What is the genitive case in Russian. How many cases are there in Russian? Case definition. Cases - examples

Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.

Case category

The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.

In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Noun case questions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? Why?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.

The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. p. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. p.).

Meanings of the genitive case

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of some action: boiling water;
• definition relations: beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used for the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
• used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting an exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: I'm writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
• subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.

Declension of nouns

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.

Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Also included in these declensions are the few masculine nouns: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a zero ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will belong to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine which ending you need to write a noun with, it is necessary to know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.

First declension

	Solid type	Soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.

Second declension

	Masculine		Neuter
	Solid type		Solid type	Soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.

Third declension

We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after sibilants in the singular in this declension it is necessary to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's look at the cases of plural nouns.

	1st declension		2nd declension		3rd declension
	Solid type	Soft type	Masculine	Neuter
Nominative		Pots
Genitive		Pans
Dative	Pictures	Pots
Accusative		Pots
Instrumental	Paintings	Pots	Barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pans	About the barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be found in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.

Indeclinable nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrups
Dative	stirrups		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.

2. New highways have been built.

In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also on the adjective new(plural, im.p.).

Unchangeable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( citro, cafe), and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.

All world languages ​​can be conditionally divided into inflected and non-inflected. This means that the words that are part of the languages ​​of the first group have endings, but the lexical units belonging to the second group of languages ​​do not have them. Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is explained by the fact that words in the native language in sentences and phrases are connected in meaning and grammatically, that is, with the help of endings.

The endings of nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the desired part of speech is used. In general, the category of name in the Russian language has such a grammatical feature as case. It is this that allows you to link lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, larger units of expression of thought.

Case is usually used to refer to one of the morphological features of nominal parts of speech. It is intended to enable grammatically correct determination of the relationships between the constituent phrases or

The case category of a noun is defined as a feature included in the group of morphologically unstable ones. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in the Russian language. They are also included in the subjects studied as part of the school curriculum.

• Nominative is a case in which the noun is in singular form. For comparison: lilac(What?), child(Who?). The noun in this I. p. is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. is direct.
• Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can use the auxiliary word “no” to check. For example: (no one?) Misha.
• Dative. The auxiliary word is “dam”. Indirect, its use is possible without and with a preposition. Example: (will I give it to whom?) Nikita.
• Accusative. The word “see” helps to correctly define it. Indirect. Nouns in V. p. are complements in a sentence. Based on the above characteristics, it cannot be confused with a nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
• Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word would be “satisfied.” Indirect. It is used with . Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) result.
• Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. The auxiliary word is “think”. For example: (thinking about whom?) about my beloved; (thinking about what?) about defending a dissertation.

Table of cases of the Russian language with questions:

Case system

It turns out that the case system of our native language is represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And the rest will be discussed further.

• Vocative. It was part of the case system of the Old Church Slavonic language. Now its form can be considered the word God. Today, similar forms in the language are formed by cutting off inflection. The results are not quite “full-fledged” in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, grandma, dad and similar forms.
• Local. It's easy to guess by prepositions in, on, at and on the question where?: (where?) with the regiment, (Where?) on the wardrobe, (Where?) in the nose.
• Dividing. It is a derived form of the genitive. Determined in context. For example: drink tea, there will be no light, it’s blazing hot.
• Counting. An exponent is a word that denotes a number or amount in context: two hours, two steps.
• Negative. It is used with the preposition from. What matters is the start of the movement. For example: from home etc.
• Depriving. It's easy to recognize by context. Always used with the particle not. For example: cannot have a child.
• Waiting. It looks like an accusative. It can only be determined in context. For example: wait for weather from the sea.
• Convertive or inclusive. It is also recognizable in context. For example: I'll take you as a wife, she's fit to be a daughter etc.

How to determine

Students should be able to determine grammatical categories, for example, cases of nouns and their endings, both orally and in writing.

First, let's look at the algorithm by which you can verbally determine the case:

1. In a sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
2. Ask a question to a noun.
3. at the noun.

For example: I hear my dad calling. Call(whom?) dads(R.p.)

Now let’s describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:

1. In a sentence, the signs // indicate the boundaries of the phrase.
2. The main word in the phrase is X.
3. Draw an arrow from the main word to the dependent word.
4. Write a question above the arrow.
5. Determine case.
6. Write the case above the noun.

Case endings

Indirect cases in the Russian language and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren as part of the general education program.

Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to correctly write the endings in nouns, there are also special cases that require the ability to determine cases and correctly write endings in words.

Endings in Russian cases:

1 cl.	Name	Singular endings	Plural endings
	Nominative	-a, -i	-s, -i
	Genitive	-s, -i	-, -to her
	Dative	-e, -i	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-u, -yu	-s,-and,-ey
	Instrumental	-oh, -hey	-ami, -yami
	Prepositional	-e,-i	-ah, -yah
2nd declension	Nominative	-o, -e (s.r.)	-a, -i, -s, -and
	Genitive	-a, -i	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
	Dative	-y, -y	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-o, -e (s.r.)	-a, -i, -s, -and
	Instrumental	-om, -eat	-ami, -yami
	Prepositional	-e,-i	-ah, -yah
3rd declension	Nominative	-	-And
	Genitive	-And	-to her
	Dative	-And	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-	-And
	Instrumental	-yu	-ami, -yami
	Prepositional	-And	-ah, -yah

Useful video

Let's sum it up

When we mean change by case, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. Case is formally expressed through endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflection, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed so that words are combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(from whom? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. There are auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

Case	Auxiliary word	Case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	speak	about whom? about what?

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

Walk along the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. The magic word is mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – genitive; mom U – accusative case.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

Case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, to, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, before, between
Prepositional	in, about, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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Parts of speech are studied in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups based on special characteristics. Pronouns, numerals, nouns and adjectives are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, those that change according to numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes according to cases.

How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension

The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:

• Type 1 – words m.r. and zh.r. ending in -a or -ya. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
• Type 2 – words m.r. and s.r. ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
• Type 3 – zh.r. words ending in a soft sign. They have a zero ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.

Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changed by case. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.

How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases

• We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is connected.
• Nominative case – questions Who? What? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( There is) Who? – medicine man, (there) what? - forest.
• For questions whom? what? the genitive case answers with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - healer, (no) what? – forests.
• Dative. Questions are asked about the noun to whom? what? with an additional word give. For example, (give) to whom? - to the healer, (give) what? – forest.
• Accusative case. Using questions whom? What? with an additional word I see. For example, ( I see) who? - healer, (I see) what? - forest.
• Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - healer, (admire) what? - forest.
• The last, Prepositional case, answers questions about whom? about what? using the word think. For example, think about whom? - healer, what to think about? - forest.

How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case

Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases are sometimes the same because they answer the same question What?

Let's consider the proposals:

• The snow was falling in large flakes.
• When we went outside, we saw snow.

Word snow answers the question What? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.

In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second it is the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.

Noun snow in sentence 1 it is in the Nominative case, in sentence 2 it is in the Accusative case.

We looked at the questions and auxiliary words of each case. We considered the case of coincidence of word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We looked at how the syntactic role helps determine case in case of difficulties.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And a particularly important role in the construction of correct statements is played by cases, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in learning the Russian language, it is very important to learn how to determine the case form of these parts of speech and know what questions the cases answer.

Basic cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, the varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there is still debate about this among linguists.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - Who? So what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as the subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also, the main member and address are always in the nominative case. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

The genitive case can be used both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form it is written R.p.

This form of words has varied meanings and syntactic uses. The verb genitive case can indicate the subject:

• in the case when the verb has a negation: don't blow your mind, don't tell the truth;
• if the action does not relate to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive case can indicate a number of relationships:

• belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll's dress;
• the relationship of something whole to any part: hotel number, tree branch;
• assessment or determination of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of his word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. So, for example, the dative case (to whom? what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mainly words in this case are used to designate the main object to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, order to subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha became scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative case

Questions in the accusative case are similar to questions in other cases, namely the genitive and nominative. So, for an animate object this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - What? And quite often schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, so for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action is completely transferred.

For example:

Fish, shine shoes, sew a skirt, bake a pie.

Also, words in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

The whole summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental case questions have two forms for living and nonliving objects. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animate object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) bread, gave him (what?) water to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs that are closely related to names.

This case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or method of action, and also have meanings of time, place, space and who is performing the action. For example:

(with what?) stick.

The old man propped himself up with (what?) his palm.

The road led through (what?) forest.

The fairy tales “Aibolit”, “Confusion” and “Cockroach” were written (by whom?) Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

• instrument of action: beat with hand, brush;
• actor: security of the house by guards, release of goods by the seller;
• content of the action itself: study German;
• defining meaning: sausage ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of limiting the specified attribute. For example:

He was strong in mind and famous for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, like other case forms, are divided in the direction of living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, which is where the name of the case itself comes from. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes; questions of the prepositional case are always constructed using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

To correctly determine the case form of words and use them correctly in speech, it is very important to know how cases are associated with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, they are the ones who, when joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

Case	Pretext	Meaning	Example
Genitive	around, because of, before, at	define the space in which an object is located or in which an action takes place	walk around the park left the house stand by the tree
Dative	to, by	used to indicate approaching an object, object or place of event	approach your friend drive off-road
Accusative	in, for, on	indicate which object the action is directed at	hug around the waist, look out the window put on the table
Instrumental	under, behind, over, with	can have many meanings, including indicating the direction of a certain action and designating space	fly above the ground, walk under the bridge be friends with grandma

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by case

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: “declension by cases.” As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns is independent, while adjectives and numerals in context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them appears.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, making it easier to decline the word.

Declension of numerals by case

Case	Case question	Question for the numeral	Numeral
Nominative	Who? What?	How many? Which?
Genitive	whom? what?	how many? which one?	eighth eighth
Dative	to whom? what?	how many? which one?	eighth eighth eighth
Accusative	whom? What?	How many? which one?	eighth eighth
Instrumental	by whom? how?	how many? what?
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	about how many? about which one?	about the eighth about the eighth about the eighth

The goal of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a given sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for building competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons are given so that children can not only learn, but also consolidate this material well.