To obtain a flat, clean and smooth surface, wood is planed manually or mechanically.

A- block; b- planing knife; V- wedge; 1 - shoulders; 2 - cheeks; 3 - entrance; 4 - bed; 5 - sole; 6 - span (slot); 7 - handle-horn;

Planers are used for manual planing of wood. They are divided into planes for planing flat surfaces and for planing profile surfaces (see figure above).
Plane has a wooden block, the lower part of which is called sole. To install the knife and release the chips, a socket is provided in the block - entrance. To allow cut chips to enter the tap hole, the sole of the block ends with a slot 5-9 mm wide, called overflight. The narrow slot (span) of the block allows you to obtain a smooth wood surface. To reduce the width of the span, the sole at the slot is secured with a hardwood insert. Knife secured in the block with a wooden wedge resting on the shoulders of the block's tap hole. The knife is pressed tightly and evenly against the block wedge, which allows you to obtain a high-quality processed surface.
Planer knives are made of U8A or U9A steel. The front of the block has a wooden horn, and the back of the jointer block has a handle. The block and wedge of the plane are made from hardwood (pear, ash, maple, hornbeam, beech, white acacia, etc.). Planer blocks are made of metal.
Sherhebel, single and double planer, jointer, semi-jointer, end plane, tsinubel are used for planing flat surfaces.

A- sherhebel; b- single plane; V- double plane (schematically longitudinal section); G- jointer; d- double plane knife with chip breaker: 1 - blade, 2 - knife bevel, 3 - screw for installing and adjusting the chip breaker; e- tzinubel; and- sole and blade of a plane for processing ends; h- two-handed plane;

Sherhebel is intended for rough planing. It is used to treat the surface of wood after sawing (figure above, a). A knife with an oval-shaped blade inserted into the block at an angle of 40° cuts thick chips. Knife width – 30-40 mm.
Planer with single blade(Figure above, b) is intended for planing after sawing or processing with Sherhebel. Knife width - 50 mm, straight blade, cutting angle - 45°-48°. The length of the plane block is 250 mm. Chip thickness - 0.05-0.1 mm.
Planer with double blade(Figure above, c) differs from a single plane in that a chip breaker is attached to its knife, which allows for a cleaner surface. The knife is inserted into the block at an angle of 60°. The end of the chip breaker, close to the cutter blade, produces thin chips and a smooth cutting surface. Screwing the chip breaker tightly onto the blade prevents chips from being pinched. The cutting angle of a plane with a double knife is 45°-50°.
The surface treated with a double plane has best quality than processed with a single plane. A planer with a double knife is used when planing curled wood at the ends of workpieces.
Jointer(Figure above, d) is designed for planing long workpieces, with high surface finish, for example, when leveling the edges of boards held together with glue. The length of the jointer block is 700 mm, the width of the knife is 60-70 mm. The spherical-cylindrical plug in the front part of the block serves to knock the knife out of the tap hole after being hit with a hammer.
Jointers with a block length of 500 mm are called semi-jointers. They are designed for planing short parts. The cutting angle of the jointer and semi-jointer is 45-50°.
Two-handed plane(Figure above, h) is used for rough planing. It has two cylindrical handles for two-person work, with workers sitting on the material being processed facing each other. The width of the knife of such a plane is 60-70 mm.
Zinubel(Figure above, e) is used to increase the gluing area before cladding by giving it roughness. The edge of the tzinubel knife has fine teeth. Cutting angle 80°. A tsinubel is a shortened plane with a single knife; if you insert a knife with a chip breaker, it can be used for planing parts at an angle to the end of the workpiece.

1 - knife; 2 - pressure plate; 3 - overlay; 4 - paw; 5 - handle

(picture above). They are used to clean the surface of hardwood after planing with a double plane (tsinubel with a double knife) or cleaning the surface of parquet floors. The cycles are made from a saw blade. Their length is 150, width 60 and thickness 1 mm. Cycles have a handle. Their blade is sharpened with a fine file. The cutting angle of the scrapers is up to 90°, allowing you to obtain a smooth and even surface.

The rest have almost the same device, differing from each other in the cleanliness of the surface of the workpiece and the thickness of the removed layer of wood.
For example, the thickness of the wood layer removed by a rough planer is 2-3 mm, and by a jointer, which is used to complete leveling the surface, up to 1 mm.

Tools for flat surfaces
The following tools are used for planing this type of surface:
- sherhebel;
- single plane;
- double plane;
- jointer;
- sander;
- tzinubel;
- cycle.

Sherhebel
This tool is used for roughing workpieces across the grain and at an angle to it.
The metal part of the scherhebel has an oval cutting edge, which makes it possible to plan with this tool across the fibers of the workpieces, preventing their longitudinal rupture.
The metal part should protrude beyond the plane of the sole by 3 mm. Use it to remove thick chips.
The tool leaves fairly deep cuts on the surface being processed.

Single plane
A single plane is used when leveling the surface of a product after using Sherhebel.
The metal part of the tool has a straight blade and slightly rounded ends. This is necessary so that they do not leave marks on the wood.

Double planer
The use of a double plane is for clean planing, cleaning up twisted places and burrs, touching the ends.
Unlike a single plane, it has one more metal part - a chipbreaker (hump). The edge of this part is located parallel to the cutting one. Depending on the required planing cleanliness and chip thickness, it is installed at a distance of 0.5-2 mm from the cutting edge.

Jointer
This tool is used when aligning edges along the length (jointing) for their subsequent gluing, as well as when it is necessary to accurately process large surfaces under a ruler.
The jointer is a shortened double plane, in which the angle of the addition is increased and the span is reduced. Most often, this tool has a double metal part.

Sander
The sander is used for processing pressed wood of high density, removing very thin chips, as well as cleaning the ends, burrs and twisted places.
A sander is a shortened double plane in which the angle of the addition is increased and the span is reduced.

Zinubel
To create roughness on the surface wooden blank, before gluing facing plywood onto it, use zinubel.
When veneering, this prevents strong squeezing out of the glue and the possibility of weak sizing.
The tool is a plane with a single metal part, the cutting edge of which consists of small teeth.

K category: Carpentry work

Planing by hand

When cutting wood, the required accuracy cannot be obtained:
saws leave a mark on the surface of the wood and, in addition, the sawn workpieces are usually somewhat deformed. Therefore they have irregular shape and unsmooth edges. Giving details correct form, exact dimensions and a given angle between the edges are produced by planing.

Depending on the direction of planing in relation to the direction of the fibers, three types of planing are distinguished: along the fibers, across the fibers (in the plane of their location) and perpendicular to the fibers (trimming).

One of the main requirements for planing is its cleanliness. Cleanliness of planing during application various instruments may not be the same.

Hand planing tool

Tools used for manual planing are called planers. The plow consists of a wooden block, a steel piece of iron (cutter) and a blade that serves to secure the piece of iron in the block. Some plows have a wooden horn at the front. In the block of the plow for installing the piece of iron, a through nest is arranged, the so-called taphole, which gradually narrows downwards and forms in the lower part of the block, called the sole, a narrow slot - a span - from 5 to 9 mm wide. The narrower the span, the cleaner the planing, since the stronger the support of the fibers to the cutting edge of the piece of iron.

The sole 6 of the plow block, which is used for clearing flat surfaces, must be flat. The sole of a plow intended for processing curves and profile surfaces must have a profile opposite to the surface being processed. The leading edge of the span must be level. To prevent it from working, an insert made of hard, wear-resistant wood (pear, hornbeam, boxwood, etc.) is often inserted into the sole of the plow. The back side of the tap hole should be smooth, ensuring a tight fit of the piece of iron. The wedge should clamp the piece of metal in the tap hole so that it remains motionless during operation. Angle formed by intersection back side the tap hole and the sole of the plow is called the angle of addition of the piece of iron. Additive angle equal to angle cutting

Rice. 1. Strug

On the sides of the taphole there are 3.5 mm thick shoulders that serve as support for the wedge.

In all planes, the blade of the piece of iron protrudes beyond the plane of the sole by 1-3 mm for rough planing and by 0.1-0.3 mm for clean planing.

Plow blocks are made from hornbeam, beech, maple, pear, ash and birch wood. The pads are also made of metal.

Planing irons are made from steel U8A and U9A, as well as from chromium steels and are heat treated. The lower part of the iron is hardened. Sometimes the working part of the piece of iron is made welded, and the steel is welded across the entire width of the piece of iron by at least 50 mm.

All hand plows can be divided into four groups:
1) for flat planing (sherhebel, single and double planes, end plane, jointer, sander, tsinubel, scraper);
2) for planing curved surfaces (humpbacks);
3) for selecting various mating profiles (zenzubel, folded gobel, gratobel, gruntubel, tongue and groove, feder-gobel);
4) for selecting profiles for finishing purposes (fillet, staple, molding, cornice, figari).

Sherhebel (Fig. 2, a) is intended for initial rough planing of boards and workpieces. The sherhebel gland (incisor) is made rounded. When planing, sherhebel removes rather thick chips, leaving an uneven surface with traces in the form of grooved depressions.

Rice. 2. Tool for flat planing: a - sherhebel, b - single plane, c - double plane, d - jointer, d - tsinubel, f - end plane, g - scraper

A single plane (Fig. 2, b) is intended for preliminary leveling of the surface of the material after planing with Sherhebel. The corners of the iron are slightly sharpened to prevent them from tearing up the wood.

A double plane (Fig. 2, c) differs from a single plane in that it has a second piece of iron (hump), which is a chip breaker. Serves for clean planing, touching the ends, cleaning up rough and twisted places. Thanks to the chip breaker, the edge of which is installed parallel to the cutting edge of the piece of iron at a distance of 0.5-2 mm (depending on the thickness of the chips being removed and the desired cleanliness of the planing), immediately after separation the chips bend upward almost at a right angle and break. Therefore, chips breaking off, as when working with a single plane, in in this case does not occur and the surface is clean.

The sander is a shortened double plane, designed for very thorough cleaning of the surface of the ends in areas of scoring and twisted areas. The sander removes very thin chips due to the fact that it has a reduced span and an increased angle of addition compared to a double plane.

A jointer (Fig. 2d) with a double piece of iron (hump) is intended for final smooth planing, leveling large planes, and for jointing individual parts with long edges. When planing long parts, the jointer produces intermittent chips at first, and at the end - a continuous continuous strip. At the front of the jointer block, a low cylindrical insert called the impact button is installed on top. By hitting the button, the piece of iron is knocked out of the tap hole.

A semi-jointer with a block shortened against the jointer is designed for leveling shorter surfaces and jointing individual parts. It has a double piece of iron slightly smaller than that of a jointer.

Tsinubel (Fig. 2, e) is a plane with a serrated cutter, leaving marks on the processed surface in the form of small grooves and noticeable hairiness; designed for preparing surfaces (especially large ones) for gluing or veneering. Tsinubel is also used for planing curly wood.

The end plane (Fig. 2, e) differs from the double plane in that the cutter in it is placed at an angle to the side of the block and the slot for the piece of iron to exit onto the sole is located not across the sole, but obliquely. An end plane can not only touch the ends, but also be used for ordinary planing - an oblique cutter makes planing easier.

The cycle (Fig. 2, g) is used for final finishing and cleaning of cleanly planed surfaces; it is a scraping cutter, not a planing one, and is a thin steel plate. The working edge of the cycle is sharpened at a right angle, forming two sharp rectangular edges. One or both ribs are filled (“sting”) by running the edge of a chisel along them. When the cycle is slightly tilted towards the surface of the object being processed, the tip removes very thin chips.

Rice. 3. Tool for selecting mates: a - humpback, b - zenzubel, c - folded gobel, d - primer, d - tongue and groove

Gorbach (Fig. 3, a) refers to tools for profile planing and is used for processing concave and convex surfaces. To remove surfaces of various curvatures, it is more convenient to use a metal humpback tool, the sole of which is a flexible steel plate, which can be given the necessary curvature. In carpentry, humpback is used relatively rarely.

Zenzubel (Fig. 3, b) is intended for selecting longitudinal grooves in the form of a dihedral angle, called a fold, or a quarter, on the edges of parts. The side of the block has a hole for chips to escape. Zenzubel is also used for cleaning folds cut with other tools, which is why it is often made into double pieces.

The zenzubel gland has the shape of a spatula, the width of which is greater than the width of the block. A piece of iron with a straight blade is installed perpendicular to the side of the block, with a beveled blade - at an angle to it. The oblique chisel serves mainly for selecting folds at the ends of parts.

The rebate (Fig. 3, c) is intended for the same purposes as the zenzubel, but produces a recess of one specific size. It has a 30mm last and a stepped sole. The cheek of the sole on the right serves as a planing width limiter, the ledge on the left serves as a depth limiter. The thickness of the folding iron in the upper part should be 1 mm less than in the lower part. The corners of the upper tail part of the piece of iron should be rounded.

Gratobel is used for selecting acute-angled seams. Such a fold is called a burr. Otherwise, the structure of the tratobel is the same as that of the folding belt.

The primer (Fig. 3, d) is used to cut out a trapezoidal groove across the fibers after cutting with a saw blade.

A tongue and groove tool, or nuthobel (Fig. 3), is designed for cutting out a rectangular groove on the edges or face of a part - a tongue and groove located at a given distance from the edge. The tongue and groove pile consists of three parts: a block with a piece of iron, a guide strip and two screws with nuts and locknuts. The sole of the tongue and groove is formed by inserting a 3 mm thick metal plate with a slot for a piece of iron inserted into the block from below. The tongue and groove pieces have different widths.

The fillet (Fig. 4, a) is intended for cutting out semicircular grooves, recesses of various widths, depths and different radii of curvature.

Shtap or shtapgobel (Fig. 472, b), used for rounding the front edges of boards, bars and the front sides of profile parts (glazing beads) - thin bars used to cover adhesive seams, gaps in places detachable connections and for external decoration of parts.

The molding (Fig. 4, c) is used for shaped processing of the front edge of parts. The lower part of the block is molded, it is

Rice. 4. Tools for selecting profiles for specific purposes: a - fillet, b - staple, c - molding, d - cornice

the sole, just like the blade of a piece of iron, has a shape opposite to the profile of a given selection. Each selection can select only one specific profile. For transverse processing of wood, a molding machine with an oblique setting of the piece of iron is used.

The cornice (Fig. 4, d) is used for selecting cornice bars and platbands with a complex profile.

The ray is used for selecting a wide chamfer or generalist on the edges of a thick solid wood panel. Accordingly, the figari has a wide and inclined to the horizontal or figured sole and an oblique or profile piece of iron.

In Fig. Figure 5 shows the profiles selected by various tools.

Rice. 5. Profiles selected by hand plows: a - zenzubel, b - folded gobel, c - groundtube. g - gratobel, d - tongue and groove, e - federgabel, g - fillet, z - full staple, i - fourth staple, k - shkha-p with two plates, l - kalevka, m - kg.rniznik, n - figare, o - humpback

Sharpening and setting up planing tools

Sharpening. Hand sharpening cutting tool produced on grindstones. Sharpening stones can be coarse-grained, used for preliminary pointing or “grinding,” and fine-grained, used for straightening the blades being sharpened.

Sharpening stones can be natural or artificial. Natural stones are ordinary sandstone. In most cases, artificial stones are sandpaper.

A rotating whetstone (Fig. 6) is installed on a roller above a wooden or cast iron trough. The roller is driven into rotation using a foot crank or an electric motor. The diameter of the grinding stone should be approximately 50 cm. The stone should be well secured using tension washers and bolts. Felt, rubber or cardboard is placed between the tension washers and the stone.

Water is poured into the trough to moisten the stone. It is better to arrange a water supply through a tap on top of the stone in order to use it only when necessary, since the constant presence of the stone in water softens it. The soft part of the stone wears out quickly, the shape of the stone is disrupted, which prevents uniform sharpening of the tool. In this case, you should straighten the stone using straightening devices, a knife, an old file or using another hard stone.

The stone for the point is made rectangular by sliding.

Sharpening of iron with a rectangular or oval cutting edge is carried out first on a wet sharpener, then on a fine-grained whetstone. The final adjustment (editing) is done on the touchstone.

When sharpening, the piece of iron should be kept at all times at the same angle (point angle) to work surface sharpening tool and make sure that it fits the entire plane of the chamfer. For this, various devices are used, for example, a clamp with a roller and a screw clamp, a lever template, etc.

Rice. 6. Round whetstone

When sharpening on a wet sharpener, hold the piece of iron right hand motionless or slightly moving along the width of the working surface of the grinding wheel. At the cutting edge, the piece of iron is pressed against the circle with the fingers of the left hand. On a wet sharpener, the piece of iron is sharpened until a weak burr is formed on the opposite side of the chamfer.

Sharpening on a flat stone is carried out by direct fractional shifts of the cutter, which is held by the tail part with the right hand, and pressed firmly against the stone with the left. The chamfer must be pressed against the stone with its entire plane, without collapsing it.

The straightening of the glands, i.e., the removal of burrs, is done on the block with linear or circular movements.

After straightening, the blade is straightened on the whetstone using circular movements. You can straighten the piece of iron by moving the whetstone along the chamfer. When editing, the whetstone must be lightly moistened with water or oil. At the end of the editing, you should press the tip of the blade along the hard wood or along a knot, and then finish it again on the touchstone.

Tool glands for profile planing with slight curvature are sharpened, just like straight ones, on the edge of a flat block or whetstone.

Strongly curved shaped blades of molds and similar tools are sharpened with shaped stones or files of the appropriate shape and trimmed with emery powder and oil. To do this, a piece of dense wood of the appropriate profile is dipped in oil, then in emery powder and then chamfered.

Setup. Before using the planing tool, it should be adjusted, that is, set the piece of iron to the required chip thickness. Most planing tools release the blade very little to remove the thinnest chips. This is especially important when setting up a double plane, sander and tools for profile planing.

Rice. 7. A device for holding a piece of iron while pointing on a round sharpener at a constant angle

An exception is the adjustment of the Scherhebel, in which the piece of iron is released beyond the plane of the sole up to 3 mm. The iron of a single plane, used for planing directly behind the sherhebel, is produced somewhat more than other tools. The correct installation of the piece of iron is checked by eye. If there is a noticeable misalignment of the iron, it can be eliminated by more precise installation or, if necessary, by regrinding the iron.

Hand planing techniques

Before you start planing, you should inspect the workpiece and determine the direction of the wood grain, keeping in mind that you should always plan in the direction of the grain. You should also check that the tool is set up correctly. When held up to the light, the blade of a correctly installed piece of iron should look like a thin, even thread. The part is secured to the workbench using a comb and a vice so that it fits tightly to the workbench.

The plane is held with the right hand under the tail part of the piece of iron, and with the left hand by the horn. You should stand half-turned towards the workbench, extending your left leg forward parallel to the workbench and turning your right leg so that the angle between your feet is approximately 70°, and slightly tilting your body forward.

Planing is done only by moving the hands, at full swing, in a straight line with even pressure on the tool. The body must be motionless.

When planing, you must be careful not to “fill up” the ends of the workpiece; To do this, you do not need to tilt the plane block at the beginning and end of planing: starting planing, you need to press the front part of the plane with your left hand, almost without pressing the back part with your right hand, and at the end of planing, when the plane begins to go beyond the boundaries of the processed block, you should move pressure on the right hand. Within the block, you must press the plane equally with both hands.

The sherhebel is used to plan at an acute angle to the direction of the wood fibers, since when planing along the grain, it is easy to re-plane the material beyond the intended size, and when planing across, flakes are obtained on the edge of the board.

Planing with a jointer is carried out using the same techniques as with a plane, but without lifting it from the surface being planed along its entire length. A jointer removes chips in one pass along the entire length of the part. When jointing long parts, the worker has to move along the material being processed. Before moving the jointer forward, it should be pulled back a little. Joining the next section of the part should begin from the same end as the previous section.

Rice. 8. Position of the worker’s feet when planing

Planing of the ends is carried out with an end plane, and in the absence of one, with a double plane. When working with a double planer, it is held at an angle to the direction of planing. The ends are processed first to the middle on one side, and then towards.

Trimming of narrow bars and thin planks is carried out using a bottom that is fixedly fixed on a workbench. The bottom is a device consisting of three wooden blocks. Two bars of the same length, differing in width, are fastened to each other so that they form a quarter along which the plane, laid on its side, moves. The third bar is fixed on the upper bar; it is a stop for the workpiece. The thrust block is placed straight or at an angle of 45°.

The block being processed is pressed against the stop with the left hand, and the plane lying on its side is moved with the right hand along the end. Trimming is carried out before planing the faces and longitudinal edges, so as not to spoil the planed surfaces with flakes of the outermost fibers of the end.

The surface is scraped using movements toward or away from you and always along the fibers. Soft wood is usually not scraped, as this causes the surface to become rough and even wavy.

The selection of profiles is carried out as usual planing. The production of shaped profiles is carried out after the parts have undergone all preliminary operations (planing, marking, hollowing out nests and drilling holes). Only the tenons are cut after obtaining a curved profile.

Planing of bars rectangular section produced sequentially. The first to be cut is the side of the block that will be the front. Then the edge adjacent to it is planed (usually on the right). Having planed two adjacent front surfaces - the face and the edge “into the corner”, use a square to check the correctness of the resulting angle. The next side of the block to be trimmed is the second edge.

To determine the exact width of the bar, use a thicknesser to draw a line at a given distance from the already planed edge. To obtain the specified thickness of the bar, the second face of the bar is cut out, drawing marks on the edges of the bar with a thicknesser.

Rice. 9. End planing

The correctness of planing of the surface of a board or face of a board is checked by eye against the light, by applying the edge of a jointer to the planed surface or by applying two special rulers to the surface; The correctness of planing of the block is checked with a square.

Rice. 10. Planing quality control: a - by eye, b - by square

Rice. 11. Checking the surface with paired rulers

To check the surface for skew, paired rulers are installed in parallel at a certain distance from one another on a planed surface (Fig. 11). If the surface is planed correctly, without distortions, then the upper edges of the rulers, when viewed in the light, will appear to be parallel threads merging into one line. If there is a skew, the edges of the rulers will be visible as intersecting lines.

When checking the surface for evenness of planing, rulers are applied to the planed surface in several places, turning them in different directions and looking at the light.

The correctness of planing into the corner is checked with a square.

The correctness of jointing is checked by eye or by applying the jointed edges of the parts to each other.

- Manual planing

After sawing, the workpieces have risks, roughness, and warping. All these defects are eliminated by planing. In addition, when planing, the workpieces are given the desired shape. Planing is the operation of cutting wood with knives, in which the cutting trajectory is a straight line, coinciding with the direction of the working movement. Plane wood using hand or power tools.

Hand Planing Tools. The plane (see diagram below) is a wooden body 1 into which a knife 5 is inserted, secured with a wedge 4. Knife 5 is inserted into the socket (taphole) 3 of the body at an angle of 45º.

In the sole 8 of the plane there is a narrow slot - a span 5.7 ... 6.2 * mm wide, through which the knife blade protrudes beyond the sole.

*The 5.7mm size refers to a double blade plane and the 6.2mm size refers to a single blade plane.

For rough planing, the blade is released by 1...3 mm, with clean planing - by 0.1...0.3 mm. On the sides of the tap hole 3, shoulders are made to support the wedge 4. For convenient advancement of the plane across the material, there is a horn 2. The sole 8 of the plane must be smooth and even. Due to the fact that the sole of the plane is subject to abrasion, it is glued with hardwood - hornbeam, maple, ash, beech, etc.

A planer with a single knife (see diagram below, pos. a) is used for primary planing of wood and for planing it after processing with Sherhebel.

A planer with a double knife (see diagram below, pos. b) is used for fine planing of wood. It can also touch ends that have burrs and twisted wood surfaces. Unlike a plane with a single knife, in addition to the knife, it has a chipbreaker 9, which breaks the chips.

Joinery, carpentry, glass and parquet work: Practical guide Kostenko Evgeniy Maksimovich

6. Planing wood

6. Planing wood

Tools for hand planing. After sawing, the workpieces have risks, roughness, and warping. All these defects are eliminated by planing. In addition, when planing, the workpieces are given the required form. For manual planing, wooden planes are used. Planer (Fig. 22, A) consists of wooden case, into which a knife is inserted, firmly secured with a wedge. The wedge rests on shoulders made from the sides of the tap hole. The plane of the tap hole surface to which the knife is attached should ensure a tight fit. Swinging of the knife is not allowed. In the sole of the plane, i.e. in the lower part of the body, there is a narrow slot (span) 5.7 ± 0.5 mm wide, through which the knife blade protrudes beyond the sole.

For better work with a plane and conveniently moving it along the material, there is a horn in the front part. The sole of the plane or jointer should be even and smooth. Due to the fact that the sole is subject to abrasion, it is glued from hornbeam, maple, white acacia, ash or beech wood. The horn, stop, wedge, and pads are made from wood intended for the manufacture of the sole of the body, and from birch, elm or birch bark wood. The handles are made from uncoated plywood board PF-A. Glue the sole of the plane into an overlay with waterproof adhesives. Wood for making a plane or jointer should not have cracks, rot, sprouts, wormholes, unfused knots, resin pockets, etc., its moisture content should be 10 ± 2%.

The surfaces of the parts of planes and jointers, with the exception of the sole of the bodies (pads) and the surface of the wedge adjacent to the knife, are coated with light waterproof varnish.

Sherhebel (Fig. 22, b) is designed for rough planing of wood along, across and at an angle to the grain. After planing with Sherhebel, the surface of the wood is uneven - with traces of grooves in the form of grooves. This is because the knife blade has an oval shape with a radius of 35 mm. During operation, the knife is released up to 3 mm; The shavings are narrow and thick. The weight of the Scherhebel is 0.82 kg.

Planer with a single knife (Fig. 22, V) are used to level the surface after sawing or planing after treatment with Sherhebel. The blade of a knife with a width of 40–50 mm is straight, it extends 1 mm. Since there is no chipbreaker (hump) in this plane, the chips are formed without breaking, so the surface of the wood being processed often produces burrs and sometimes chips. Planer weight 0.9 kg.

Planer with double knife (Fig. 22, G) are used for fine planing of wood, cutting off the ends, as well as curled wood and wood with burrs. This plane, in addition to the knife, has a counter-knife-chipbreaker. The presence of a chipbreaker improves the quality of planing, since the chips, after separation, rise up the knife, bend and, falling on the chipbreaker, break. The breaking of the chips after separation prevents the possibility of flakes or chipping of the wood surface. The closer the chipbreaker is installed to the knife, the sooner it will break off the chips, therefore, for better processing of wood, the chipbreaker is placed closer to the knife. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that the chipbreaker cannot be placed very close (less than 2 mm), since the chips will get clogged under the blade and planing will be difficult. Planer weight 0.97 g.

Rice. 22. Planes: a – general view; b – sherhebel; c – with a single knife; g – with a double knife; 1 – body; 2 – horn; 3 – entrance; 4 – wedge; 5 – knife; 6 – emphasis; 7 – plug; 8 – sole; 9 – sherhebel knife; 10 – single plane knife; 11 – double plane knife; 12 – chipbreaker; 13 – knife with chipbreaker.

In addition to wooden planes, metal sherhebels and planes with a single and double knife are used for planing wood (Fig. 23).

The plane is a metal body into which a knife is inserted, secured in the body with a screw. The horn and handle are made of wood. The amount of chips removed is controlled by the extension of the knife. To do this, you need to release the screw and move the knife up or down the desired amount, and then fasten the screw again.

Metal planes are 1.5–1.7 times heavier than wooden ones. They are used primarily for planing hardwood and for repair work.

The jointer (Fig. 24) is used for final finishing planing, as well as for jointing individual parts. The jointer is almost 3 times longer than the plane, which allows you to plan long parts with it. In the front part of the jointer on the body there is a plug, by hitting it with a hammer, the knife is knocked out of the body from the tap hole. The knife blade should protrude 1 mm. When wood with a wavy surface is processed with a jointer, chips are obtained in the form of small pieces, and when repeated, continuous thin chips are formed, indicating that planing should be completed, since the surface is smooth. Planer weight 3.25 kg. Shorter parts are processed with a semi-jointer having a shorter body (530 instead of 650 mm). To clean wood that is scuffed and curled, use a plane with a shortened body - a sander. The sander has a narrow slot (5 mm wide) and an increased additive angle (60°), due to which, when working, it removes thin chips and the surface of the wood is processed cleaner. The knife blade extends by 0.5 mm.

Rice. 23. Metal planes: a – sherhebel; b – plane with a single knife; c – plane with double knife; 1 – body; 2 – horn-handle; 3 – screw; 4 – knife; 5 – handle; 6 – rod; 7 – clamp; 8 – base for the knife

Rice. 24. Joiner: a – general view; b – jointer knife; 1 – plug; 2 – handle.

Tsinubel (Fig. 25) serves to form small, barely noticeable grooves and hairiness on the surface of the wood for gluing (veneering). The knife has a serrated blade. When replacing a serrated knife in a tzinubela with a regular one, it is used as a grinder.

The end plane (Fig. 26) is used as a regular plane and as a plane for planing the ends, since the knife installed in it at an angle to the side surface facilitates the planing process and improves the quality of processing. When planing at an angle to the axis of the board, a regular plane can be used as an end plane.

Rice. 25. Tsinubel: a – general view; b – knife

Zenzubel (Fig. 27) is used for manual selection and stripping of quarters in carpentry parts. The body of the zenzubel is high (80 mm) and narrow with a straight sole. The presence of a side hole in the body ensures free exit of chips during the planing process and improves the quality of processing. The zenzubel knife is sharpened on the side and bottom, thanks to which it forms a quarter when working. Zenzubel weight 0.38, kg.

Rice. 26. End plane: a – general view; b – plane sole

Rice. 27. Zenzubel: a – general view; b – wedge; c – side view of the housing; d – bottom view; d – knife.

Rebate (Fig. 28) is used for selecting quarters in carpentry parts; unlike the zenzubel, it has a stepped sole. Its mass is 0.5 kg.

Rice. 28. Falzgebel: a – general view; b – knife

Tongue and pile pile (Fig. 29, A) is intended for manual selection of tongue and groove grooves on the edges and faces of parts. It consists of two housings connected by screws, and a knife is attached to one of the housings.

The housings are installed at the required distance of the groove (tongue) from the edge of the part. There is a set of knives for cutting grooves of different widths. The length of the tongue and groove is 250 mm, width 20 mm, height 80 mm, weight 1.1 kg.

Ground tube (Fig. 29, b) is used for selecting a groove, as well as cleaning the trapezoidal groove selected by the reward.

Galtel (Fig. 29, V) form grooves of different widths or depths with different radii of curvature. The fillet body has a convex sole. Fillet length 250 mm, width 10–25 mm, height 60–80 mm.

Shtap (Fig. 29, G) is designed to form roundings on the edges of parts. The base of the body and the knife have a concave shape.

Kalevka (Fig. 29, d) produce profile processing of the edges of parts. The sole has a mirror (reverse) profile shape of the part. For processing different profiles there is a set of calvings.

Rice. 29. Tools for profile planing: a – tongue and groove: 1 – screws; 2 – nuts; 3 – knife; 4 – body; 5 – guide bar; b – primer; c – fillet; g – staple; d – Kalevka; e – humpback with a concave body; g – humpback fish with a convex body.

Gorbach (Fig. 29 e, f) is used for planing concave and convex surfaces. The body of the humpback fish has a convex or concave shape along its entire length (with constant curvature), which must correspond to the profile (curvature) of the workpiece. The humpback whale's knife has a straight blade. The length of the humpback is 100–250 mm, width and height 60 mm.

Manual planing. Wood planing work involves selecting material for planing, sharpening knives, setting up tools, planing, and checking the quality of work performed.

When selecting a material, the front side and direction of the fibers are determined, it is determined whether it has convexities or concavities that must be removed by planing, wood defects are identified and it is determined whether they are acceptable for parts made from this material.

The knives of planes and jointers are sharpened (Fig. 30) on a sharpener with a carborundum or sandstone wheel. A sharpener for sharpening knives is a metal shaft on which a round sharpening stone with a diameter of about 500 mm is mounted. The shaft is located above a metal trough into which water is poured to wet the wheel during the sharpening process. The shaft is driven by an electric motor.

The sharpener should be equipped with a stop on which the knife will have a support that fixes its position in relation to grindstone, and a protective visor.

Rice. 30. Sharpening knives for a plane: a – position of the knife when sharpening on a wet sharpener; b – position of the knife when working on the whetstone; c – checking chamfer sharpening: 1, 2 – incorrect; 3 – correct; d – sharpening on an abrasive stone (with straight-line movements); d – the procedure for checking the knife blade “by eye”; e – sharpening on an abrasive stone (in a circular motion)

When sharpening knives, the sharpening wheel rotates against the blade, while the knife is held with the right hand at the required angle straight, without distortions, evenly pressing it against the wheel, and the knife is supported with the left hand. Sharpen the knife on a wet sharpener until burrs form on the opposite side.

If the burrs are insignificant, in the form of thin and even strips, sharpening is considered satisfactory. Large, large burrs are formed when the knife is pressed hard during the sharpening process. Therefore, the knife is pressed tightly against the circle, but not tightly. During the sharpening process, the sharpening angle must be maintained at 25 ± 5°. If the burrs are not removed from the knife, it cannot be used, as it will quickly become dull.

When sharpening knives on a sharpener, you should stand slightly away from the wheel and wear safety glasses, since the resulting sparks and flying small pieces of stone (abrasives) can get into your eyes.

Knives are sharpened on fine-grained sharpening stones of the BP type, with the help of which burrs and notches are removed from the chamfer of the knives. The bars should be moistened with drops of kerosene or water.

When sharpening with straight-line movements, the knife is taken by the tail part with the right hand and the chamfer is placed tightly on the block, and with the left hand it is pressed against the block, then the knife is moved forward and backward along the block with uniform movements while maintaining the sharpening angle. When sharpening with circular movements, the knife is also taken by the tail part with the hands and, pressing the chamfer against the block, moves it along the surface of the stone with continuous and uniform circular movements.

Scherhebel profile knives and fillets are sharpened on whetstones or sharpened with files, and trimmed on whetstones or with sandpaper and oil (in the form of a paste). The correct sharpening of knives is checked using a template, a ruler and a square, with the sharpening angle using a template, and straightness using a ruler and a square. A properly sharpened knife should have a blade that fits snugly against the ruler, with no gaps. A knife blade is considered sharp when it can cut hair.

Knives are sharpened with a whetstone - a fine-grained whetstone. Before editing, the whetstone is moistened with mineral oil or kerosene. Since the whetstones become salted during the sharpening process, they are periodically washed with kerosene. The blade on the whetstone is adjusted in a circular motion, but it can be adjusted by moving the whetstone along the chamfer of a fixed knife. The worker applies the knife with a chamfer to the whetstone and moves along it in a circular motion, maintaining the sharpening angle, then applies the knife to the whetstone with the other side and also moves in a circular motion until the burrs are completely removed.

For sharpening carpentry tools (plane knives, chisels, chisels), an electric sharpener ET-1 is used (Fig. 31). Electric motor power is 0.32 kW, voltage 220 V. A grinding (abrasive) wheel with a diameter of 100 mm is installed on the machine. Machine dimensions 310x166x205 mm, weight 7 kg.

Setting up planes and jointers consists of disassembling the tool to change the sheath, installing and fastening the knife.

The plane is disassembled as follows. They take him in left hand and, lightly hitting the rear end with a hammer, loosens the wedge, after which the wedge and knife are easily removed. Then a sharp knife and wedge are inserted into the tap hole and struck at the front end of the plane (on the frontal part) (Fig. 32). The wedge should fit tightly to the knife, the knife blade should evenly protrude from the sole of the plane by the required amount (without distortion).

Reduce the amount of protrusion of the blade of the hammer blow on the rear end of the plane, and increase it with weak blows of the hammer on the tail (end) of the knife where the angle of the blade is more visible. The correct release of the blade is checked “by eye” by lifting the plane with the sole up at eye level. If at the same time the blade is visible in the form of a narrow strip - a thread, the knife is “seated” correctly. The knife is installed with the front edge in relation to the horizontal plane (plane of the sole) for the sherhebel, planes with a single and double knife, zenzubel, folding hebel at an angle of 45°, and for the zinubel - at an angle of 80°.

Rice. 31. Electric sharpener ET-1: 1 – current supply cable; 2 – body; 3 – casing; 4 – abrasive wheel; 5 – tool rest; 6 – base (bed)

Rice. 32. Adjusting the plane: a – the position of the plane when fastening or loosening the knife; b – the position of the hammer when hitting the end of the plane to loosen or secure the knife; c – position of the plane when installing or removing the knife; d – checking the correct release of the knife from the sole of the body “by eye”

Planing techniques. Before planing hand tools You should carefully inspect the workpiece, determine the direction of the fibers and the front side. Wood should be planed along the grain, as this results in a smoother surface and less effort is spent on planing.

You need to plan by moving your arms to full swing, in a straight line with even pressure on the tool. In this case, the body body should be slightly tilted forward and remain motionless while planing. Planing should be done through the movement of the arms, and not the body, otherwise the worker will quickly get tired.

The workpiece being processed is fixed on a workbench between a comb (stop) and a vice so that the direction of the fibers coincides with the direction of planing. The workpiece should lie tightly on the workbench without bending.

Take the tail part of the body with your right hand, and the horn with your left hand and place the plane on the workpiece (Fig. 33, A). At the beginning of planing, press with your left hand on the front of the plane, and with your right hand lightly on the back. In the middle of planing, press equally and evenly on the entire plane, and at the end of planing, when the plane comes off the workpiece, you should increase the pressure on your right hand so as not to “fill up” the end of the workpiece. If it is necessary to move the plane back, lift its rear part and move it.

First, plan the workpiece with a sherhebel (acute) angle in the direction of the grain, because if you plane with this tool along the grain, you can remove excess wood.

When processing twisted areas with Sherhebel, you should not remove thick shavings, as wood chipping may occur and the workpiece will become unsuitable for further processing.

After planing with Sherhebel, the surface of the part is leveled with a plane with a single knife. The part is finally cleaned with a plane with a double knife or a semi-joint, which smoothes the surface of the processed block.

Rectangular blanks begin to be planed from the front side, which has fewer defects. After processing the front side, check the quality of planing with a ruler along and across the grain, and if the workpiece is wide, then diagonally. If there are no gaps between the ruler and the edge of the processed workpiece, the processing should be considered satisfactory. After this, the edge of the workpiece is planed with a plane with a single or double knife. The squareness of the edge and face is checked with a square. Then the non-facial face and the second edge are planed, while maintaining the required dimensions.

The bars are planed as follows: they are laid on a workbench and secured; irregularities on the surface of the block are smoothed out with a sherhebel, a plane, and then the surface is smoothed with a jointer, after which the block is turned and the other sides are planed accordingly.

When working with a jointer (Fig. 33, b) take the handle with your right hand, and support the body of the jointer with your left hand slightly behind the plug. Having planed one section of the part in width, they move on to processing another section. The jointer planes in one step, without interrupting the chips. When processing very long workpieces, the worker must move forward along the workpiece.

When jointing for gluing, the workpieces should be processed in pairs or even three pieces.

When working with a tool, stand at the workbench, tilting the body slightly forward and placing the left leg along the workbench, and the right leg in relation to the left at an angle of 70°.

When end planing, first plan one edge of the end away from you (Fig. 33, V) to the middle of the part, and then the other one towards you (Fig. 33, G). With this method, planing of flakes and chips on the surface and edges does not work. To avoid flakes, it is recommended to process the ends before planing the sides of the block.

Zenzubel selects a quarter (Fig. 33, d) according to pre-made markings. The initial selection of the quarter is carried out as follows: take the back of the body with the right hand, and the sole behind the knife with the left hand, and thumb placed on top of the body, as shown in the figure.

Rice. 33. Planing techniques: a – with a plane: 1, 2, 3 – pressure on the plane at the beginning, middle and end of planing; b – jointer; c – planing the end away from you; g – planing of the end towards itself; e – selection of a quarter with a zenzubel: 1 – initial selection of a quarter; 2 – quarter selection; 3 – stripping the quarter.

Planing is carried out at a short distance from the marking line (marks) and chips are removed to the depth of a quarter (approximately 3–4 mm). After selecting parts of the quarter along the entire length of the block, use a zenzubel to work with the full span of your arms, making sure not to go beyond the markings. After selecting the quarter, it is cleaned by taking the rear end of the zenzubel body with the right hand, and the upper part with the left hand.

The quarter rabbet is chosen in the same way as the zenzubel, but without preliminary marking, since the stepped sole of the rabbet determines the size of the quarter.

Tools for mechanized wood processing. Manual electric planes are designed for milling wood along the grain. The planer (Fig. 34) consists of a built-in electric motor, the rotor of which rotates in two ball bearings. At the end of the rotor shaft there is a drive pulley that drives the V-belt drive. The rotation of the knife drum (cutter) with two flat knives is carried out by means of a V-belt drive from the rotor shaft. The plane has front (movable) and rear (fixed) panels (skis), cast together with the body. A special mechanism lowers and raises the front ski, thereby adjusting the depth of milling (planing). The plane can be used as a semi-stationary machine by attaching it to a table or workbench with the panels up and installing a removable safety fence, protecting your hands from getting on the drum (cutter) with knives.

Working with electric planers. Before work, check that the knives are sharpened and installed correctly. The blades of the knives should be released equally and be flush with the back panel (ski). The mass of the knives should also be the same. Before installation, the knives should be carefully sharpened and balanced so that the knife shaft (drum) rotates without runout. The sharpening angle of the knives should be 40–42°. The knives must be firmly attached to the shaft, and the cutting edge should protrude 1–1.5 mm beyond the cylindrical surface of the drum, and the blade of the knives should be strictly parallel to the axis of the drum (shaft).

Rice. 34. Electric hand planer IE-5708: 1 – handle; 2 – body; 3 – electric motor; 4 – main handle; 5 – cable supplying current; 6 – rear fixed ski; 7 – front movable ski.

They work with an electric planer as follows. Connect the plug to the network, pull the trigger, and turn on the electric motor. When the blade shaft reaches the desired rotation speed, the electric planer is lowered onto the material being processed, mounted on a workbench or table. Materials to be processed must be free of dust, dirt, and snow. The electric planer must be moved forward slowly so that when it comes into contact with the wood there is no sharp push, evenly, without much force on the handle. The effort of the worker should be expended only on advancing the electric planer. When processing medium-hard wood, the feed speed should be 1.5–2 m/min. When working, the electric planer is moved along the material in a straight line, without distortions, making sure that shavings and sawdust do not get under the panels (skis).

After the first pass (if it is necessary to start processing along or in an area next to the processed one), the electric motor is turned off and, with the electric planer turned off, returned to its original position, after which the electric motor is turned on and started working again. During breaks, the electric planer is turned off and placed with its panels (skis) up or placed on its side.

When the plane vibrates, check the balancing of the knives, as well as the play in the drum bearings. If you receive an unclean processing surface, check the sharpness of the knives and clean the plane from shavings.

When working with an electric planer, make sure that live parts are reliably protected from accidental contact with them. All electrical connections must be properly insulated. The power cable should not be laid with large bends. To avoid damage from workshop traffic, it should not be laid on the floor. Persons who have undergone safety training are allowed to operate power tools.

When working with planers and electric planers, the following defects may occur: mossy or fluffiness - when working with dull knives; longitudinal stripes - when working with knives that have crumbled places on the blade, etc.

The quality of processing along the length and end of the bar is checked with a square (Fig. 35, a, b) at several points: at the ends of the part and in the middle, and in long parts - also at other points: between the middle and the ends of the parts.

Checking by eye (Fig. 35, V) requires a lot of skill. The worker takes the block in his hands and lifts it, placing it against the light at eye level. Irregularities resulting from poor-quality processing are detected by a light shadow, which will appear as a spot on the block. The quality of processing can also be checked with rulers (Fig. 35, G).

The quality of the part’s processing is checked with two strictly verified bars (Fig. 35, d), which place the parts parallel to each other on the surface, and then look at the bars against the light. If the surface of the part is well processed, the edges of the bars will merge into one line, and if not, the edges will be in the form of intersecting non-merged lines. The size of the parts is checked using a measuring tool.

The quality of profile processing is checked using templates and visually. The surface of the processed parts must be smooth, without roughness, scuffing or tearing.

Rice. 35. Checking the quality of planing: a – with a square along the length of the block; b – with a square at the end of the block; c – “by eye” against the light; d – rulers; d – paired bars

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