verbs): The criminal acquitted myself.
- Interrogative: Who came? What were you doing? Whose drawing is this? etc.
- Relatives coincide with interrogatives, but a question mark is not placed in the sentence with them: those, Who listened; discuss what What wrote newspapers; look in the closet which stood near the door; etc.
- Undefined: someone stole a bag; hear something scary; some types; some students; someone did; anyone will bring; etc.
- Negative: nobody did not write; nothing did not foretell trouble; no one help; no result; etc.
- Possessives: my house; your garden; your son; etc.;
- Demonstratives: this path; that's the rule; that's how it is plan; etc.
- Definitive: myself remade; all day; any once; other happening; any Human.
Changing morph. The sign of pronouns is case, and some pronouns can change gender and number.
Pronouns can act as any member of the proposal: We went mushroom hunting. This it. IN their there were ten children in the class. The boss called his. I I'll stay with you for now you.
Verb
A verb is the action of a subject. Questions: What to do? What to do? The verb has the following constant morphs. signs: type (perfect - look, buy, play - What to do?; imperfect - look, buy, play - What to do?); conjugation (I and II).
Changing morphs. verbal features are expressed in tenses. Currently / future vr. the verb changes persons and numbers, and in the past. vr. – numbers and gender (units).
Can act as any member of the sentence. Guys caught beetle Desire (what?) study he was missing. The teacher asked the class (about what?) don't make noise. The family went to the sea (why?) relax. Love- Means forgive.The whole task is easier than Seems part at the beginning.
Communion
The participle denotes the character of an object by action. Question: Which one?
It borrows the features of a verb and an adjective. From the adjective he got gender, number and case; from the verb - time (present and past) and aspect (active - the object itself performs the action: a load-bearing wall, a working student, giving gifts, rushing to the bus; passive - an action is performed on the object: a book being read, an example being solved, a visible solution.
A participle can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Running the man was vigorously waving his arms. The book was read. Performing rules. Participles combine the properties of an adjective and a verb.
Participle
Participle– a verb form denoting an auxiliary (not central) action with the main one. Questions: Doing what? Having done what? (surprising, meeting; recognizing, looking).
The participle has absorbed the properties of an adverb (does not change) and a verb. From the verb, the gerund took a perfect (folding, taking, baking) and imperfect (knocking, knowing, smiling) form.
The participle acts as an adverbial adverb: Returning, I found only my sister at home. The participle combines the features of an adverb and a verb.
Adverb
Adverb– auxiliary part of speech, shows the nature of the action. Questions: How? Where? Where? How? etc. (quality, close, far, quickly); Adverb, unlike other selves. parts of speech do not change by gram. signs.
In a sentence, an adverb acts as an adverb or definition: Rain soon stopped. I boiled eggs (how?) soft-boiled.
Functional parts of speech
ABOUT differ service categories of words from independent in that they do not define phenomena, their features, and also do not act as members of a sentence. Constructions with auxiliary parts of speech (conjunctions) can be complex (CC) or complex (CC).
Functional parts of speech
Pretext
Prepositions are of the following types:
- Derivatives: in the middle of the field, along the strip;
- Non-derivatives: with milk, at home, on the table.
Attention! The word between part, in other words, a category of speech - a preposition, is written separately from the others, and between as a prefix - together: Between heaven and earth. Between floor covering.
Union
By design, unions are distinguished:
- Simple: not sad, A funny; clean And invigorating water; in cramped conditions Yes no offense; modestly, But tasteful; etc.
- Composite: because we decided; since we have arrived; I went to town in order to visit brother, etc.
According to their meaning, unions are divided into:
- Coordinating (composed of homogeneous members of sentences and simple sentences in the SSP - and, or, or, yes, however, etc.). Masha And Kolya have been friends since childhood (homogeneous subjects). Cars are not popular in India A The hard work is done by elephants (SSP).
- Subordinators (connect simple sentences in NGN - although, when, barely, as if, etc.). When spring will come (dependent part), birds will return home from the south (main part).
Attention! The following word often causes difficulty: so the part (category) of speech, a conjunction, has a final meaning, is written together, and so, a conjunction with a pronoun, are written separately. So, we have come to the end. So lasted quite a long time.
Particle
- Formatives serve to form the forms of words: let him spend the night; for God's sake; let's play; etc.
- Negative: didn't drink; haven't read; I won't do it; no way;
- Modals add additional emotional coloring: it will happen; Don't you know; did this really happen; if only it would bypass; that's how it is; etc.
Interjection
Interjection– an unchangeable part of speech that expresses, but does not name feelings/urges to action. In syntactic constructions, interjections are separated by a comma or an exclamation mark. Examples: Ay! Oh! Wow! Guard! Hello! Bravo! etc.
Russian language 10th grade 18-20 week Independent and functional parts of speech
Russian language 11th grade. Functional parts of speech: preposition, conjunction, particle
Conclusion
When determining the category of a word, first ask a question, then carefully analyze which grammatical features of parts of speech will give you a clue. Do not lose sight of syntactic constructions; they will guide you on how to distinguish auxiliary parts of speech from independent ones. If you remember the theory, you will be able to correctly and quickly apply your knowledge in practice.
Independent parts of speech
Independent parts of speech
Independent (nominative) parts of speech
grammatical classes of words that name fragments of reality (object, event, feature) and have a special system of formation and inflection, which is determined by grammatical semantics. In Russian the independent parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral.
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
See what “independent parts of speech” are in other dictionaries:
See parts of speech...
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Books
- Russian language. 6th grade. Textbook , . The proposed textbook is the second part of a systematic course of the Russian language in a secondary school (grades 5-9). It includes sections “Word Formation”, “Basic Concepts…
- Russian language. 6th grade. Textbook. Federal State Educational Standard, Panov M.V.. The proposed textbook is the second part of a systematic course of the Russian language in a secondary school (grades 5-9). It includes sections “Word Formation”, “Basic Concepts…
- Russian language. 7th grade. Study guide. In 2 books. Book 2. Morphology (independent parts of speech). Noun. Pronoun. Adjective. Numeral. Adverb. Predicates. Modals and interjections. , V.V. Repkin, E.V. Vostorgova, T.V. Nekrasova. The educational and methodological kit for the Russian language for grade 7 includes workbooks (No. 1, 2 and 3), which are a mandatory component of the kit and are associated with the textbook of a unified…